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Version of 12 June 1998
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--0---------------------------------------------------------------------------
1MF1, Mitsubishi
       See {1MF5}.
1MF2, Mitsubishi
       There were two fighters with the name 1MF2: The 1MF2 biplane,
       a development of the 1MF1 (See {1MF5}) and the 1MF2 Hayabusa
       parasol-wing monoplane fighter (See {Hayabusa}). 
1MF3, Mitsubishi
       See {1MF5}.
1MF4, Mitsubishi (Naval Type 10 Carrier-borne Fighter)
       See {1MF5}. 
1MF5, Mitsubishi (Naval Type 10 Carrier-borne Fighter)
       This biplane fighter was developed for Mitsubishi by an invited
       team of former Sopwith engineers. The first 1MF1, powered by a
       300hp Hispano-Suiza engine, flew in 1921. The 1MF2 had larger
       wings, and the 1MF3 redesigned radiators. This version was the
       first one to enter production. The 1MF4 and 1MF5 had some more
       changes. The 1MFA was a fighter-trainer development. Total
       production of the 1MF1-5 series was 128.
       Type: 1MF5
       Function: fighter - trainer
       Year: 1923  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 220kW Hispano-Suiza V-8
       Wing Span: 8.84m  Length: 6.93m  Height: 3.13m  Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight: 936kg  Max.Weight: 1279kg
       Speed: 213km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 2h 35m
       Armament: 2*mg7.7mm
1MF9 Taka, Mitsubishi
       Biplane carrier fighter. The 1MF9 had a watertight fuselage and
       wing leading edges, for emergency landings on the water. The
       Navy selected the Nakajima {A1N} (license-built Gloster {Gambet})
       for its requirement. Two built.
       Type: 1MF9
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1927  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 440kW Hisapno-Suiza
       Wing Span: 10.80m  Length: 8.44m  Height: 3.40m  Wing Area: 41.50m2
       Empty Weight: 1272kg  Max.Weight: 1855kg
       Speed: 245km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 3h 30m
       Armament: 2*mg7.7mm 2*b30kg
1MF10, Mitsubishi
       Monoplane fighter, a cantilever all-metal low-wing monoplane
       with fabric wing covering and fixed landing gear. The 1MF10
       was intended as a shipboard fighter. Performance was considered
       to be unsatisfactory. Two built.
       Type: 1MF10
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1933  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 710hp Mitsubishi A-4
       Wing Span: 10.00m  Length: 6.92m  Height: 3.31m  Wing Area: 17.70m2
       Empty Weight: 1225kg  Max.Weight: 1578kg
       Speed: 320km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 3.0hrs
       Armament: 2*mg7.7mm
2MR, Mitsubishi (Navy Type 10 Carrier-borne Reconaissance Biplane)
       Two-seat reconaissance biplane, designed by Herbert Smith. 159
       were built.
       Type: 2MR
       Function: reconaissance 
       Year: 1922  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 224kW Hispano-Suiza 8
       Wing Span:   Length:   Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed:   Ceiling:   Range: 
       Armament: 
2MR8, Mitsubishi (Army Type 92 Reconaissance Aircraft)
       Parasol-wing reconaissance aircraft, desgined by Alexander Baumann.
       230 were built.
       Type: 2MR8
       Function: reconnaissance
       Year: 1932  Crew:   Engines: 1 * 355kW Mitsubishi Type 92
       Wing Span: 12.75m  Length:   Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 1770kg
       Speed: 220km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 
       Armament: 2-3*mg7.7mm
2MT, Mitsubishi
       See {B1M}.
2NRS, Mitsubishi
       Parasol-wing aircraft.
3MR4, Mitsubishi
       See {B2M}.
4MS1, Mitsubishi
       See {K3M}.
7-Shi Fighter, Nakajima
       See {Nakajima 7-Shi} Fighter.
--A--------------------------------------------------------------------------
A1N, Nakajima (Type 3 Carrier-borne fighter)
       Licence-built British Gloster {Gambet} biplane fighter. 
       Type: A1N1
       Function: fighter
       Year:   Crew: 1	Engines: 1 * Bristol Jupiter VI
       Wing Span: 9.70m  Length: 6.50m  Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 218km/h  Ceiling: 7000m  Range: 3h 15m
       Armament: 2*mg7.7mm 4*b9kg
A2N, Nakajima (Type 90 Carrier-borne Fighter)
       The A2N biplane fighter was based broadly on the Boeing {F2B}
       and {F4B} designs, examples of which were imported in 1928 and
       1929. At first it was rejected because it offered too little
       improvement on the {A1N}, but after redesign it entered service.
       106 built.
       Type: A2N1
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1932  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 330kW Bristol Jupiter VI
       Wing Span: 9.37m  Length: 6.18m  Height: 3.02m  Wing Area: 19.74m2
       Empty Weight: 1045kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 293km/h  Ceiling: 9700m  Range: 640km
       Armament: 2*mg7.7mm
A3N, Nakajima
       Two-seat trainer development of the {A2N}. 66 built.
A4N, Nakajima (Type 95 Carrier-borne Fighter)
       Biplane fighter, an interim type pending introduction of the
       {A5M}. The A4N was an upgraded {A2N}, externally similar but
       structurally redesigned. 221 were built, that soon were relegated
       to training.
       Type: A4N1
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1936  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 730hp Nakajima Hikari 1
       Wing Span: 10.00m  Length: 6.64m  Height: 3.07m  Wing Area: 22.89m2
       Empty Weight: 1276kg  Max.Weight: 1760kg
       Speed: 352km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 735km
       Armament: 2*mg7.7mm
A5M, Mitsubishi 'Claude' (Naval type 96 Carrier-borne Fighter)
       This was the first monoplane fighter of the IJN. It was a cantilever
       monoplane with fixed landing gear and an open cockpit (the pilots
       rejected an closed one). The A5M performed well in the wars against
       China and the USSR and was still the numerically most important Navy
       fighter in 1941. 1094 built.
       Type: A5M4
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1938 Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 580kW Nakajima Kotobuki 41
       Wing Span: 11.00m  Length: 7.56m  Height: 3.27m  Wing Area: 17.80m2
       Empty Weight: 1263kg  Max.Weight: 1822kg
       Speed: 435km/h  Ceiling: 9800m  Range: 1200km
       Armament: 2*mg7.7mm 2*b30kg
A6M Reisen, Mitsubishi 'Zeke' (Naval Type 0 Carrier-borne fighter)
       The A6M came as a shock to the allied in 1941 -- this despite
       earlier reports of its appearance in China. For the first time,
       a carrier fighter had been built that outperformed landplanes.
       The A6M was fast, extremely maneuvrable, and had an impressive
       endurance. But this performance had been achieved by the light
       construction of the aircraft, and this was the undoing of the
       type when more powerful allied fighters appeared. Development
       was unable to keep up with the exigencies of the time, and most
       of the 10964 built had to fight an increasingly superior
       opposition.
       Type: A6M2 model 21
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1940  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 925hp Nakajima Sakae 12
       Wing Span: 12.00m  Length: 9.06m  Height: 3.05m  Wing Area: 22.44m2
       Empty Weight: 1680kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 533km/h  Ceiling: 10300m	Range: 3110km
       Armament: 2*g20mm 2*mg7.7mm
       Type: A6M3 model 32
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1940  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 820kW Nakajima NK1F Sakae 12
       Wing Span: 11.00m  Length: 9.06m  Height: 3.51m  Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight: 1810kg  Max.Weight: 2544kg
       Speed: 545km/h  Ceiling: 11000m	Range: 2380km
       Armament: 2*g20mm 2*mg7.7mm 2*b60kg
       Type: A6M8c
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1945  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 1560hp Mitsubishi Kinsei 62
       Speed: 580km/h  Ceiling: 12000m	Range:
       Armament: 2*g20mm 2-3*mg13.2mm 2*b60kg
A6M, Nakajima 'Rufe' (Naval Type 2 Floatplane Fighter)
       Floatplane version of the {A6M}, intended for amphibious operations.
       The A6M2-N had a large central float and small stabilising floats.
       To restore stability, the vertical tail surfaces were enlarged. 
       Of course performance suffered, and the A6M-2N was only used for
       defensive operations and training. 327 built.
       Type: A6M2-N
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1942  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 730kW Nakajima Sakae 12
       Wing Span: 12.00m  Length: 10.10m  Height: 4.30m  Wing Area: 22.44m2
       Empty Weight: 1912kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 435km/h  Ceiling: 10000m	Range: 1780km
       Armament: 2*g20mm 2*mg7.7mm 2*b60kg
A7He, Heinkel (Type He Air Defence Fighter)
       This was the German Heinkel {He 112}B-1 monoplane fighter. Japan
       ordered 30 of these, but only 12 were delivered. 
A7M Reppu, Mitsubishi 'Sam'
       This replacement for the venerable {A6M} was delayed by lack of
       interest, a disagreement between designer and customer concerning
       the choice of engine, an earthquake, the breakdown of the
       Japanese industry, and the bombing of the factories. Only ten were
       built.
       Type: A7M2
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1945  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 1620kW Mitsubishi MK9A
       Wing Span: 14.00m  Length: 11.00m  Height: 4.28m  Wing Area: 30.86m2
       Empty Weight: 3226kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 627km/h  Ceiling: 10900m	Range: 1160km
       Armament: 4*g20mm 2*b250kg
A8V, Seversky 'Dick' (Navy Type S two-seat fighter)
       This was a US-built two-seat monoplane fighter, developed from the
       single-seat {P-35} built for the USAAC. Japan bought 22, that were
       used in China, but phased out of service before the Pacific war
       began.
       Type: 2PA-BX
       Function: fighter
       Year:   Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 1100hp Wright R-1830-S3C
       Wing Span: 10.97m  Length: 8.20m  Height: 2.99m  Wing Area: 20.44m2
       Empty Weight: 2078kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 508km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 3140km
       Armament: 5*mg 227kg
AB-2, Aichi
       Two-seat biplane.
AB-3, Aichi
       Reconaissance floatplane.
       Type: AB-3
       Function: reconaissance
       Year:   Crew: 1	Engines: 1 * 110kW Jimpu
       Speed: 194km/h  Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament:
AB-4, Aichi
       Night reconaissance flyng boat. Six built.
       Type: AB-4
       Function: reconaissance
       Year: 1932  Crew:   Engines: 1 * 330kW Napier Lion
       Speed: 164km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 11h
       Armament: 1*mg 34kg
AB-5, Aichi
       Development of the Heinkel {HD-62}.
AB-6, Aichi
       Development of the Heinkel {HD-62}. Reconaissance.
AB-7, Aichi
       Reconaissance floatplane. Biplane.
AB-9, Aichi
       See {D1A}. This was the D1A1.
AB-10, Aichi
       See {D1A}. This was the D1A2.
AB-11, Aichi
       Biplane dive bomber with retractable landing gear.
AB-12, Aichi
       See {E10A}.
AB-13, Aichi
       Observation.
AB-14, Aichi
       See {E11A}.
Aichi Type 2 Reconaissance Seaplane.
       License-built Heinkel {HD-25} reconaissance seaplane. 16 built.
       1926.
AM-7, Aichi
       Float monoplane.
AM-10, Aichi
       Floatplane.
AM-15, Aichi
       Type: AM-15
       Function: fighter
       Year:   Crew: 1	Engines: 1 * 425kW
       Speed:	Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament:
AM-16, Aichi
       High-wing flying boat.
AM-17, Aichi
       See {D3A}.
AM-19, Aichi
       See {E13A}.
AM-21, Aichi
       See {H9A}.
AM-22, Aichi
       See {E16A}.
AM-23, Aichi
       See {B7A}.
AM-24, Aichi
       See {M6A}.
AN-1, Nakajima
       See {Ki-11}.
Asuka, Kawasaki-NAL
       Experimental STOL transport. One built, a conversion of the
       Kawasaki {C-1}.
       Type: Asuka
       Function: experimental
       Year: 1985  Crew: 10  Engines: 4 * 4795kg MITI/NAL FJR710/600 5
       Speed: 482km/h  Ceiling: 8535m  Range: 1335km
AXB, Boeing
       The Boeing model 100 fighter, as tested by the Japanese.
AXG, Canadian Car & Foundry
       This was a Canadian license-built version of the Grumman {FF}.
       One was tested. 
AXH, Hawker
       This was the Hawker {Nimrod}.
AXHei, Heinkel
       Designation used for the three Heinkel {He 100} fighters acquired
       by the Japanese Navy. Plans for license production were abandoned.
AXV, Vought
       This designation was given to the Vought {V-143} in Japan. 
--B--------------------------------------------------------------------------
B1M, Mitsubishi (Navy Type 13 Carrier-Borne Attack Aircraft)
       Two-seat torpedo-bomber biplane, designed by Herbert Smith. 
       About 450 built.
       Type: B1M
       Function: torpedo bomber
       Year: 1924  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 330kW Napier Lion
       Wing Span: 14.77m  Length: 9.77m  Height: 3.50m  Wing Area: 59m2
       Empty Weight: 1442kg  Max.Weight: 2697kg
       Speed: 209km/h  Ceiling: 4500m  Range: 370km
       Armament: 2-4*mg7.7mm 485kg
B2M, Mitsubishi (Navy Type 89 Carrier-Borne Attack Aircraft)
       Biplane torpedo bomber, designed by Blackburn for the Japanese
       Navy. The B2M was less ugly than was common for Blackburn
       designs, but still had a impressive array of struts and bracing
       wires. 204 built. 
       Type: B2M
       Function: torpedo bomber
       Year: 1932  Crew: 3  Engines: 1 * 445kW Mitsubishi-Hispano Suiza
       Speed: 215km/u  Ceiling: 4400m  Range: 1170km
       Armament: 2*mg7.7mm 800kg
B3Y, Yokosuka
       The B3Y was an obsolete design, put into production after other
       prototypes for the dive-bombing role had been rejected.
       130 built.
       Type: B3Y1
       Function: torpedo bomber
       Year:   Crew:   Engines: 1 * 440kW Type 91
       Speed:	Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament:
B4N, Nakajima
       Competed with the {B4Y}. The latter was selected for production. 
B4Y, Yokosuka 'Jean' (Naval Type 96 Carrier-borne attack bomber)
       Biplane bomber. Used in the war against China. At the time of
       Pearl Harbour the light carrier Hosho still carried a B4Y unit.
       205 built.
       Type: B4Y1
       Function: torpedo bomber
       Year: 1935  Crew: 3  Engines: 1 * 620kW Nakajima Hikari 2
       Speed: 278km/h  Ceiling: 6000m  Range: 1475km
       Armament: 1*mg7.7mm 800kg
B5M, Mitsubishi 'Mabel' or 'Kate 61' (Naval Type 97 Carrier-brone attack bomber)
       Torpedo bomber with fixed landing gear, built as a backup for
       the {B5N}. 125 were built. They were used in combat, but only
       operated from land bases. 
       Type: B5M1
       Function: torpedo bomber
       Year: 1941  Crew: 3  Engines: 1 * 735kW Mitsubishi Kinsei 43
       Speed: 380km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 3500km
       Armament: 1*mg7.7mm 800kg
B5N, Nakajima 'Kate' (Naval Type 97 Carrier-borne Attack Bomber)
       The B5N was an advanced and bold design when in appeared in 1937.
       As torpedo bomber it may have been obsolescent in 1941, but it
       was not more so than the US-built {TBD} or the British {Swordfish},
       and it contributed to the sinking of many Allied ships, starting
       with the attack on Pearl Harbour. It was used until 1944.
       About 1150 were built.
       Type: B5N2
       Function: torpedo bomber
       Year: 1939  Crew: 3  Engines: 1 * 730kW Nakajima Sakae 11
       Wing Span: 15.52m  Length: 10.30m  Height: 3.70m  Wing Area: 37.70m2
       Empty Weight: 2279kg  Max.Weight: 4100kg
       Speed: 377km/h  Ceiling: 8250m  Range: 1990km
       Armament: 1*mg7.7mm 800kg
B6N Tenzan, Nakajima 'Jill'
       The clean, conventional-looking B6N was in some respects
       superior to the American Grumman {TBF} or the British
       Fairey {Barracuda}. They went into action in June 1944,
       when Japan had no carriers left and hardly any pilots.
       Many were used for suicide attacks. 1268 built.
       Type: B6N2
       Function: torpedo bomber
       Year: 1943  Crew: 3  Engines: 1 * 1360kW Mitsubishi Kasei 25
       Wing Span: 14.90m  Length: 10.87m  Height: 3.80m  Wing Area: 37.20m2
       Empty Weight: 3010kg  Max.Weight: 5650kg
       Speed: 481km/h  Ceiling: 9040m  Range: 3050km
       Armament: 2*mg7.7mm 800kg
B7A Ryusei, Aichi 'Grace'
       Despite its size, the B7A had a speed and maneuvrability equal to
       that of the {A6M}. When it entered service, all Japanese carriers
       had been sunk, so it only operated from land bases. 114 built.
       Type: B7A2
       Function: torpedo bomber
       Year: 1944  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 1360kW Nakajima NK9C Homare 12
       Speed: 566km/h  Ceiling: 11250m	Range: 3040km
       Armament: 2*g20mm 1*mg7.92mm 860kg
BAe 125, British Aerospace
       This business jet has been selected to replace the {MU-2} in
       the SAR role, but later there was political pressure from the
       US to buy an US-built aircraft.
Baika, Kawanishi
       Single-seat suicide aircraft. The Baika was a low-wing monoplane,
       with a pulse-jet engine attached to the tailfin and to a pylon
       behind the cockpit. The wheels were dropped after take-off. Not
       built.
       Type: Baika
       Function: suicide attack
       Year: 1945  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 318kg Maru Ka-10
       Wing Span: 6.48m  Length:   Height: 6.88m  Wing Area:
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 1260kg
       Speed: 736km/h  Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament: 220kg
Beechjet 400
       See {T-1}.
B.R.20 Cicogna, Fiat
       About 85 of this Italian bomber were ordered by the Army, that
       was waiting for the {Ki.21}. The B.R.20 entered service in 1938,
       but losses were high and the aircraft was quickly replaced.
       Type: B.R. 20M
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1936  Crew: 5  Engines: 2 * 740kW Fiat A.80 RC41
       Speed: 430km/h  Ceiling: 6750m Range: 2000km
       Armament: 4*mg7.7mm 1600kg
--C--------------------------------------------------------------------------
C-1, Kawasaki
       The C-1 is a jet-engined STOL transport aircraft. 31 were built
       for the JASDF. One was later modified to an ECM aircraft.
       Type: C-1
       Function: transport
       Year: 1975  Crew: 5  Engines: 2 * 64.5kN P&W JT8D-M-9
       Wing Span: 30.58m  Length: 29m  Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight: 23320kg  Max.Weight: 45000kg
       Speed: 806km/h  Ceiling: 11580m	Range: 3350km
       Load: 11900kg
C1M, Mitsubishi (Navy Type 10 Carrier-borne reconnaissance aircraft)
       Single-engined, biplane reconnaissance aircraft. Retired from
       service before the outbreak of WWII. 
C2N, Nakajima
       Navy equivalent of the {Ki.6}. The C2N1 was a landplane version,
       the C2N2 a floatplane version. The IJN bought 50 in all. 
C3N, Nakajima (Navy Type 97 Carrier-borne reconnaissance aircraft)
       Single-engined, monoplane reconnaissance aircraft. Did not enter
       production.
C4A, Aichi
       Reconnaissance aircraft. Not built.
C5M, Mitsubishi 'Babs' (Naval Type 98 Reconaissance Aircraft)
       This was the IJN version of the {Ki.15}. The C5M was used
       before and during the first year of WWII. 50 built.
       Type: C5M2
       Function: reconaissance
       Year: 1940  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 700kW Nakajima Sakae 12
       Speed: 487km/h  Ceiling: 9580m  Range: approx. 1500km
       Armament: 1*mg
C6N Saiun, Nakajima 'Myrt'
       The Japanese need for a high-speed carrier-based reconaissance
       aircraft was unique and reflected the increasing Allied air
       superiority. The C6N was an advanced design, with a small
       laminar flow-wing with extensive flaps and slats. The operational
       need disappeared when the carriers were sunk, and some C6N's were
       converted to night fighters. 463 built.
       Type: C6N1
       Function: reconaissance
       Year: 1944  Crew: 3  Engines: 1 * 1460kW Nakajima Homare 21
       Speed: 610km/h  Ceiling: 10500m	Range: 5310km
       Armament: 1*mg7.92mm
C-130 Hercules, Lockheed
       Japan is one of the many users of this US-built transport aircraft.
       Initial buy was 15.
--D--------------------------------------------------------------------------
D1A, Aichi 'Susie' (Naval Type 94 (D1A1) and 96 (D1A2) carrier bomber)
       This was based on the Heinkel {HD-66}, a dive bomber version of the
       {He 50}. The D1A's most famous attack was that on the US gunboat
       Panay in 1937. Production ceased in 1940. 590 built.
       Type: D1A2
       Function: dive bomber
       Year: 1934  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 540kW Nakajima Hikari 1
       Speed: 310km/h  Ceiling: 6980m  Range: 930km
       Armament: 3*mg7.7mm 400kg
D2N, Nakakijma
       Dive bomber. The Navy preferred the {D1A}, and the D2N did not
       enter production. 
D2Y, Yokosuka. 
       Dive bomber. The Navy preferred the {D1A}, and the D2N did not
       enter production. 
D3A, Aichi 'Val' (Naval Type 99 carrier bomber)
       This low-wing monoplane with fixed landing gear acquired a
       terrifying reputation in the early days of the Pacific War.
       Its performance was not that impressive, but the well-trained,
       experienced Japanese pilots bombed their targets with great
       accuracy. Despite its low speed, the maneuvrable 'Val' was
       often used as a fighter. 1495 built.
       Type: D3A1
       Function: dive bomber
       Year: 1941  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 800kW Mitsubishi Kinsei 44
       Speed: 390km/h  Ceiling: 9500m  Range: 1470km
       Armament: 3*mg7.7mm 1*b250kg 2*b30kg
D3M, Mitsubishi
       Competed for orders with the {D3A}, that was selected for
       production. 
D3N, Nakajima
       Smaller development of the {D3A} with retractable landing gear.
D3Y Myojo, Yokosuka (Naval Type 99 Bomber Trainer)
       The D3Y dive bomber design, very similar in appearance to
       the {D3A} and sometimes described as a wooden version of
       it, was used as trainer. 
       Type: D3Y1-K
       Function: trainer
       Year:   Crew: 2	Engines: 1 * 960kW Mitsubishi Kinsei 54
       Wing Span:   Length:   Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 450km/h  Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament:
D4Y Suisei, Yokosuka 'Judy'
       Dive bomber, inspired by the German {He 118}. The liquid-cooled
       Atsuta engine of the D4Y1 and D4Y2 was unreliable and was
       replaced by the a Kinsei 62 radial in the D4Y3. Early versions
       also proved unfit for dive bombing because of structural
       weaknesses. 2157 were built, that had to fight under very adverse
       conditions.
       Type: D4Y2
       Function: dive bomber
       Year: 1942  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 1030kW Aichi AE1P Atsuta 32
       Speed: 580km/h  Ceiling: 10700m	Range: 3600km
       Armament: 3*mg7.7mm 560kg
D5Y, Yokosuka
       Special attack plane. (Suicide attack?)
DC-2, Douglas
       Nakajima built the DC-2 in license. A few were requisitioned by
       the IJN.
Do N, Dornier (Type 87 heavy bomber)
       Kawasaki built 28 Do N's for the Army. The {Do N} was an all-metal
       high-wing bomber with two engines in a tandem arrangment, virtually
       a land-based Wal.
       Type: Do N
       Function: bomber
       Year:   Crew:   Engines: 2 * 500hp BMW VI
       Speed: 180km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 6h
       Armament:
DXD, Douglas
       The IJN tested one Douglas DB-19.
DXHe, Heinkel
       The DXHe1 was the Heinkel {He 118}V4 prototype, tested by the
       Japanese. It influenced the design of the {D4Y}.
--E--------------------------------------------------------------------------
E1Y, Yokosuka (Type 14 reconaissance floatplane)
       Biplane. 320 built.
       Type: E1Y1
       Function: reconaissance
       Year: 1923  Crew:   Engines:
       Speed:	Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament:
E-2 Hawkeye, Grumman
       AEW aircraft. In US service the {E-2} is a carrier aircraft, but
       the small fleet of Japanese E-2s is land-based.
E2N, Nakajima (Type 15 reconaissance seaplane)
       Reconaissance floatplane. The E2N was a biplane. 77 built.
       Type: E2N1
       Function: reconaissance
       Year:   Crew: 2	Engines: 1 * 220kW Hispano Suiza
       Speed: 166km/h  Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament:
E-3 Sentry, Boeing
       U.S.-built AWACS aircraft. Japanese interest for the KE-3 tanker
       version has also been reported. But acquisition plans had to be
       abandoned when {E-3} production was halted, and interest shifted to
       an AWACS development of the Boeing 767.
E3A, Aichi (Type 90 Model 1 Reconaissance Seaplane)
       Development of the Heinkel {HD-56}. Twelve built.
       Type: E3A1
       Function: reconaissance
       Year: 1931  Crew: 3  Engines: 1 * 220kW Jimpu
       Speed: 170km/h  Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament:
E4N, Nakajima (Type 90 Model 2 Reconaissance Seaplane)
       Single-engined floatplane. The E4N1 was a biplane with twin
       floats, but this did not enter production. The improved E4N2
       had a single main float and small stabilizing floats. 152 were
       built, of which 67 E4N2-C with wheeled landing gear. 
       Type: E4N2
       Function: reconaissance
       Year: 1931  Crew:   Engines: 1 * 330kW Nakajima Kotobuki
       Wing Span:   Length:   Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 232km/h  Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament:
E5K, Kawanishi (Type 90 Model 3)
       Biplane reconaissance floatplane. Not very successful.
       20 built.
       Type: E5K1
       Function: reconaissance
       Year:   Crew:   Engines: 1 * 330kW Jupiter
       Speed: 177km/h  Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament:
E5Y, Yokosuka
       Reconnaissance seaplane. No production.
E6Y, Yokosuka (Navy Type 91 reconnaissance seaplane)
       Reconnaissance aircraft for submarines.
E7K, Kawanishi 'Alf' (Naval Type 94 reconaissance seaplane)
       Catapult-launched floatplane, reliable but slow. The E7K was a
       very conventional biplane. Second-line service only from 1943.
       530 built.
       Type: E7K2
       Function: reconaissance
       Year: 1938  Crew: 3  Engines: 1 * 640kW Mitsubishi Zuisei 11
       Wing Span: 14m  Length: 10.50m  Height: 4.85m  Wing Area: 43.60m2
       Empty Weight: 2100kg  Max.Weight: 3300kg
       Speed: 275km/h  Ceiling: 7060m  Range: 2200km
       Armament: 3*mg7.7mm 120kg
E8A, Aichi
       Competed with the {E8N} for orders. Lost.
E8K, Kawanishi
       Competed with the {E8N} for orders. Lost.
E8N, Nakajima 'Dave' (Naval Type 95 Reconaissance Floatplane)
       The E8N was a sturdy biplane, used as catapult-launched
       reconaissance aircraft for cruisers and battleships. Many
       were still in service in 1941, but they were soon relegated
       to liaison and training duties. 755 built.
       Type: E8N2
       Function: reconaissance
       Year: 1935  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 470kW Nakajima Kotobuki 2-KAI-2
       Wing Span: 10.98m  Length: 8.81m  Height: 3.84m  Wing Area: 26.50m2
       Empty Weight: 1320kg  Max.Weight: 1900kg
       Speed: 300km/h  Ceiling: 7270m  Range: 900km
       Armament: 2*mg7.7mm 60kg
E9W, Watanabe 'Slim' (Navy Type 96 small reconaissance seaplane)
       Reconaissance aircraft for submarines, a small biplane. The
       E9W was one of the more successful aircraft in its category.
       35 built.
       Type: E9W1
       Function: reconaissance
       Year: 1935  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 220kW Hitachi 6K2 Tempu II
       Speed: 232km/h  Ceiling: 6750m  Range: 5hrs
       Armament: 1*mg7.7mm
E10A, Aichi 'Hank' (Type 95 Reconaissance floatplane)
       Biplane. 15 built.
       Type: E10A1
       Function: reconaissance
       Year:   Crew: 3	Engines: 1 * 455kW Hiro type 91
       Speed: 260km/h  Ceiling: 4120m  Range: 1500km
       Armament: 1*mg7.7mm
E10K, Kawanishi (Navy Type 94 transport seaplane)
       Single-engined, biplane flying boat.
E11A, Aichi 'Laura' (Type 98 Reconaissance floatplane).
       Biplane flying boat, used only during the first year of WWII.
       17 built.
       Type: E11A1
       Function: reconaissance
       Year: 1937  Crew: 3  Engines: 1 * 455kW Hiro
       Speed: 217km/h  Ceiling: 4400m  Range: 1945km
       Armament: 1*mg7.7mm
E11K, Kawanishi
       Three built. The IJN preferred the {E11A}, but the prototypes
       was used as transport aircraft.
       Type: E11K1
       Function: transport
       Year:   Crew:   Engines: 1 * 550kW Hiro type 91
       Speed: 232km/h  Ceiling: 4200m  Range:
       Armament:
E12A, Aichi
       Reconnaissance seaplane. Did not enter production.
E12K, Kawanishi
       Reconnaissance seaplane. Did not enter production.
E12N, Nakajima
       Reconnaissance seaplane. Did not enter production.
E13A, Aichi 'Jake' (Naval Type 0 reconaissance floatplane)
       This twin-float seaplane performed its tasks almost anonymously,
       but it was effective, and very popular with its crews. It was
       in service throughout the war. 1418 were built.
       Type: E13A1
       Function: reconaissance
       Year: 1940  Crew: 3  Engines: 1 * 800kW Mitsubishi Kinsei 43
       Speed: 375km/h  Ceiling: 8700m  Range: 2090km
       Armament: 1*g20mm 1*mg7.7mm 250kg
E13K, Kawanishi
       Design competing with the {E13A}. No production.
E14W, Watanabe       
       Reconnaissance seaplane. Did not enter production.
E14Y, Yokosuka 'Glenn' (Naval Type 0 Small Reconaissance seaplane)
       Reconnaissance aircraft for submarines. The E14Y1 was a low-wing
       floatplane. One E14Y1 was the only aircraft to drop bombs on the
       U.S.A. mainland in WWII -- four 76kg firebombs in a forest in
       Oregon. 126 were built.
       Type: E14Y1
       Function: reconaissance
       Year: 1941  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 250kW Hitachi Tempu 12
       Speed: 245km/h  Ceiling: 5420m  Range: 880km
       Armament: 1*mg7.7mm 60kg
E15K Shiun, Kawanishi 'Norm'
       The E15K was designed to outrun Allied fighters. Despite its
       power and streamlining its normal top speed was too low to do
       that. The big central float could be jettisoned to get an
       additional 90km/h, but this mechanism was extremely troublesome,
       and all aircraft sent in service were shot down. 15 built.
       Type: E15K1
       Function: reconaissance
       Year: 1943  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 1360kW Mitsubishi Kasei 24
       Speed: 469km/h  Ceiling: 9830m  Range: 3370km
       Armament: 1*mg7.7mm 2*b60kg
E16A Zuiun, Aichi 'Paul'
       This floatplane could fly dive-bombing missions as well. It
       replaced the {E13A}, but was never as popular as the older
       aircraft, and it had to fly under the very adverse conditions
       of 1944. 256 built.
       Type: E16A1
       Function: reconaissance / dive bomber
       Year: 1944  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 955kW Mitsubishi MK8D Kinsei 54
       Speed: 439km/h  Ceiling: 10000m	Range: 2420km
       Armament: 2*g20mm 1*mg13mm 250kg
E-767, Boeing
       This is an AWACS development for Japan of the Boeing 767-27C. The
       Boeing 707 airframe, which was the basis for the E-3, was no
       longer in production; so the 767 was used. 
--F--------------------------------------------------------------------------
F-1, Mitsubishi
       Tactical fighter version of the {T-2} trainer. The second cockpit
       of the T-2 is simply faired over, and used for more fuel; two wing
       pylons and a fuselage pylon were added, and the 20mm Vulcan cannon
       of the T-2A armament trainer installed. The necessary avionics were
       also added. The F-1 is a capable attack aircraft, but has a rather
       short range. It can fly interception missions with AIM-9 missiles.
       77 built.
       Type: F-1
       Function: attack
       Year: 1977  Crew: 1  Engines: 2 * 3300kg Ishikawajima-Harime TF40-801A
       Wing Span: 7.88m  Length: 17.66m  Height: 4.39m  Wing Area: 21.18m2
       Empty Weight: 6358kg  Max.Weight: 13674kg
       Speed: 1700km/h	Ceiling: 15250m  Range: 1130km
       Armament: 1*g20mm 2700kg
F1A, Aichi
       Competed with the {F1M}. Lost.
F1K, Kawanishi
       Competed with the {F1M}. Lost.
F1M, Mitsubishi 'Pete' (Naval Type 0 Observation Seaplane)
       The F1M was designed as reconaissance seaplane. It was a nimble,
       carefully streamlined biplane, easily recognized by its tapering
       wings and large central float. Late in WWII it was used in any
       possible role, including that of fighter. 1118 built.
       Type: F1M2
       Function: reconaissance
       Year: 1939  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 640kW Mitsubishi Zuisei 13
       Wing Span: 11.00m  Length: 9.50m  Height: 4.00m  Wing Area: 29.54m2
       Empty Weight: 1828kg  Max.Weight: 2550kg
       Speed: 370km/h  Ceiling: 9400m  Range: 770km
       Armament: 3*mg7.7mm 2*b60kg
F-2, Mitsubishi
       Tactical jet fighter. After considering developments of the
       {F-15}, {F-16} and {F-18} and a completely new indigenous design,
       it was decided to develop an aircraft from the F-16 to the FS-X
       requirement. The type was was first flown on October 7, 1995.
       Externally it is very similar to the F-16, but the wing is larger
       and has different taper, the tips of the tailplane are different,
       and the fuselage is slightly longer. Internally, the F-2 has a
       new phased array radar, an advanced FBW control system, and a
       fully digital cockpit. The F-2 is primarily intended as a strike
       aircraft, but has potential as an air superiority fighter too. It
       is expected that the F-2 will be in production from 2000 to 2004,
       and that 130 will be built.
       Type: F-2
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1996  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * G.E. F110-GE-129
       Wing Span: 11.13m  Length: 15.52m  Height:   Wing Area: 34.84m2
       Empty Weight: 12000kg  Max.Weight: 22100kg
       Speed:   Ceiling:   Range: 
       Armament: 
F-4EJ Phantom II, MDD
       Japanese version of the {F-4}E Phantom II. License-built by
       Mitsubihi.
F-15J Eagle, Mitsubishi-MDD
       The license-built version of the U.S. {F-15} fighter. Production
       in Japan ended after 213 were delivered.
F-104J Starfighter, Lockheed
       Japanese version of Lockheed {F-104}. The last were retired in
       1987.
FST-2, Mitsubishi
       Renamed {F-1}.
FS-X
       Requirement for a light strike fighter. See {F-2}. 
--G--------------------------------------------------------------------------
G, Kawanishi
       See {E5K}.
G1M, Mitsubishi (Naval Type 93 Attack Bomber)
       Twin-engined biplane bomber. Obselete before WWII. 
G2H, Hiro (Naval Type 95 Attack Bomber)
       Twin-engined monoplane bomber. Obselete before WWII. 
G3M, Mitsubishi 'Nell' (Naval Type 96 Attack Bomber)
       The G3M, a clean monoplane with twin fins and rudders, sacrificed
       armament and armour for range. It was already obsolete in 1941, but
       nevertheless it gained fame by the sinking of the 'Prince of Wales'
       and 'Repulse'. 1048 built.
       Type: G3M3
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1936  Crew: 7  Engines: 2 * 970kW Mitsubishi Zusei 51
       Wing Span: 25.00m  Length: 16.45m  Height: 3.69m  Wing Area: 84.30m2
       Empty Weight: 5420kg  Max.Weight: 8000kg
       Speed: 415km/h  Ceiling: 10280m  Range: 6230km
       Armament: 1*g20mm 4*mg7.7mm 800kg
G4M, Mitsubishi 'Betty' (Naval Type 1 Attack Bomber)
       Medium bomber. The Navy's requirement for a 3700km range with full
       bombload could only be achieved by designing the entire wing as a
       5000l integral fuel tank and keeping the structure very light,
       without any armour. Hence the G4M became known as the 'one-shot
       lighter' to allied fighter pilots. It became notorious late in
       the war as the carrier aircraft for the {MXY-7} Ohka suicide
       aircraft. 2446 built.
       Type: G4M3
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1941  Crew: 7  Engines: 2 * 1360kW Mitsubishi MK4T Kasei 25
       Wing Span: 25.00m  Length: 19.50m  Height: 6.00m  Wing Area: 78.13m2
       Empty Weight: 8350kg  Max.Weight: 12500kg
       Speed: 470km/h  Ceiling: 9920m  Range: 4335km
       Armament: 4*g20mm 2*mg7.7mm b1000kg
G5N Shinzan, Nakajima 'Liz'
       Development of the original Douglas DC-4E design, a four-engined
       transport that was rejected (the later DC-4 was an entirely
       different aircraft) and sold to Japan. The G5N used the wings,
       landing gear and engine nacelles of the DC-4E, but the fuselage
       was new and the G5N had twin fins instead of the triple fins of
       the DC-4E. Performance was disappointing. Six built.
       Type: G5N1
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1939  Crew: 7-10  Engines: 4 * 1375kW Nakajima NK7A Mamoru II
       Wing Span:   Length:   Height:   Wing Area:
       Empty Weight: 44313lb  Max. Weight: 70768lb
       Speed: 420km/h  Ceiling: 7450m  Range: 4260km
       Armament: 2*g20mm 4*mg 4000kg
G6M, Mitsubishi 'Betty' (Naval Type 1 Wing-tip Convoy fighter)
       Gunship development of the {G4M}. Too slow for their projected
       task, they were used as trainers. 30 built.
       Type: G6M1
       Function: fighter
       Year:   Crew: 10  Engines: 2 *
       Speed:	Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament: 4*g20mm 1*mg
G7M Taizan, Mitsubishi
       Deisng for a twin-engined heavy bomber. Not built.
G8N Renzan, Nakajima 'Rita'
       Long-range bomber, four built. The G8N was a good bomber, but
       Japan could no longer afford the production of such aircraft
       in 1944.
       Type: G8N1
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1944  Crew: 10  Engines: 4 * 1480kW Nakajima NK9L Homare 24
       Speed: 592km/h  Ceiling: 10200m	Range: 7500km
       Armament: 6*g20mm 4*mg13mm 4000kg
G9K, Kawanishi
       Bomber project.
G10N Fugaku, Nakajima
       Long-range heavy bomber. Not built.
       Type: G10N1
       Function: bomber
       Year:   Crew:   Engines: 6 * 1480kW
       Speed:	Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament: 5000kg
--H--------------------------------------------------------------------------
H, Aichi
       Single-seat shipboard fighter, developed by Heinkel for Japan. Of
       course Germany was not allowed to build combat aircraft at the time,
       but the Japanese members of the allied control comission helped
       Heinkel to avoid being caught. Two were built by Heinkel, and two
       more by Aichi in Japan as the type H. The {HD-23} was overweight
       and had a poor performance. 
       Type: HD 23
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1925  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 660hp BMW VIa
       Wing Span: 10.80m  Length: 7.55m  Height: 3.40m  Wing Area: 35.32m2
       Empty Weight: 1470kg  Max.Weight: 2070kg
       Speed: 249km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 
       Armament: 2*mg7.7mm
H-1 Iroquois, Bell
       The U.S. U{H-1} utility and tactical transport helicopter was
       license-built by Fuji for the army.
H1H, Hiro (Navy Type 15 Flying Boat)
       Twin-engined, biplane flying boat. Retired before the outbreak of
       WWII. 
H2H, Hiro (Navy Type 89 Flying Boat)
       Twin-engined, biplane flying boat. Retired before the outbreak of
       WWII. 
H-3, Sikorksy
       The {H-3} is an US-built ASW and SAR helikopter. 48 are in service.
H3H, Hiro (Navy Type 90-1 Flying Boat)
       Three-engined, monoplane flying boat. Retired before the outbreak
       of WWII. 
H3K, Kawanishi (Navy Type 90-2 Flying Boat)
       Reconaissance flying boat. The prototype was built by the
       British Short Brothers company, and was based on the {Calcutta}
       and {Rangoon} series. The H3K was a big biplane with the engines
       in gondolas between the wings.
       Type: H3K1
       Function: reconaissance
       Year:   Crew: 8-9  Engines: 3 * 825hp R.R. Buzzard
       Speed: 225km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 9h
       Armament: 6*mg7.62mm
H4H, Hiro (Navy Type 91 Flying Boat)
       Twin-engined, monoplane flying boat. Retired before the outbreak
       of WWII. 
H5Y, Yokosuka 'Cherry' (Navy Type 99 Flying Boat)
       Parasol-winged flying boat. Already obsolete when it entered service.
       20 built.
       Type: H5Y1
       Function: reconaissance
       Year: 1940  Crew: 6  Engines: 2 * 880kW Mitsubishi MK1A Shinten 21
       Speed: 302km/h  Ceiling: 5280m  Range: 4730km
       Armament: 2-3*mg7.7mm 500kg
H-6, Hughes-Kawasaki
       License-buitl version of the O{H-6} reconaissance helicopter.
H6K, Kawanishi 'Mavis' (Navy Type 97 Large flying boat)
       This big flying boat did very well in its reconaissance role.
       'Mavis' had a slender fuselage and a long-span wing with extensive
       strutting and bracing. Its lack of armour made it very vulnerable,
       and from 1942 onwards it was used as a long-range transport.
       217 built.
       Type: H6K5
       Function: reconaissance
       Year: 1940  Crew: 9  Engines: 4 * 970kW Mitsubishi Kinsei 51
       Wing Span: 40.00m  Length: 25.63m  Height: 6.27m  Wing Area: 170m2
       Empty Weight: 12830kg  Max.Weight: 2300kg
       Speed: 385km/h  Ceiling: 9610m  Range: 6775km
       Armament: 1*g20mm 4*mg 1000kg
H7Y, Yokosuka
       Long-range reconaissance flying boat. One built.
       Type: H7Y
       Function: reconaissance
       Year: 1939  Crew:   Engines: 4 * Junkers Jumo 205
       Speed:	Ceiling:   Range: 9250km
       Armament:
H8K, Kawanishi 'Emily'
       The H8K was a big shoulder-wing flying boat. This well-armed,
       sturdy aircraft flew long-range reconaissance missions; it had
       to be treated with respect by allied fighters. The H8K was
       probably the best flying boat of WWII. 167 built.
       Type: H8K2
       Function: reconaissance
       Year: 1942  Crew: 10  Engines: 4 * 1360kW Mitsubishi Kasei 22
       Speed: 470km/h  Ceiling: 8770m  Range: 7200km
       Armament: 5*g20mm 1*mg7.7mm 2000kg
H9A, Aichi (Navy Type 2 Training Flying Boat)
       Training flying boat, designed for the training of {H8K} crews.
       Some were used for reconaissance, but the type remained unknown
       to the Allied. 31 built.
       Type: H9A1
       Function: trainer
       Year: 1942  Crew: 5-8  Engines: 2 * 575kW Nakajima Kotobuki 41
       Speed: 317km/h  Ceiling: 6780m  Range: 2150km
       Armament: 3*mg7.7mm 250kg
H10H, Hiro
       Flying boat. Not built.
H11K, Kawanishi
       Project for a four-engined transport flying boat.
HD-25, Heinkel / Aichi
       The {HD-25} was a float biplane, a shipboard reconaissance aircraft
       designed by Heinkel for the Japanese Navy. Aichi built 14.
H-47, Boeing-Vertol / Kawasaki
       The CH-47J is the Japanese version of the C{H-47} tandem-rotor
       transport helicopter.
H-53, Sikorsky
       The {H-53} is an US-built mine-hunting helicopter.
H-55, Hughes
       The T{H-55} is an US-built training helicopter
H-60, Sikorksy
       The {H-60} is a US-built multi-role helicopter. 
Hayabusa, Mitsubishi 1MF2
       Parasol-wing monoplane fighter. The Hayabusa had a sleek fuselage of
       rectagonal cross-section. The wing was supported by two struts on
       each side, without bracing wires, and the Hayabusa was designed for
       easy (dis)assembly. The prototype broke up during a high-speed
       diving test. Two built.
       Type: Hayabusa
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1928  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 600hp Mitsubishi/Hispano-Suiza
       Wing Span: 12.62m  Length: 8.20m  Height: 3.35m  Wing Area: 23.00m2
       Empty Weight: 1265kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 270km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 
       Armament: 2*mg7.7mm
HD-23, Heinkel
       See Aichi {H}. 
HD-26, Heinkel
       Single-seat float biplane, developed for Japan by Heinkel. The
       {HD-26} was designed to take off from the gun turret of a battleship.
       Heinkel built one, Aichi in Japan built one more, powered by a
       420hp Jupiter VI radial. The HD-26 became obsolete with the
       introduction of catapults on battleships and cruisers.
       Type: HD 26
       Function: reconaissance/fighter
       Year: 1925  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 300hp Hispano-Suiza HS 8
       Wing Span: 11.80m  Length: 8.44m  Height: 3.59m  Wing Area: 37.84m2
       Empty Weight: 1150kg  Max.Weight: 1677kg
       Speed: 185km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 
       Armament: 1*mg7.7mm
Hei 2
       Designation applied to one French Spad {S.XX} fighter.
HXC, Consolidated
       One Consolidated {P2Y} flying boat tested by the IJN.
HXD, Douglas
       Two Douglas DF flying boats tested by the IJN.
--I--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Itoh
       Biplane fighter.
       Type: Itoh
       Function: fighter
       Year:   Crew: 1 Engines: 1 * 80hp Gnome
       Speed: 160km/hg	Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament:
--J--------------------------------------------------------------------------
J1N Gekko, Nakajima 'Irving'
       The J1N was designed as an heavy long-range fighter, but was
       initially built only as J1N1-C reconaissance aircraft. The
       J1N was a very clean design, and like the {Ki.45}, it was as
       maneuvrable as many single-seat fighters. Later the J1N1-S
       was developed, a nightfighter equipped with upward-firing cannon
       and radar. 479 built.
       Type: J1N1-C
       Function: reconaissance
       Year: 1942  Crew: 3  Engines: 2 * 1130hp Nakajima NK1F Sakae 21
       Speed: 530km/h  Ceiling: 10300m	Range: 2700km
       Armament: 1*mg13mm 0-1g20mm
       Type: J1N1-S
       Function: nightfighter
       Year: 1943  Crew: 2  Engines: 2 * 1130hp Nakajima NK1F Sakae 21
       Wing Span: 16.98m  Length: 12.77m  Height: 4.56m  Wing Area: 40.00m2
       Empty Weight: 4840kg  Max.Weight: 8184kg
       Speed: 507km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 3780km
       Armament: 3-4*g20mm 
J2M Raiden, Mitsubishi 'Jack'
       The J2M fighter broke away from the established practice: It was
       designed for speed and climb instead of maneuvrability. It had a
       small, laminar-flow wing. The J2M1 prototype suffered from many
       problems, and the type had to be redesigned. This and the breakdown
       of the industry limited production to 480. Those built were treated
       with great respect by the Allied.
       Type: J2M3
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1943  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 1820hp Mitsubishi MK4R Kasei 23a
       Wing Span: 10.80m  Length: 9.94m  Height: 3.94m  Wing Area: 20.05m2
       Empty Weight: 2490kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 612km/h  Ceiling: 11700m	Range: 2520km
       Armament: 4*g20mm 120kg
J3K, Kawanishi
       Design for an interceptor powered by a Mitsubishi MK9A radial
       engine. Not built.
J4M Jinrai, Mitsubishi 'Luke'
       Single-engined, twin-boom fighter design. The radial engine
       was installed in a pusher configuration similar to that of
       the Saab {J21}. It was not built.
       Type: J4M1
       Function: fighter
       Year:   Crew:   Engines: 1 * 2130hp Mitsubishi MK9D
       Wing Span:   Length:   Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 704km/h at 8000m  Ceiling:   Range: 
       Armament: 1*g30mm 2*g20mm
J5N Tenrai, Nakajima
       The J5N was designed as a shore-based twin-engined interceptor.
       Performance was disappointing. Six were built, including two
       two-seaters. 
       Type: J5N1
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1944  Crew: 1  Engines: 2 * 1990hp Nakajima NK9H Homare 21
       Wing Span: 14.40m  Length: 11.46m  Height: 3.55m  Wing Area: 32.00m2
       Empty Weight: 5390kg  Max.Weight: 7300kg
       Speed: 597km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 644km
       Armament: 2*g30mm 2*g20mm
J6K, Kawanishi
       Proposed development of the {J3K} with a different engine. Not
       built. 
       Type: J6K1
       Function: fighter 
       Year:   Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * Nakajima Homare 42
       Wing Span: 12.50m  Length: 10.12m  Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 4370kg
       Speed: 685km/h at 10000m  Ceiling:   Range: 
       Armament: 2*g30mm 2*mg13.2mm
J7W Shinden, Kyushu
       The J7W was a small fighter of canard configuration. It had an
       excellently streamlined fuselage, small canards, swept wings,
       and a 2130hp engine driving a six-bladed pusher propellor.
       Potentially one of the fastest piston-engined fighters ever
       built, the single J7W was flown for only 45 minutes. It was
       planned to fit a jet engine later.
       Type: J7W1
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1945  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 2130hp Mitsubishi MK9D
       Wing Span: 11.11m  Length: 9.66m  Height: 3.92m  Wing Area: 20.50m2
       Empty Weight: 3465kg  Max.Weight: 5228kg
       Speed: 750km/h  Ceiling: 12000m	Range: 850km
       Armament: 4*g30mm 120kg
J8M Shusui, Mitsubishi
       The J8M was a copy of the German {Me 163} rocket-engined
       interceptor. The engine was a straightforward copy, but
       the fuselage had to be reverse-engineered because of the
       loss of the plans and the pattern airframe sent from Germany.
       Seven built, only one flight was made.
       Type: J8M1
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1945  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 1500kg Toko Ro.2
       Wing Span: 9.50m  Length: 6.05m  Height: 2.70m  Wing Area: 17.73m2
       Empty Weight: 1505kg  Max.Weight: 3885kg
       Speed: 900km/h  Ceiling: 12000m	Range: 5m 30s under power
       Armament: 2*g30m
--K--------------------------------------------------------------------------
K1Y, Yokosuka (Navy Type 13 Trainer Seaplane)
       Floatplane trainer. 104 built.
K2, Kawanishi
       Experimental aircraft, 1921. 145kW Hall-Scot engine, top speed
       256km/h.
K2Y, Yokosuka (Navy Type 3 Primary Trainer)
       A development of the British {Avro 504}. 360 built.
       Type: K2Y2
       Function: trainer
       Year: 1928  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 130hp Mitsubishi Mongoose
       Speed:	Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament:
K3M, Mitsubishi 'Pine' (Naval Type 90 Crew Trainer)
       This was an high-wing monoplane crew trainer with a deep fuselage.
       The pilot sat in an open cockpit on top of the wing. They were also
       used as transports. 624 built.
       Type: K3M3
       Function: trainer
       Year: 1939  Crew: 5  Engines: 1 * 433kW Nakajima Kotobuki 2-KAI
       Wing Span: 15.78m  Length: 9.54m  Height: 3.82m  Wing Area: 34.50m2
       Empty Weight: 1360kg  Max.Weight: 2200kg
       Speed: 235km/h  Ceiling: 6390m  Range: 800km
       Armament: 1*mg7.7mm 120kg
K4Y, Yokosuka (Naval Type 90 Training Seaplane)
       Biplane trainer on floats, in service throughout WWII. 211 built.
       Type: K4Y1
       Function: trainer
       Year: 1932  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 120kW Hitachi Kamikaze 2
       Speed: 162km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 315km
K5Y, Yokosuka 'Willow' (Naval Type 93 Intermediate trainer)
       Biplane trainer. About 5570 were built, with floats (K5Y2 and
       K5Y3) and with wheeled landing gear (K5Y1).
       Type: K5Y1
       Function: trainer
       Year: 1934  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 340hp Hitacji Amakaze 11
       Speed: 212km/h  Ceiling: 5700m  Range: 1020km
       Armament: 2*mg
K6K, Kawanishi
       Biplane trainer, a floatplane. No production.
K6M, Mitsubishi
       Biplane trainer, a floatplane. No production.
K6W, Watanabe
       Floatplane trainer. Three built. 1937.
K7M, Mitsubishi
       Twin-engined monoplane, a crew trainer. It did not enter
       production.
K8K, Kawanishi (Navy Type 0 Primary Trainer Seaplane)
       Single-engined, biplane trainer. Only 15 were built.
K8P, Nihon
       Biplane trainer, a floatplane. No production.
K8W, Watanabe
       Floatplane trainer. Three built. 1938.
K9W Momiji, Kyushu 'Cypress' (Naval type 2 Primary Trainer)
       A license-built German Bucker {Bu 131} trainer.
K10W, Kawanishi 'Oak' (Naval Type 2 Intermediate Trainer)
       Japanese version of the North American {AT-6} trainer.
       176 built.
       Type: K10W1
       Function: trainer / liaison
       Year: 1941  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 440kW Nakajima Kotobuki 2 KAI
       Speed: 282km/h  Ceiling: 7300m  Range: 1050km
       Armament: 1*mg7.7mm
K 11, Kawanishi
       Shipboard fighter biplane of mixed construction, a private venture
       of Kawanishi. The IJN ordered the Gloster {Gambet}, licence-built
       by Nakajima as the {A1N}. Two built.
       Type: K 11
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1927  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 500hp BMW VI
       Wing Span: 10.80m  Length: 7.88m  Height: 3.28m  Wing Area: 33.80m2
       Empty Weight: 1170kg  Max.Weight: 1750kg
       Speed: 259km/h  Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament:
K11W Shiragiku, Kyushu
       The K11W went unnoticed by allied observers, but it was very common
       in Japan. It was a monoplane crew trainer, rather large for a
       single-engined aircraft. The K11W2 was an ASW aircraft. 789 built.
       Type: K11W1
       Function: trainer / utility
       Year: 1943  Crew: 5  Engines: 1 * 515hp Hitachi GK2B Amakaze 21
       Wing Span:   Length:   Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 244km/h  Ceiling: 5620m  Range: 1175km
       Armament: 1*mg7.7mm 2*b30kg
Ka-1, Kabaya
       Development of the U.S. Kellet KD-1 autogiro -- that is, Kabaya
       was handed the wreckage of a KD-1A. Used for artillery observation
       and anti-submarine patrols. 240 were built.
       Type: Ka-1
       Function: reconaissance / ASW
       Year: 1941  Crew: 2-1  Engines: 1 * 175kW Argus-Kobe As 10C
       Speed: 165km/h  Ceiling: 3500m  Range: 280km
       Armament: 2*60kg
Ka-2, Kabaya
       Development of the {Ka-1}. No production.
Ka-8, Mitsubishi
       Two-seat, shipboard biplane fighter. The Ka-8 was an aircraft of
       mixed constuction with conventional lines, except the twin tailfins.
       Two prototypes were built, but the type was abandoned when one of
       them broke up in the air.
       Type: Ka-8
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1934  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 580hp Nakajima Jupiter II
       Wing Span: 10.00m  Length: 7.39m  Height: 3.35m  Wing Area: 26.00m2
       Empty Weight: 1153kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 286km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 
       Armament: 3*mg7.7mm
Ka-14, Mitsubishi
       Single-seat monoplane fighter, designed as a land-based fighter for
       the IJN. The Ka-14 had an inverted gull wing, to keep the fixed
       landing gear short; the wing contours were elliptical. The second
       prototype had a straight wing. The Ka-14 was designed more as a
       technology demonstrator than as a possible production type.
       Type: Ka-14
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1935  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 600hp Nakajima Kotobuki
       Wing Span: 11.00m  Length: 7.67m  Height: 3.26m  Wing Area: 16.00m2
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 444km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 
       Armament: 2*mg7.7mm
Kawasaki Type 88 model 1 reconaissance aircraft
       See {KDA 2}.
Kawasaki Type 88 model 2 reconaissance aircraft
       Light bomber development of the {Kawasaki Type 88 model 1}. Over
       400 were built.
       Type: 88-II
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1928  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 *440kW Kawasaki-BMW VI
       Speed: 210km/h  Ceiling: 5200m  Range:
       Armament: 2-3*mg7.7mm 200kg
Kawasaki Type 92 fighter.
       Biplane fighter. The Type 92 was designed by Dr. Vogt.
KDA 2, Kawasaki  (Type 88 reconnaissance aircraft)
       The {KDA 2} was designed by the German Dr. Richard Vogt. It was a
       biplane reconaissance aircraft, angular but clean, with a simple
       strutting arrangment. 707 built.
       Type: KDA-2
       Function: reconaissance
       Year: 1927  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 500hp BMW-Kawasaki
       Speed: 210km/h  Ceiling: 5200m  Range: 5h
       Armament: 2-3*mg
KDA-3, Kawasaki
       Single-seat monoplane fighter. The KDA-3 was designed by the
       German Ir. Richard Vogt, later famous for his unusual designs
       for Blohm & Voss. The mixed-construction fuselage was based
       on the Dornier {Do H}, and was combined with a parasol wing
       also of mixed construction. Three built.
       Type: KDA-3
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1928  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 630hp BMW VI 6,3
       Wing Span: 12.60m  Length: 8.85m  Height: 3.00m  Wing Area: 25.00m2
       Empty Weight: 1350kg  Max.Weight: 1950kg
       Speed: 285km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 
       Armament: 2*mg7.7mm
KDA-5, Kawasaki (Army Type 92 fighter)
       Biplane fighter, designed by Ir. Richard Vogt with the assistance
       of Takeo Doi. The KDA-5 was a biplane of all-metal construction
       with fabric wing skinning. 380 were buillt. They served operationally
       in China and Manchuria until 1935.
       Type: Type 92-I
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1932  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 630hp BMW VI 6,3
       Wing Span: 9.55m  Length: 7.05m  Height: 3.10m  Wing Area: 24.00m2
       Empty Weight: 1280kg  Max.Weight: 1700kg
       Speed: 320km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 850km
       Armament: 2*mg7.7mm
KDA-6, Kawasaki
       (I-JAPAN-A-R-B-N-IL1)
       Biplane reconnaissance aircraft. Prototype only. In September 1934
       it made a flight from Osaka to Peking. 
KEN III, Kawasaki
       See {Ki.78}.
KF 1, Kawanishi
       See {H3K}.
KH-4, Kawasaki
       Development of the Bell 47G.
Ki.1, Mitsubishi (Army Type 93)
       This was a angular monoplane bomber, based on the Junkers
       practices. The Ki.1 was a low-wing monoplane with twin tail
       fins, and fixed landing gear. It was used in the war against
       China. 118 built.
       Type: Ki.1
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1933  Crew: 4  Engines: 2 * 700hp Ha-2-II
       Wing Span: 26.50m  Length:   Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 8100kg
       Speed: 220km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 1100km
       Armament: 3*mg7.7mm 1000kg
Ki.2, Mitsubishi (Army Type 93-2 Twin-engined Light Bomber)
       Low-wing monoplane bomber, as angular and ugly as the {Ki.1}. It
       initially retained the open cockpits and fixed landing gear of
       the latter, but late models had closed cockpits and retractable
       landing gear. The Ki.2 saw combat in China. 61 built.
       Type: Ki.2
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1933  Crew: 3  Engines: 2 * 570hp Nakajima Kotobuki
       Wing Span:   Length:   Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 225km/h  Ceiling: 7000m  Range: 900km
       Armament: 2*mg 300kg
Ki.3, Kawasaki
       Biplane light bomber. 244 built.
       Type: Ki.3
       Function: bomber
       Year:   Crew: 2	Engines: 1 * 590kW Kawasaki-BMW IX
       Speed: 260km/h  Ceiling: 7000m  Range:
       Armament: 2*mg7.7mm 500kg
Ki.4, Nakajima (Type 94 reconaissance aircraft)
       Sesquiplane reconsaissance aircraft, used in the war with China.
       516 built.
       Type: Ki.4
       Function: reconaissance
       Year: 1934  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 477kW Ha-8
       Wing Span: 12m  Length:   Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 2500kg
       Speed: 300km/h  Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament: 4*mg7.7mm 50kg
Ki.5, Kawasaki
       The Ki.5 was a low-wing monoplane fighter. It was of all-metal
       construction and powered by a Japanese development of the BMW
       liquid-cooled engine. The Ki.5 had an inverted gull wing, to
       keep the fixed, trousered undercarriage short. The handling and
       the engine installation were unsatisfactory. Four built.
       Type: Ki.5
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1934  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 850hp Kawasaki Ha-9
       Wing Span: 10.60m  Length: 7.78m  Height: 2.60m  Wing Area: 18.00m2
       Empty Weight: 1500kg  Max.Weight: 1870kg
       Speed: 360km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 1000km
       Armament:
Ki.6, Nakajima
       This transport aircraft was a license-built version of the Fokker
       Super Universal, a single-engined high-wing aircraft able to
       carry six passengers. The Army acquired about 20, while the Navy
       bought 50 similar {C2N}s.
Ki.8, Nakajima
       Two-seat fighter, a low-wing monoplane with an inverted gull wing
       and a trousered undercarriage. Performance was good, but the army
       had doubts about the usefulness of two-seat fighters. Five
       built.  
       Type: Ki.8
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1935  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 710hp Nakajima Kotobuki 3
       Wing Span: 12.88m  Length: 8.17m  Height: 3.57m  Wing Area: 28.50m2
       Empty Weight: 1525kg  Max.Weight: 2111kg
       Speed: 328km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 
       Armament: 3*mg7.7mm
Ki.9, Tachikawa 'Spruce' (Army Type 95-1 Medium Grade Trainer)
       Biplane trainer. The Ki.9 was designed to be built in low-powered
       primary trainer and higher-powered advanced trainer versions, but
       only the latter entered production. It was the standard trainer of
       the Japanese army during WWII. 2618 built.
       Type: Ki.9
       Function: trainer
       Year: 1935  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 260kW Hitachi Ha-13a
       Wing Span: 10.32m  Length: 7.90m  Height: 3.10m  Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight: 1120kg  Max.Weight: 1580kg
       Speed: 240km/h  Ceiling: 5800m  Range: 3h 30m
Ki.10, Kawasaki 'Perry' (Army Type 95 Fighter)
       Biplane fighter. The Ki.10 already reflected the ideas that would
       serve the Japanese Army so badly in WWII: It was designed as a
       light, small, and very manoeuvrable aircraft. These demands caused
       Kawasaki to design a biplane, although it had built monoplane
       fighters earlier. 588 built. The Ki.10 fought in the 1938 war
       against the USSR. 
       Type: Ki.10 (Type 95-II)
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1935  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 625kW Kawasaki Ha-9-IIa
       Wing Span: 10.02m  Length: 7.55m  Height: 3.00m  Wing Area: 23.00m2
       Empty Weight: 1360kg  Max.Weight: 1740kg
       Speed: 400km/h  Ceiling: 11500m	Range: 1100km
       Armament: 2*mg7.7mm
Ki.11, Nakajima
       Wirebraced low-wing monoplane, inspired by the U.S. {P-26}.
       The Ki-11 was built as a private venture, and was rejected
       by the Army, that bought the more maneuvrable Ki.10 biplane
       instead. Four built.
       Type: Ki.11
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1934  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 710hp Nakajima Kotobuki 3
       Wing Span: 10.80m  Length: 7.45m  Height: 3.37m  Wing Area: 18.00m2
       Empty Weight: 1269kg  Max.Weight: 1700kg
       Speed: 420km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 
       Armament: 
Ki.12, Nakajima
       The Ki.12 was an advanced monoplane fighter, designed under
       supervision of French engineers, with retractable landing gear
       and cannon armament. The conservative army considered the Ki.12
       to be too heavy and not very manoeuvrable, despite having a greater
       range and being faster than the {Ki.27}. One built.
       Type: Ki.12
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1936  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 610hp Hispano-Suiza 12Xcrs
       Wing Span: 11.00m  Length: 8.30m  Height:   Wing Area: 17.00m2
       Empty Weight: 1400kg  Max.Weight: 1900kg
       Speed: 480km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 800km
       Armament: 1*g20mm 2*mg7.7mm
Ki.15, Mitsubishi 'Babs' (Army Type 97 Command Reconaissance aircraft)
       This was a light bomber, a a monoplane with fixed landing gear,
       developed from pre-war long-distance and mailplanes. When it
       entered service in the war with China the speed of the Ki.15
       was adequate protection, but this was no longer true in 1941.
       439 were built.
       Type: Ki.15-I
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1936  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 750hp Nakajima Ha-8
       Wing Span: 12.00m  Length: 8.70m  Height: 3.35m  Wing Area: 20.36m2
       Empty Weight: 1400kg  Max.Weight: 2300kg
       Speed: 480km/h  Ceiling: 11400m  Range: 2400km
       Armament: 1-2*mg7.7mm 250kg
Ki.17, Tachikawa 'Cedar' (Army Type 95-3 Primary Trainer)
       Biplane primary trainer. 658 were built for the army. 
       Type: Ki.17
       Function: trainer
       Year: 1935  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 112kW Hitachi Ha-12
       Wing Span: 9.82m  Length: 7.85m  Height: 2.95m  Wing Area: 26.20m2
       Empty Weight: 639kg  Max.Weight: 914kg
       Speed: 170km/h  Ceiling: 5300m  Range:
Ki.18, Mitsubishi
       The Ki.18 was a development for the Japanese Army of the
       {Ka-18}, which also served as prototype for the {A5M}.
       The Ki.18 was considered to be insufficiently maneuvrable,
       but it encouraged the Army to ask for a more advanced
       aircraft. One built.
       Type: Ki.18
       Function: fighter 
       Year: 1935  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * Nakajima Kotobuki 5
       Wing Span: 11.00m  Length: 7.65m  Height: 3.15m  Wing Area: 17.80m2
       Empty Weight: 1110kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 445km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 
       Armament: 2*mg7.7mm
Ki.20, Mitsubishi (Type 92 Very Heavy Bomber)
       Heavy four-engined bomber, derived from the German Junkers
       {K 51} design, itself a bomber variation of the G 38 airliner. 
       Six built. At the outbreak of WWII they were used as transports.
       Type: Ki.20
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1931  Crew: 10  Engines: 4 * 800hp Junkers Jumo 88a
       Wing Span:   Length:   Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 25488kg
       Speed: 160km/h Ceiling:   Range: 
       Armament: 1*g20mm 8*mg7.7mm 5000kg
Ki.21, Mitsubishi 'Sally' (Army Type 97 heavy bomber)
       This twin-engined bomber was first flown in 1936 and was refined
       after combat experience in China. The Ki.21 looked clean and
       impressive, but was inherently obsolete. It was retired in 1943,
       despite the development of the Ki.21-II with far more powerful
       engines. 2064 built.
       Type: Ki.21-IIb
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1941  Crew: 5-7  Engines: 2 * 1500hp Mitsubishi Ha-101
       Wing Span: 22.50m  Length: 16.00m  Height: 4.85m  Wing Area: 69.60m2
       Empty Weight: 6070kg  Max.Weight: 10610kg
       Speed: 486km/h  Ceiling: 10000m	Range: 2700km
       Armament: 6*mg7.7mm 1000kg
Ki.27, Nakajima 'Nate' (Army Type 97 Fighter)
       The Ki.27 was the first monoplane of the Japanese Army. It was a
       rather exceptional aircraft, because maneuvrability had become a
       fetish for the Japanese air forces. The Ki.27 was certainly the
       most agile fighter monoplane ever built. It was a clean, very light,
       elegant monoplane with fixed, spatted landing gear and good
       performance; it marked the new ability of the Japanese industry to
       design and build advanced aircraft. Combat experience against Soviet
       fighters in the 'Nomonhan Incident' was not entirely favourable,
       because of the type's insufficient speed, armour and armament. It
       was still the most numerous Army fighter in December 1941.
       3387 built.
       Type: Ki.27-Otsu
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1938  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 780hp Nakajima Ha-1-Otsu
       Wing Span: 11.31m  Length: 7.53m  Height: 3.28m  Wing Area: 18.56m2
       Empty Weight: 1110kg  Max.Weight: 1790kg
       Speed: 470km/h  Ceiling: 12250m	Range: 1710km
       Armament: 2*mg7.7mm 4*b25kg
Ki.28, Kawasaki
       Fighter monoplane, a very clean design with a closely-cowled liquid-
       cooled engine, although with fixed landing gear and a partially open
       cockpit. The Army preferred to nimbler {Ki.27}, despite the better
       speed, climb and accelaration of the Ki.28. Two built.
       Type: Ki.28
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1936  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 590kW Kawasaki Ha-9-II-Ko
       Wing Span: 12.00m  Length: 7.90m  Height: 2.60m  Wing Area: 19.00m2
       Empty Weight: 1420kg  Max.Weight: 1760kg
       Speed: 485km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 1000km
       Armament: 2*mg7.7mm
Ki.30, Mitsubishi 'Ann' (Army Type 97 Light Bomber)
       In the mid-30's the single-engined, fast light bomber enjoyed
       some popularity. Britain built the Fairey {Battle}, the USSR
       the Suchoi {Su-2}, the U.S.A. the Northrop {A-17}, and Japan
       the {Ki.15} and Ki.30. All these aircraft looked impressive at
       the time when most fighters were still biplanes, but were hacked
       down in large numbers when they encountered modern fighters. The
       Ki.30 with fixed landing gear was one of the major types in the
       war with China, but was retired in 1942 after contributing to
       the attack on the Philippines. Nevertheless, some were used as
       Kamikaze aircraft in 1945. 704 built.
       Type: Ki.30
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1938  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 950hp Mitsubishi Ha-5 Zuisei
       Wing Span: 14.55m  Length: 10.35m  Height: 3.65m  Wing Area: 30.58m2
       Empty Weight: 2230kg  Max.Weight: 3220kg
       Speed: 423km/h  Ceiling: 8750m  Range: 1700km
       Armament: 2-3*mg7.7mm 400kg
Ki.32, Kawasaki 'Mary' (Army Type 98 Single-engined light bomber)
       This was yet another light monoplane bomber with fixed landing
       gear. The {Ki.30} was intially preferred over the Ki.32 because
       the latter's liquid-cooled engine was unreliable, but was later
       it was put into production. In 1942 it was assigned to second-line
       units. 854 built.
       Type: Ki.32
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1938  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 850hp Ha-9-11
       Wing Span: 15m  Length: 11.64m  Height: 2.90m  Wing Area: 34m2
       Empty Weight: 2349kg  Max.Weight: 3762kg
       Speed: 423km/h  Ceiling: 8920m  Range: 1300km
       Armament: 2*mg7.7mm 450kg
Ki.33, Mitsubishi
       Development of the {Ki.18}. The Ki.33 was a monoplane fighter with
       enclosed cockpit, but fixed landing gear. The Army preferred the
       nimbler {Ki.27}. No production.
       Type: Ki.33
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1937  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 440kW Nakajima Ha-1-Ko
       Wing Span: 11.00m  Length: 7.54m  Height: 3.19m  Wing Area: 17.80m2
       Empty Weight: 1132kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 474km/h  Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament:
Ki.34, Nakajima 'Thora' (Army Type 97 Transport Aircraft)
       Small twin-engined transport, inspired by the Douglas DC-2.
       It was used as a civilian transport by the airlines of Japan
       and Manchuria. Later it was also adopted by the Japanese army. 
       318 were built.
       Type: Ki.34
       Function: transport
       Year: 1937  Crew: 3  Engines: 2 * 520kW Nakajima Kotobuki 41
       Wing Span: 19.81m  Length: 15.30m  Height: 4.15m  Wing Area: 49.20m2
       Empty Weight: 3500kg  Max.Weight: 5250kg
       Speed: 310km/h  Ceiling: 7000m  Range: 1200km
       Load: 8 seats
Ki.36, Tachikawa 'Ida' (Type 98 close support aircraft)
       Small airmy-cooperation aircraft with fixed landing gear. The
       Ki.36 was used a lot in China, but was not suitable for combat
       in the Pacific. 1334 built, until 1943.
       Type: Ki.36
       Function: attack
       Year: 1938  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 375kW Hitachi Ha-13a
       Wing Span: 11.80m  Length: 8.00m  Height: 3.64m  Wing Area: 20m2
       Empty Weight: 1247kg  Max.Weight: 1660kg
       Speed: 348km/h  Ceiling: 8150m  Range: 1235km
       Armament: 2*mg7.7mm 150kg
Ki.37, Nakajima
       Designation assigned to Nakajima for the building of a twin-engined
       strategic fighter. The company never submitted a project.
Ki.38, Kawasaki
       This project for a twin-engined long-range fighter was abandoned, to
       be revived later as the {Ki.45}.
Ki.39, Misubishi
       Designation assigned to Mitsubishi for the building of a
       twin-engined strategic fighter. Mitsubishi complained that
       it was already overburdened, and the project was abandoned.
Ki.40, Misubishi
       Design for a twin-engined reconaissance aircraft, developed from
       the {Ki.39}. Abandoned in favour of the {Ki.46} design.
Ki.43 Hayabusa, Nakajima 'Oscar' (Army Type 1 Fighter)
       The Ki.43 was antiquated in concept, and this was entirely due to
       the conservatism of the army, that had been misled by the succes
       of the {Ki.27}. The Ki.43 was designed for maneuvrability at the
       expense of robustness, climb and dive speed, and armament. When
       Japan entered WWII in December 1941 only 40 were in service.
       Nevertheless the Ki.43 was numerically the most important army
       fighter during most of the war, and enjoyed considerable succes
       until the Allied pilots learnt to avoid dogfights with the Ki.43.
       Later rudimentary self-sealing fuel tanks and some 13mm armour
       plating were introduced, but the armament remained inadequate.
       5919 built.
       Type: Ki.43-I-Hei
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1941  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 990hp Nakajima Ha-25
       Wing Span: 11.44m  Length: 8.83m  Height: 3.27m  Wing Area: 22.00m2
       Empty Weight: 1590kg  Max.Weight: 2583kg
       Speed: 492km/h  Ceiling: 11750m	Range: 1300km
       Armament: 2*mg12.7mm
       Type: Ki.43-II-Otsu
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1942  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 850kW Nakajima Ha-115
       Wing Span: 10.84m  Length: 8.92m  Height: 3.27m  Wing Area: 21.4m2
       Empty Weight: 1910kg  Max.Weight: 2925kg
       Speed: 530km/h  Ceiling: 11200m	Range: 3200km
       Armament: 2*mg12.7mm 2*b250kg
Ki.44 Shoki, Nakajima 'Tojo' (Army Type 2 Single-seat Fighter)
       The Ki.44 was quite radical as far as Japanese thinkign was
       considered. It was a fast interceptor with a relatively high
       wing loading, which sacrificed maneuvrability for speed. At
       first it was viewed with suspicion by conservative pilots and
       even considered dangerous. But the pilots soon learned to use
       its roll rate, climb-and-dive speed and excellence as a gun
       platform. About 1225 were built.
       Type: Ki.44-II-Otsu
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1941  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 1520hp Nakajima Ha-109
       Wing Span: 9.45m  Length: 8.84m  Height: 3.25m  Wing Area: 15.00m2
       Empty Weight: 2106kg  Max.Weight: 2993kg
       Speed: 605km/h  Ceiling: 11200m	Range: 1690km
       Armament: 4*mg12.7mm 2*b100kg
Ki.45 Toryu, Kawasaki 'Nick' (Type 2 Two-Seat Fighter)
       The Ki.45 was a twin-engined long-range fighter. Development was
       difficult and the production Ki.45-KAI had only a configurational
       similarity to the first prototype. The Ki.45 was relatively small
       and surprisingly maneuvrable for a twin-engined aircraft. It was
       an effective fighter-bomber and a creditable interceptor, but it
       lacked the climb performance to attack to {B-29}. 1701 were built.
       Type: Ki.45-KAI-Ko
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1942  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 1080hp Mitsubishi Ha-102
       Wing Span: 15.05m  Length: 11.00m  Height: 3.70m  Wing Area: 32m2
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 540km/h  Ceiling: 10730m	Range: 2260km
       Armament: 1*g20mm 2*mg12.7mm 1*mg7.92mm
Ki.46, Mitsubishi 'Dinah' (Army Type 100 Command Reconaissance aircraft)
       The graceful Ki.46 was an excellent high-altitude reconaissance
       aircraft, and one of the few aircraft that could escape fighters
       by its high performance. The Ki.46-III had an unstepped nose, the
       other versions had more conventional lines. An attempt to use it
       as {B-29} interceptor was less successful, due to the type's low
       climbing speed. 1742 built.
       Type: Ki.46-II
       Function: reconnaissance
       Year: 1941  Crew: 2  Engines: 2 * 783kW Mitsubishi Ha-102
       Wing Span: 14.70m  Length: 11.00m  Height: 3.88m  Wing Area: 32.00m2
       Empty Weight: 3263kg  Max.Weight: 5800kg
       Speed: 604km/h  Ceiling: 10720m  Range: 2475km
       Armament: 0-1*mg7.7mm
       Type: Ki.46-III
       Function: reconnaissance
       Year: 1942  Crew: 2  Engines: 2 * 1500hp Mitsubishi Ha-112-II
       Wing Span: 14.70m  Length: 11.00m  Height: 3.88m  Wing Area: 32.00m2
       Empty Weight: 3830kg  Max.Weight: 6500kg
       Speed: 630km/h  Ceiling: 10500m  Range: 4000km
Ki.48, Kawasaki 'Lily' (Army Type 99 Twin-engined light bomber)
       This light bomber was built to an uninspired requirement
       for a light bomber similar to the Soviet Tupolev {SB}.
       The Ki.48 was a mediocre aircraft that could only operate
       at night or under total air superiority and carried less
       bombs than many fighter-bombers. Nevertheless production
       continued until 1944. 1977 built.
       Type: Ki.48-IIb
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1940  Crew: 4  Engines: 2 * 858kW Nakajima Ha-115
       Wing Span: 17.45m  Length: 12.75m  Height: 3.80m  Wing Area: 40m2
       Empty Weight: 4550kg  Max.Weight: 6750kg
       Speed: 505km/h  Ceiling: 10100m  Range: 2400km
       Armament: 3*mg7.7mm 400kg
Ki.49 Donryu, Nakajima 'Helen' (Army Type 100 Heavy bomber)
       This bomber replaced the {Ki.21}. It was better armoured, but
       had no real other advantages over the older aircraft. It never
       replaced it completely. 819 built.
       Type: Ki.49-IIa
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1942  Crew: 8  Engines: 2 * 1500hp Nakajima Ha-109
       Wing Span:   Length:   Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 492km/h  Ceiling: 9300m  Range: 2950km
       Armament: 1*g20mm 5*mg 1000kg
Ki.51, Mitsubishi 'Sonia' (Army Type 99 Assault Aircraft)
       This was a development of the {Ki.30} as ground attack aircraft,
       smaller and better protected. Despite its apparent obsolescence
       it was never replaced. 2388 built.
       Type: Ki.51
       Function: attack
       Year: 1940  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 940hp Mitsubishi Ha-26-II
       Wing Span: 12.10m  Length: 9.20m  Height: 2.73m  Wing Area: 24.02m2
       Empty Weight: 1873kg  Max.Weight: 2920kg
       Speed: 424km/h  Ceiling: 8270m  Range: 1060km
       Armament: 3*mg7.7mm 200kg
Ki.54, Tachikawa 'Hickory' (Army Type 1 Advanced Trainer)
       A small twin-engined low-wing aircraft, used as trainer and light
       transport. 1368 built.
       Type: Ki.54 Hei
       Function: trainer
       Year: 1941  Crew: 2  Engines: 2 * 450hp Hitachi Ha-13a
       Speed: 376km/h  Ceiling: 7180m  Range: 960km
       Load: 8 seats
Ki.55, Tachikawa 'Ida' (Army Type 99 Advanced Trainer)
       Trainer development of the {Ki.36}, with no combat equipment.
       1389 built.
       Type: Ki.55
       Function: trainer
       Year: 1939  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 375kW Hitachi Ha-13a
       Speed: 349km/h  Ceiling: 8200m  Range: 1060km
       Armament: 1*mg7.7mm 500kg
Ki.56, Kawasaki 'Thalia' (Army Type 1 Freight Transport)
       This was a development of the Lockheed 14, but both bigger
       and lighter, and generally superior. 121 were built.
       Type: Ki.56
       Function: transport
       Year: 1941  Crew: 4  Engines: 2 * 990hp Nakajima Ha-25
       Speed: 400km/h  Ceiling: 8000m  Range:
       Load: 2400kg
Ki.57, Kawasaki 'Topsy' (Army Type 100 transport aircraft).
       The most important Japanese transport aircraft of WWII, a
       development of the {Ki.21} bomber. It was originally intended
       as a civil transport (known as MC-20) but most were used
       by the military. 507 built.
       Type: Ki.57-II
       Function: transport
       Year: 1942  Crew: 4  Engines: 2 * 1050hp Mitsubishi Ha-102
       Wing Span: 22.60m  Length: 16.10m  Height: 4.85m  Wing Area: 70.08m2
       Empty Weight: 5585kg  Max.Weight: 9120kg
       Speed: 470km/h  Ceiling: 8000m  Range: 3000km
       Load: 11 seats
Ki.58, Nakajima
       This was an escort fighter development of the {Ki.49}, with five
       20mm cannon and three 12.7mm guns. Only three were built.
Ki.59, Kokusai 'Theresa' (Army Type 1 Transport Aircraft)
       Small transport and liaison aircraft.  59 built.
       Type: Ki.59
       Function: transport
       Year: 1941  Crew: 2-3  Engines: 2 * 375kW Hitachi Ha-13
       Speed: 300km/h  Ceiling:   Range:
       Load: 8 seats
Ki.60, Kawasaki
       The Ki.60 was an attempt to build an interceptor that had greater
       speed and climb-and-dive capability, at the expense of maneuvrability.
       It was a small aircraft powered by a Daimler-Benz DB 601A. Handling
       was bad and performance disappointing; the Army decided in favour
       of the competing {Ki.44}. Three built.
       Type: Ki.60
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1941  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 1175hp Daimler-Benz DB 601A
       Wing Span: 10.50m  Length: 8.47m  Height:   Wing Area: 16.20m2
       Empty Weight: 2150kg  Max.Weight: 2750kg
       Speed: 560km/h  Ceiling: 10000m	Range:
       Armament: 4*mg12.7mm
Ki.61 Hien, Kawasaki 'Tony' (Army Type 3 Fighter)
       After the {Ki.60} fiasco, Kawasaki concentrated on the Ki.61, an
       all-round fighter for low and medium altitudes, lighter and with
       more wing surface. The Ki.61 was very different from earlier
       Japanese fighters; it had a liquid-cooled engine (a copy of
       the DB 601A), armour plating, self-sealing fuel tanks and
       increased armament. Some Hiens had 20mm Mauser cannon, brought
       by submarine from Germany. The Ki.61 was an effective fighter,
       making a change of Allied combat tactics necessary. But it
       was inferior to the {F6F} and {P-51}. The Ki.61-II development
       had to be abandoned due to the unreliability of the Ha-140 engine,
       but was later resurrected as the {Ki.100}. 3078 built.
       Type: Ki.61-I-KAI-Hei
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1943  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 1175kW Kawasaki Ha-40
       Wing Span: 12m  Length: 8.95m  Height: 3.70m  Wing Area: 20m2
       Empty Weight: 2630kg  Max.Weight: 3470kg
       Speed: 580km/h  Ceiling: 10000m	Range: 1080km
       Armament: 2*g20mm 2*mg12.7mm 2*b250kg
Ki.64, Kawasaki 'Rob'
       The Ki.64 was a fighter which used a twin-engined centreline thrust
       concept. The two Ha-40 engines were installed in the fuselage, one
       in the nose and the second one behind the pilot, with a long axis
       beneath the pilot's seat, driving contra-rotating propellors in the
       nose. This arrangment was known as the Ha-201. The Ki.64 also used
       steam vapour cooling with wing surface radiators to reduce drag even
       more. The prototype was damaged on its fifth flight and the
       programme abandoned.
       Type: Ki.64
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1943  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 2350hp Kawasaki Ha-201
       Wing Span: 13.50m  Length: 11.03m  Height: 4.25m  Wing Area: 28.00m2
       Empty Weight: 4050kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 700km/h  Ceiling: 12000m	Range: 500km
       Armament: 4*g20mm
Ki.66, Kawasaki
       Twin-engined dive bomber. A development of the {Ki.45} was
       preferred. Six built.
       Type: Ki.66
       Function: dive bomber
       Year: 1942  Crew:   Engines: 2 * 1150hp Nakajima Ha 115
       Speed: 535km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 2000km
       Armament: 2*mg12.7mm 1*mg7.7mm 500kg
Ki.67 Hiryu, Mitsubishi 'Peggy' (Army Type 4 Heavy Bomber)
       The Ki.67 medium bomber was fast, well-armed and armoured, and had
       a fighter-like maneuvrability. Delays reduced the production to 727,
       almost all built in 1945. The performance was impressive enough that
       the Army considered several fighter developments.
       Type: Ki.67-Ib
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1944  Crew: 6-8  Engines: 2 * 1900hp Mitsubishi Ha-104
       Wing Span: 22.50m  Length: 18.70m  Height: 7.70m  Wing Area: 65.85m2
       Empty Weight: 8650kg  Max.Weight: 13765kg
       Speed: 537km/h  Ceiling: 9470m  Range: 2800km
       Armament: 1*g20mm 4*mg12.7mm 800kg
Ki.68, Nakajima
       Proposed version of the {G5N} bomber for the Army. Not built.
Ki.69, Mitsubishi
       Gunship version of the {Ki.67}. Abandoned. 1942.
Ki.70, Tachikawa 'Clara'
       The Ki.70 was intended as successor for the {Ki.46}, but it proved
       slower than the Ki.46 and difficult to handle. Three were built.
       Type: Ki.70
       Function: strategic reconaissance
       Year: 1943  Crew:   Engines: 1 * 1400kW Mitsubishi Ha-104M
       Speed:	Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament:
Ki.71, Mitsubishi 'Edna'
       This was an improved {Ki.51} with retractable landing gear and a
       more powerful engine, 1100kW Mitsubishi Ha-112. Performance was
       disappointing. Three built.
Ki.72, Tachikawa
       Advanced development of the {Ki.36} with retractable landing gear.
       Not built.
Ki.74, Tachikawa 'Patsy' or 'Pat'
       The requirement was originally one for a high-speed, high-altitude
       aircraft to reconnoitre the vast depth of Siberia. Later it was
       revived as a high-altitude reconaissance bomber, with a range
       large enough to reach the continental United States. 16 built.
       Type: Ki.74
       Function: reconaissance bomber
       Year: 1944  Crew: 5  Engines: 2 * 1470kW Mitsubishi Ha-104 Ru
       Wing Span: 27m  Length:   Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 570km/h  Ceiling: 12000m	Range: 8000km
       Armament: 1*mg12.7mm 1000kg
Ki.76, Kokusai 'Stella' (Army Type 3 Command Liaison Aircraft)
       The Ki.76 was equivalent to the German Fieseler {Fi 156} 'Storch'
       STOL aircraft, but was not a real copy. Changes improved the
       general performance at some cost in STOL capability. It was
       used as liaison and anti-submarine aircraft.
       Type: Ki.76
       Function: observation / liaison
       Year: 1942  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 310hp Hitachi Ha-42
       Speed: 178km/h  Ceiling: 5630m  Range: 750km
       Armament: 1*mg 120kg
Ki.77, Tachikawa
       Experimental long-range aircraft. The Ki.77, or A-26, was a
       clean, beautiful monoplane with a long-span, laminar-flow wing
       and a pressure cabin. It was intended for a flight from Tokyo
       to New York, but later the target was changed to Berlin. One
       Ki.77 made a closed-circuit flight of 16435km. The other one
       disappeared underway to Berlin. Two built. 
       Type: Ki.77
       Function: experimental
       Year: 1942  Crew: 5  Engines: 2 * 860kW Nakajima Ha-115
       Wing Span:   Length:   Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 440km/h  Ceiling: 8700m  Range: 18000km
Ki.78, Kawasaki
       Fast experimental aircraft.
       Type: Ki.78
       Function: experimental
       Year: 1942  Crew:   Engines: 1 * 1550hp Daimler Benz DB 601A
       Speed: 700km/h  Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament:
Ki.80, Nakajima 'Helen'
       Development of the {Ki.49}, intended as formation lead aircraft.
       Two built.
       Type: Ki.80
       Function: experimental
       Year:   Crew:   Engines: 2 *  Ha-117
       Speed:	Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament:
Ki.83, Mitsubishi
       The Ki.83 was designed as an twin-engined, heavily armed long-range
       fighter. It was one of the most advanced Japanese aircraft of WWII,
       fast and very maneuvrable. But it was still in development when the
       war ended. Four built.
       Type: Ki.83
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1944  Crew: 1  Engines: 2 * 2200hp Mitsubishi Ha-211-Ru
       Wing Span: 15.50m  Length: 12.50m  Height: 4.60m  Wing Area: 33.52m2
       Empty Weight: 5980kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 704km/h  Ceiling: 10000m	Range: 2800km
       Armament: 2*g30mm 2*g20mm 2*b50kg
Ki.84 Hayate, Nakajima 'Frank' (Army Type 4 Fighter)
       The Ki.84 combined all the assets of a truly modern fighter
       aircraft with the traditional maneuvrability of Japanese fighters.
       It was sturdy, well-armoured, carried heavy armament, and could
       outclimb and outturn any opponent. But it suffered from low
       production standards, so maintenance became a nightmare, and the
       crumbling of the Japanese industry reduced production to 3382.
       Type: Ki.84-I-Ko
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1944  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 2000hp Nakajima Ha-45-21
       Wing Span: 11.24m  Length: 9.92m  Height: 3.39m  Wing Area: 21m2
       Empty Weight: 2660kg  Max.Weight: 3890kg
       Speed: 624km/h  Ceiling: 11000m	Range: 2920km
       Armament: 2*mg13mm 2*g20mm 2*b250kg
Ki.85, Kawanishi
       Proposed development of the {G5N} bomber. Not built.
Ki.86, Kokusai (Army Type 4 Primary trainer)
       Equivalent to the Navy's {K9W}, a license-built Bucker {Bu 131}.
       Armament:
Ki.87, Nakajima
       Japan never developed an effective high-altitude fighter, despite
       numerous attempts. The need for such aircraft became particularly
       urgent with the introduction by the US of the high-flying {B-29}
       bomber. The Ki.87 had a pressurized cockpit and a turbocharger,
       fitted to the right side of forward fuselage. Only one was built,
       and this was only flown five times. Following data are estimates. 
       Type: Ki.87
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1945  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 2450hp Nakajima Ha-44-21 (Ha-219-Ru)
       Wing Span: 13.42m  Length: 11.82m  Height:   Wing Area: 26.00m2
       Empty Weight: 4387kg  Max.Weight: 5632kg
       Speed: 706km/h  Ceiling: 12885m	Range: 2h
       Armament: 2*g30mm 2*g20mm 1*b250kg
Ki.88, Kawasaki
       This was a simpler derivative of the {Ki.64}, with the nose engine
       and the vulnerable surface cooling system removed. Never built.
Ki.91, Kawasaki
       Heavy bomber. Cancelled when all tooling was destroyed by bombing.
       Type: Ki.91
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1945  Crew:   Engines: 4 * 2500hp Mitsubishi Ha-214 Ru
       Speed: 580km/h  Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament:
Ki.93, Rikugun
       The Ki.93 was first designed as a twin-engined long-range fighter,
       but emphasis later shifted to a multi-role fighter-bomber. The
       Ki.93 looked very promising, with its laminar-flow wing, powerful
       engines, sleek fuselage, extensive armour and 57mm gun. But it was
       flown only once before an accident and bombing halted testing.
       Type: Ki.93
       Function: fighter-bomber
       Year: 1945  Crew: 2  Engines: 2 * 1970hp Mitsubishi Ha-214
       Wing Span: 19.00m  Length: 14.21m  Height: 4.85m  Wing Area: 54.75m2
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 11440kg
       Speed: 624km/h  Ceiling: 12050m	Range: 2000km
       Armament: 1*g57mm 2*g20mm 1*mg12.7mm
Ki.94, Tachikawa
       Single-seat high-altitude fighter. The prototype was completed
       in 1945, but not flown. It was powered by a 1790kW
       Nakajima Ha-44 engine. 
Ki.95, Mitsubishi
       Strategic reconaissance aircraft. 
Ki.96, Kawasaki
       The Ki.96 was a derivative of the {Ki.45} with a new fuselage and
       more powerful engines. During development the position for the rear
       gunner was removed, and the Ki.96 became a single-seater. The Ki.96
       was an excellent aircraft, but served only as a stepping stone in
       the development of the two-seat {Ki.102}. Three built.
       Type: Ki.96
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1943  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 1500hp Mitsubishi Ha-112-II
       Wing Span: 15.57m  Length: 11.45m  Height: 3.70m  Wing Area: 34.00m2
       Empty Weight: 4550kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 630km/h  Ceiling: 11500m	Range: 600km
       Armament: 1*g37mm 2*g20mm
Ki.100, Kawasaki (Army Type 5 Fighter)
       The Ki.61-II-KAI development of the {Ki.61} was an excellent
       high-altitude fighter, but its liquid-cooled Ha-140 engine was
       in short supply and extremely unreliable. As an emergency
       measure, the aircraft was adapted for the Ha-112 radial, and
       production began with the conversion of engineless Ki.61-II
       airframes. Despite the improvised nature of this aircraft, the
       Ki.100 demonstrated to be the best WWII fighter of the Japanese
       Army in the ten months before the end of WWII. 396 built.
       Type: Ki.100-I-Otsu
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1944  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 1500hp Mitsubishi Ha-112-II
       Wing Span: 12.00m  Length: 8.80m  Height: 3.75m  Wing Area: 20m2
       Empty Weight: 2700kg  Max.Weight: 3670kg
       Speed: 590km/h  Ceiling: 11000m	Range: 2200km
       Armament: 2*g20mm 2*mg12.7mm
Ki.102, Kawasaki 'Randy' (Army Type 4 Assault Aircraft)
       The Ki.102 was a multi-purpose development of the {Ki.96}. It
       reverted to the two-seat configuration. The Ki.102-Ko interceptor
       was handicapped by its troublesome superchargers, but the Ki-102-Otsu
       was an excellent ground attack aircraft. The Ki-102-Hei night
       fighters, with long-span wings and a longer fuselage, and equipped
       with German radar, was still in development when WWII ended. Only
       238 were built.
       Type: Ki-102-Ko
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1944  Crew: 2  Engines: 2 * 1500hp Mitsubishi Ha-112-Ru
       Wing Span: 15.57m  Length: 11.45m  Height: 3.70m  Wing Area: 40.00m2
       Empty Weight: 5150kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 580km/h  Ceiling: 13000m	Range: 2100km
       Armament: 1*g37mm 2*g20mm
Ki.103, Mitsubishi
       High-altitude interceptor version of the {Ki.83}. The war ended
       before a prototype was completed.
Ki.104, Mitsubishi
       Fighter version of the {Ki.67}. See {Ki.109}.
Ki.105 Ohtori, Kokusai
       A powered version of the {Ku-7} glider, a hasty lash-up to get an
       aircraft that could carry fuel from Sumatra to Japan. Nine built.
       Type: Ki.105
       Function: transport
       Year:   Crew:   Engines: 2 * 690kW Mitsubishi Ha-26-II
       Speed: 220km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 2500km
       Armament:
Ki.106, Nakajima / Tachikawa
       This was a wooden version of the {Ki.84}, intended for production
       by semi-skilled labour. Only three were built, two were flown.
       To reduce weight, the second prototype had only two 20mm cannon.
       Type: Ki.106
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1945  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 1400kW Nakajima Ha-45-21
       Wing Span:   Length:   Height: 3.59m  Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight: 2948kg  Max.Weight: 3900kg
       Speed: 620km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 800km + 1.5hrs
       Armament: 4*g20mm
Ki.108, Kawasaki
       The {B-29} caused much concern in Japan, because it could operate
       well above the operational ceiling of most Japanese fighters. The
       Ki.108 was a derivative of the {Ki.102} with a pressure cabin and
       turbosupercharged engines, intended as a B-29 interceptor. Only
       four were built before the end of the war. 
       Type: Ki.108
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1945  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 1500hp Mitsubishi Ha-112-II-Ru
       Wing Span: 15.67m  Length: 11.71m  Height: 3.70m  Wing Area: 34.00m2
       Empty Weight: 5300kg  Max.Weight: 7200kg
       Speed: 630km/h  Ceiling: 13500m	Range: 1600km
       Armament: 1*g37mm 2*g20mm
Ki.109, Mitsubishi
       The {Ki.67} was the best Japanese medium bomber, and several
       attempts were made to convert it to a fighter. The {Ki.69}
       gunship version was cancelled in 1942, but in 1944 a version
       with a new nose containing a 75mm AA cannon in the nose was
       flown as the {Ki.104}. The production version was the Ki.109,
       without gun turret and beam gunners, and intended to be fitted
       with superchargers -- but none were available. The Ki.109 was
       a failure in combat. 22 built.
       Type: Ki.109-Ko
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1944  Crew: 4  Engines: 2 * 1900hp Mitsubishi Ha-104
       Wing Span: 22.50m  Length: 17.95m  Height: 5.80m  Wing Area: 65.85m2
       Empty Weight: 7424kg  Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 550km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 2200km
       Armament: 1*g75mm 1*mg12.7mm
Ki.110, Tachikawa
       Wooden development of the {Ki.54}. The prototype was destroyed
       before the first flight. 
Ki.111, Tachikawa
       Development of the {Ki.54} for the transport of fuel. None built.
Ki.113, Nakajima
       Version of the {Ki.84} built from steel and wood to replace scarce
       light alloys. Prototype never completed.
Ki.114, Tachikawa
       Development of the {Ki.110}. None built.
Ki.115 Tsurugi, Nakajima
       The Ki.115 was a purpose-designed suicide attack aircraft of mixed
       construction. Handling was bad. 105 were built, but none were used
       operationally.
       Type: Ki.115
       Function: suicide attack
       Year: 1945  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 1150hp Nakajima Ha-35 Type 23
       Wing Span: 8.60m  Length: 8.55m  Height: 3.30m  Wing Area: 12.40m2
       Empty Weight: 1640kg  Max.Weight: 2880kg
       Speed: 550km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 1200km
       Armament: 800kg
Ki.116, Nakajima
       Version of the {Ki.84} with a Mitsubishi Ha-112-II engine. The
       original Ha-45 was in short suply after the bombing of the
       production plant. The lighter engine improved maneuvrability
       considerably.
Ki.117, Nakajima
       Development of the {Ki.84}. None built.
Ki.200 Shusui, Mitsubishi
       Army designation of the {J8M}.
Ki.230, Nakajima
       Development of the {Ki.115}. Not built.
Kikka, Nakajima
       The Kikka was an imitation of the German Messerschmitt {Me 262} jet
       fighter. It was smaller, less powerful, and less advanced. It was
       primarily intended as a bomber, but fighter versions were under
       development. Only one was flown, twice, before the end of the war.
       Type: Kikka
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1945  Crew: 1  Engines: 2 * 475kg Ne-20
       Wing Span:   Length:   Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed: 712km/h  Ceiling: 12000m	Range: 950km
       Armament: 800kg
KM-2, Fuji
       Trainer, development of the Beech {T-34} Mentor. See also {T-3}.
       Type: KM-2B
       Function: trainer
       Year: 1978  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 254kW Lycoming IGSO-480-A1A6
       Wing Span: 10.01m  Length: 8.03m  Height: 3.02m  Wing Area: 16.50m2
       Empty Weight: 1120kg  Max.Weight: 1542kg
       Speed: 377km/h  Ceiling: 8170m  Range: 965km
Ko 2, Nakajima
       License-built French Nieuport 83 sesquiplane fighter-trainer.
Ko 3, Nakajima
       License-built French {Nieuport 24} sesquiplane fighter-trainer.
Ko 4, Nakajima
       License-built French Nieuport-Delage {NiD-29} biplane fighter.
Koshiki-2, Tokorozawa
       Biplane fighter, the first of indigenous design. The Koshiki-2
       owed much to the French Spad and Salmson biplanes. The design
       was abandoned because of bad handling characteristics. Two built.
       Type: Koshiki-2
       Year: 1922  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 260hp Salmson 9Z
       Wing Span: 10.00m  Length: 6.60m  Height: 2.40m  Wing Area: 20.00m2
       Empty Weight: 650kg  Max. Weight: 950kg
       Speed: 206km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 2.0 hrs
       Armament: 2*mg7.7mm
Ku.7 Manazuru, Kokusai
       Large glider with twin tail booms, capable of carrying 32 troops
       or an 8-ton tank. No production.
Ku.8, Kokusai 'Gander' or 'Goose' (Army Type 4 Large Transport Glider)
       A high-wing glider. The blunt-nose Ku 8 could carry 20 troopers
       or a small cannon. The design was based on that of a {Ki.59}
       without engines.
KV107, Kawasaki
       Tandem-rotor helicopter, license-built Boeing Vertol 107.
KXA, North American
       The North American NA-16, an {AT-6} variant. It was license-built
       in Japan as the {K10W}.
KXBu, Bucker
       The Bucker {Bu 131} trainer. It was license-built in Japan as
       the {K9W}.
KXC, Caudron
       Caudron {C.600} {Aiglon} trainer. One tested. 
KXHe, Heinkel
       One Heinkel {He 72} tested by the IJN.
KXJ, Junkers
       One Junkers A-50 tested by the IJN.
--L--------------------------------------------------------------------------
L1N, Nakajima
       Navy version of the {Ki.34}.
L2D, Showa / Nakajima 'Tabby' (Naval Type 0 Transport Aircraft)
       Japanese version of the Douglas DC-3. 485 built.
       Type: L2D2
       Function: transport
       Year: 1941  Crew: 3-5  Engines: 2 * 795kW Mitsubishi Kinsei 43
       Speed: 354km/h  Ceiling: 10900m	Range: 3220km
       Load: 21 seats, 4500kg
L3Y, Mitsubishi / Yokosuka 'Tina' (Naval Type 96 Transport Aircraft)
       Transport version of the {G3M}, developed by the Naval Arsenal at
       Kasumigaura.
       Type: L3Y1
       Function: transport
       Year:   Crew:   Engines: 2 * Mitsubihi Kinsei 3
       Speed:	Ceiling: 7500m	Range:
       Armament: 1*mg7.7mm
L4M, Mitsubishi
       Navy designation of the {Ki.57}.
L7P, Nihon
       Amphibian transport. Two built.
       Type: L7P1
       Function: transport
       Year: 1942  Crew:   Engines: 2 * 520kW Nakajima Kotobuki
       Speed:	Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament:
LB-2, Nakajima
       Bomber. No production.
LM, Fuji
       Liaison version of the Fuji {KM-2}. 
LO, Tachikawa 'Thelma'
       License-built Lockheed 14. 119 built.
       Type: LO
       Function: transport
       Year:   Crew: 3	Engines: 2 * 660kW Mitsubishi Ho-26-I
       Speed: 418km/h  Ceiling:   Range:
       Load: 12 seats
Lockheed 14 'Toby'
       Imported US civil transport.
LR-1, Mitsubishi
       Version of the {MU-2} for liaison and reconaissance.
LXC, Curtiss-Wright
       One Curtiss Courthney tested by the IJN.
LXD, Douglas
       This was the Douglas DC-4E prototype, bought by the IJN. The
       DC-4E was the basis for the {G5N}. It had little relation with
       the later, smaller DC-4 ({C-54}).
LXF, Fairchild
       One Fairchild A942 Amphibian tested by the IJN.
LXHe, Heinkel
       One Heinkel {He 70} tested by the IJN.
LXG, Hitachi
       Type: HXG 1
       Function: liaison (C.O.D.)
       Year: 1933  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 110kW Tokyo Jimpu 3
       Speed: 215km/h  Ceiling: 4700m  Range: 720km
       Load: 3 seats
LXK, Kinner
       One Kinner Envoy tested by the IJN.
--M--------------------------------------------------------------------------
M6A Seiran, Aichi
       Japan, France, the U.S., Britain and Germany have all built small
       reconaissance aircraft intended to be carried by submarines, but
       the M6A was really unique. It was a powerful submarine-based attack
       aircraft. The plan was that special 4700ton I-400 class submarines
       would bring the M6A's close to the installations of the Panama canal.
       The M6A itself was an impressive low-wing monoplane, well-
       streamlined, with twin floats. About 30 were built, including the
       land-based M6A1-K Nanzan trainer version.
       Type: M6A1
       Function: attack
       Year: 1945  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 1400hp Aichi Atsuta 32
       Speed: 475km/h  Ceiling: 9900m  Range: 1190km
       Armament: 850kg 1*mg13mm
M6A Nanzan, Aichi
       The M6A1-K Nanzan was a landplane trainer version of the {M6A}.
       It had a retractable undercarriage, but no wing folding, and the
       folding fin top was deleted.
Mi-go, Aichi
       Experimental single-engined reconaissance seaplane. Four built.
       1924.
Mitsubishi Type 10 Carrier-borne Reconaissance Biplane
       See {2MR}.
MS, Nakajima
       See {E8N}.
MU-2, Mitsubishi
       Twin-engined high-wing business aircraft, also in service with the
       JASDF. The MU-2 is used as SAR aircraft, navigation trainer and
       liaison aircraft. 831 were built, of which 73 in military versions.
       Type: MU-2S
       Function: SAR
       Year:   Crew:   Engines: 2 * 
       Wing Span:   Length:   Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed:   Ceiling:   Range: 
       Load: 
MXJ1 Wakakusa, Nihon Kogata
       Two-seat training glider
MXY1, Yokosuka
       Research aircraft.
MXY3, Yokosuka
       Radio-controlled target aircraft.
MXY4, Yokosuka
       Radio-controlled target aircraft.
MXY5, Yokosuka
       Experimental transport aircraft. Twelve built.
MXY6,
       Canard glider, aerodynamic test aircraft for the {J7W}.
MXY7 Ohka, Yokosuka 'Baka'
       Called 'Baka' (fool) by the U.S. soldiers, this was a manned
       flying bomb. The Ohka was carried close to its target by a
       modified {G4M} bomber, and then neared its target in glide
       or under power, ending with a powered 970km/h dive to its
       target. By lighting one rocket engine an Ohka could outdistance
       fighters, but its radius of action was only 28km, and the
       carrier aircraft were highly vulnerable. The Ohka had a 1200kg
       warhead. The Ohka 22 was a jet-engined version; the 33 was also
       jet-engined but was never built, and the 43 was either intended
       to be catapult-launched, or a two-seat training version known as
       Wakazakura. 852 were built, but only 80 were used in combat. They
       are estimated to have sunk one destroyer, and damaged a
       battleship, three destroyers, a minesweeper, and two transport
       ships. 
       Type: Ohka 11
       Function: suicide attack
       Year: 1945  Crew: 1  Engines: 3 * 265kg Type 4 Model 1-20
       Wing Span: 5.10m  Length:   Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Range: 69km
       Armament: 1200kg
MXY8 Akikusa, Yokosuka
       Wooden glider version of the {J8M}, intended as trainer.
MXY9 Shuka, Yokosuka
       Experimental trainer.
MXY10, Yokosuka
       Non-flying decoy, a replica of the {P1Y}.
MXY11, Yokosuka (Navy Type 1 Attack Bomber Ground Decoy)
       Non-flying decoy, a replica of the {G4M}.
--N--------------------------------------------------------------------------
N1K Kyofu, Kawanishi 'Rex'
       The N1K was an advanced floatplane fighter. It was a small
       mid-wing aircraft with a large central float and small outriggers.
       The operational need for such aircraft evaporated, but it was
       modified and became the {N1K}1-J land-based fighter. About 90 built.
       Type: N1K1
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1943  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 1530hp Mitsubishi MK4E Kasei 15
       Wing Span: 12.00m  Length: 10.59m  Height: 4.75m  Wing Area: 23.50m2
       Empty Weight: 2750kg  Max.Weight: 3712kg
       Speed: 490km/h  Ceiling: 10560m	Range: 1670km
       Armament: 2*g20mm 2*mg7.7mm 60kg
N1K Shiden, Kawanishi 'George'
       The N1K1-J was a landplane version of the impressive {N1K1}
       Kyofu 'Rex' seaplane fighter. It showed to be one of the best
       Japanese fighters, with an unmatched maneuvrability, sturdy,
       powerful, and well armed. Its structure was heavy and complex,
       and the N1K2-J Shiden-Kai was a thoroughly redesigned aircraft,
       more adapted to the landplane configuration. The most visible
       change was that the N1K2-J was a low-wing aircraft, while the
       N1K1-J had a mid-wing configuration. Actually the N1K2-J had
       little more in common with the N1K1-J than the wings and the
       engine. 1453 built.
       Type: N1K1-Ja
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1943  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 1990hp Nakajima NK9H Homare 21
       Wing Span: 12.00m  Length: 8.88m  Height: 4.06m  Wing Area: 23.50m2
       Empty Weight: 2897kg  Max.Weight: 4321kg
       Speed: 582km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 1430km
       Armament: 4*mg20mm 
       Type: N1K2-J
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1944  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 1990hp Nakajima Homare 21
       Wing Span: 12.00m  Length: 9.35m  Height: 3.96m  Wing Area: 23.50m2
       Empty Weight: 2657kg  Max.Weight: 4860kg
       Speed: 594km/h  Ceiling: 10760m	Range: 1720km
       Armament: 4*g20mm 2*b250kg
NAF-1, Nakajima
       Two-seat shipboard fighter biplane, a fighter with secondary
       dive-bomber and reconaissance role. The programme was abandoned
       after the loss of the prototype. One built.
       Type: NAF-1
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1932  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 530hp Nakajima Kotobuki 2
       Wing Span: 10.72m  Length: 7.19m  Height: 2.82m  Wing Area: 29.39m2
       Empty Weight: 1270kg  Max.Weight: 1844kg
       Speed: 278km/h  Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament: 3*mg7.7mm
NAF-2, Nakajima
       Two-seat carrier fighter biplane. The NAF-2 was more modern than the
       {NAF-1}, and met the original requirements of the IJN. But the Navy
       changed its policy, abandoning two-seat fighters. Two built.
       Type: NAF-2
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1934  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 580hp Nakajima Kotobuki 2
       Wing Span: 10.30m  Length: 7.26m  Height: 2.85m  Wing Area: 26.35m2
       Empty Weight: 1233kg  Max.Weight: 1710kg
       Speed: 300km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 4h 30m
       Armament: 3*mg7.7mm
Nakajima Type 5
       Biplane trainer. 118 were built for the Japanese Army between 1919
       and 1921. 
Nakajima Type 91 Fighter
       Parasol wing single-seat fighter, developed from the {NC} by almost
       total redesign. 450 were built, but service entry was delayed by
       stability and CG problems.
       Type: Type 91-I
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1931  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 330kW Bristol Jupiter
       Wing Span: 11.00m  Length: 7.26m  Height: 2.79m  Wing Area: 20.00m2
       Empty Weight: 1075kg  Max.Weight: 1530kg
       Speed: 300km/h  Ceiling: 9000m  Range: 2h
       Armament: 2*mg7.7mm
Nakajima 7-Shi Fighter
       This was a navalised development of the {Nakajima Type 91}, intended
       to replace the {A2N}. Only one was built.
       Type: 7-Shi
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1932  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 560hp Nakajima Kotobuki 5
       Wing Span: 11.00m  Length: 7.20m  Height: 3.20m  Wing Area: 20.00m2
       Empty Weight: 1100kg  Max.Weight: 1600kg
       Speed: 296km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 
       Armament: 2*mg7.7mm
NC, Nakajima
       This parasol-wing fighter was not accepted by the Army. Two late
       prototypes were the first {Nakajima Type 91} fighters, but these
       were completely redesigned aircraft that had little in common with
       the original NC. Seven built.
       Type: NC
       Function: fighter
       Year: 1928  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 450hp Bristol Jupiter VI
       Wing Span:   Length:   Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight:   Max.Weight: 
       Speed:	Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament: 2*mg7.7mm
NJ, Nakajima
       See {E4N}2.
NY, Nakajima
       See {A2N}.
NZ, Nakajima
       Float biplane. No production.
--O--------------------------------------------------------------------------
OH-1, Nakajima
       The prototype of this two-seat scout and observation helicopter
       was flown in 1996. Like similar types, OH-1 has tandem seating
       and stub wings for armament. The tail rotor is of "fenestron"
       type.
       Type: OH-1
       Function: attack
       Year: 1996  Crew: 2  Engines: 2 * 660kW Mitsubishi XTS1-10
       Rotor Span: 11.5m  Length:   Height: 4.00m  Disc Area: 
       Empty Weight: 2500kg  Max.Weight: 3500kg
       Speed: 259km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 
       Armament: 
OH-X, Nakajima
       See {OH-1}. 
--P--------------------------------------------------------------------------
P1Y Ginga / Kyokko, Yokosuka 'Frances'
       Twin-engined medium bomber (P1Y1 Ginga) and night fighter
       (P1Y1-S Byakko and P1Y2-S Kyokko). The P1Y was maneuvrable,
       sturdy, had long range and could outrun allied fighters at
       low level. The nightfighter versions were disappointing,
       because their altitude performance was insufficient to
       intercept the {B-29}. The P1Y appeared when Japan was already
       defeated and many were sent on suicide missions. The P1Y was
       also chosen as carrier for the {MXY-7} model 22 suicide
       aircraft, but this combination did not enter combat. 1098 built.
       Type: P1Y1
       Function: bomber
       Year: 1945  Crew: 3  Engines: 2 * 1820hp Nakajima Homare 11
       Wing Span: 20.00m  Length: 15.00m  Height: 4.30m  Wing Area: 55m2
       Empty Weight: 7265kg  Max.Weight: 13500kg
       Speed: 547km/h  Ceiling: 9400m  Range: 5300km
       Armament: 2*g20mm 1000kg
       Type: P1Y2-S
       Function: nightfighter
       Year: 1944  Crew:   Engines: 2 * 1850hp Mitsubishi Kasei 25
       Wing Span: 20.00m  Length: 15.00m  Height: 4.30m  Wing Area: 55.00m2
       Empty Weight: 7800kg  Max.Weight: 13500kg
       Speed: 523km/h  Ceiling:   Range: 3985km
       Armament: 3*g20mm
P-2J, Kawasaki-Lockheed
       Japan produced this turboprop-engined development of the
       Lockheed {P-2} Neptune maritime patrol and ASW aircraft. 
       Type: P-2J
       Function: reconaissance / ASW
       Year: 1969  Crew: 12  Engines: 2 * 2280kW G.E. T64-IHI-10E
				      2 * 15.2kN Ishikawajima-Harima J3-IHI-7D
       Speed: 402km/h  Ceiling: 9150m  Range: 4450km
       Armament: 8000lb
P-3 Orion, Lockheed
       The {P-3} is a four-turboprop ASW aircraft of US design,
       license-built in Japan. Japan also received EP-3C electronic
       warfare aircraft.
PA, Nakajima
       See {Ki.11}.
PE, Nakajima
       Prototype of the {Ki.27}.
PS-1, Shin Meiwa
       Big four-engined flying boat for ASW tasks. The blown flaps of
       the PS-1 are supplied with air by a 1044kW T58 engine. There was
       also a amphibious search-and-rescue version, the {US-1}. 23 PS-1s
       were delivered; the last one was retired in 1989. Ten US-1s were
       built. 
       Type: PS-1
       Function: reconaissance / ASW
       Year: 1970  Crew: 9  Engines: 4 * 2282kW G.E.-IHI T64-IHI-10
       Speed: 547km/h  Ceiling: 9000m  Range: 4744km
       Armament:
       Type: US-1
       Function: SAR
       Year: 1975  Crew: 9-12  Engines: 4 * 2282kW T64-IHI-10
       Wing Span: 33.15m  Length: 33.46m  Height: 9.95m  Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight: 25500kg  Max.Weight: 45000kg
       Speed: 496km/h  Ceiling: 8230m  Range: 4207km
       Load: 69 seats
--Q--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q, Nakajima
       Three-seat biplane dive bomber. No production. 1936.
Q1W Tokai, Kyushu 'Lorna'
       Anti-submarine warfare was one of the weakest points of the Japanese
       Navy. The losses of transport ships were disastrous, to the extent
       that the Japanese fleet had the stay at Singapore and use unrefined
       oil, because it was unpossible to transport it to Japan. The Q1W
       represented an attempt to built a dedicated ASW aircraft. It was a
       light twin-engined aircraft, equipped with a primitive MAD and radar
       and a good forward and downward view. The 153 built suffered heavy
       losses and achieved nothing.
       Type: Q1W1
       Function: ASW
       Year: 1944  Crew: 1  Engines: 2 * 610hp Hitachi GK2C Amakaze 31
       Wing Span: 16.00m  Length: 12.09m  Height: 4.12m  Wing Area: 38.20m2
       Empty Weight: 3100kg  Max.Weight: 5315kg
       Speed: 322km/h  Ceiling: 4490m  Range: 3240km
       Armament: 1-2*mg20mm 1*mg7.7mm 2*b250kg
Q2M, Mitsubishi
       Project for a twin-engined anti-submarine warfare aircraft. Not
       built. 
Q3W Nankai, Kyushu
       ASW development of the {K11W}. One built. 1945.
--R--------------------------------------------------------------------------
R1Y Seiun, Yokosuka
       Experimental reconnaissance aircraft.
R2Y Keiun, Yokosuka
       Fast land-based reconnaissance aircraft with two coupled 1700hp
       Atsuta 30 engines, driving three-bladed contrarotaing propellors.
       The prototype was destroyed by bombardment after its first flight.
       The proposed R2Y2 version, powered by two jet engines, was never
       built.
       Type: R2Y1
       Function: reconnaissance
       Year:   Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 3400hp Aichi Ha-70
       Wing Span: 14.00m  Length: 13.05m  Height: 4.24m  Wing Area: 34.0m2
       Empty Weight: 6015kg  Max.Weight: 9400kg
       Speed: 718km/h at 10000m  Ceiling: 11700m  Range: 3600km
Ro-Ko, Yokosuka
       See {Yokosho}.
RZ, Nakajima
       Dive bomber. No production.
--S--------------------------------------------------------------------------
S1A Denko, Aichi
       Advanced nightfighter, the last known Aichi design. Two were
       built, but none was flown.
       Type: S1A1
       Function: night fighter
       Year: 1945  Crew: 2  Engines: 2 * 1385kW Nakajima Homar NK9K-S
       Wing Span: 17.50m  Length: 15.10m  Height: 4.61m  Wing Area: 47.0m2
       Empty Weight: 7320kg  Max.Weight: 11510kg
       Speed: 589km/h  Ceiling: 12000m  Range: 2540km
       Armament: 4*g30mm 2*g20mm 490kg
Salmson 2A2
       This was Kawasaki's first aircraft, a French reconaissance biplane.
       It built 300 2A2's for the Army.
Seishiki 1
       Two-seat biplane, 100hp Daimler engine.
Seishiki 2
       100hp Daimler engine, max. speed 85mph.
Sjinryu
       Suicide aircraft, a glider, equipped with rockets for take-off.
       Not built.
Soga
       Two-seat biplane, 90hp Austro-Daimler engine.
SS-1, Tachikawa
       Development of the {LO} with a pressure cabin. 795kW Mitsubushi
       Ha-102 engines. One built.
SS-2, Shin Meiwa
       Factory designation of the {PS-1} and {US-1}.
--T--------------------------------------------------------------------------
T-1 Jayhawk, Beech
       The T-1 is a trainer version of the Beechjet 400 business aircraft,
       developed for the USAF. The JASDF also selected it.
T-1, Fuji
       Swept-wing jet trainer, very similar the the {F-86} Sabre. About 60
       were built, that replaced the {T-6} Texan in the Japanese air force.
       Type: T-1A (T1F2)
       Function: trainer
       Year: 1958  Crew: 2  Engines: 1 * 1814kg Bristol Siddeley Orpheus 805
       Wing Span: 10.50m  Length: 12.12m  Height: 4.08m  Wing Area: 22.22m2
       Empty Weight: 2420kg  Max.Weight: 4150kg
       Speed: 926km/h  Ceiling: 14630m	Range: 1950km
       Armament: 1*mg12.7mm 680kg
T1F, Fuiji
       See {T-1}. 
T-2, Mitsubishi
       Fast jet trainer. Supersonic trainers are a rare breed. The T-2 is
       similar in layout to the British/French {Jaguar} attack aircraft:
       short span wings with moderate sweep, retangular side intakes, and
       a strongly anhedralled tailplane. 96 built. The {F-1} attack aircraft
       was developed from the T-2.
       Type: T-2
       Function: trainer
       Year: 1975  Crew: 2  Engines: 2 * 20.95kN Ishikawajima-Harima
							       TF40-IHI-801A
       Wing Span: 7.88m  Length: 17.85m  Height: 4.39m  Wing Area: 21.17m2
       Empty Weight: 6307kg  Max.Weight: 12900kg
       Speed: M1.6  Ceiling: 15240m  Range: 2590km
       Armament: 1*g20mm 907kg
T-3, Fuji
       See {KM-2}. 
T-4, Kawasaki
       Twin-engined, shoulder-wing jet trainer that is replacing the
       {T-33} and Fuji {T-1}.
       Type: T-4
       Function: trainer
       Year: 1988  Crew: 2  Engines: 2 * 16.28kN Ishikawajima-Harima F3-IHI-30
       Wing Span: 9.90m  Length: 13.00m  Height: 4.60m  Wing Area: 21m2
       Empty Weight: 3700kg  Max.Weight: 5500kg
       Speed: 1038km/h	Ceiling: 15239m  Range: 1668km
T-5, Fuji
       Improved {T-3} with an Allison 250-B17D turboprop engine.
T-33, Lockheed
       The {T-33} jet trainer was used in large numbers by the JASDF.
       The last T-33 unit was disbanded in 1990, but the aircraft
       remained in service. Kawasaki built 210.
Tachikawa
       Type: Tachikawa
       Function: ambulance
       Year: 1933  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 95kW Cirrus Hermes IV
       Speed: 180km/h  Ceiling: 4500m  Range:
       Load: 2 stretchers, 1 seat
Taka, Mitsubishi 1MF9
       See {1MF9}.
Tellier
       Biplane flying boat. 200hp engine.
TK-3, Kokusai
       See {Ki.59}.
TL-1, Fuji
       Version of the {KM-2} / {T-3} for the Japanese land forces. Two
       delivered.
--U--------------------------------------------------------------------------
U-1, Caspar-Heinkel
       The U-1 was built in Germany during 1922, despite the clause in the
       treaty of Versailles forbidden the development of military aircraft.
       It had been ordered by the USA. It was a small, wooden, twin-float
       biplane for submarines. Two were built for the USA and at least
       two (possibly four) for Japan. 
       Type: U-1
       Function: reconaisssance 
       Year: 1922  Crew: 1  Engines: 1 * 60hp Siemens 
       Wing Span: 7.22m  Length: 6.20m  Height:   Wing Area: 
       Empty Weight: 360kg  Max.Weight: 510kg
       Speed: 140km/h  Ceiling: 3000m  Range: 2hrs
U-4, Gulfstream
       Designation given to a utility version of the Gulfstream IV
       business jet. Delivered in 1997.
U-36, Learjet / Shin Meiwa
       Combat trainer version of the Learjet 36A business jet. Entered
       service in 1987; acquisition of six was planned.
U-125, British Aerospace / Raytheon
       Maritime search-and-rescue version of the {BAe.125}. They carry
       a search radar, a thermal imager, life rafts and flares. 
UF-XS
       A much-modified Grumman H{U-16} Albatross flying boat, with four
       engines in the wing leading edge and two to deliver compressed
       air, a T-tail and a lengthened fuselage. Research aircraft for
       the {PS-1} programme.
US-1 Shin Meiwa
       See {PS-1}.
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Y3B, Nakajima
       Torpedo bomber. The upper wing was gulled and the lower one was
       an inverted gull wing.
Yi-Ko, Yokosuka
       Floatplane trainer. 70 built.
YM, Nakajima
       See {A4N}.
Yokosho, Yokosuka
       The first indigenous Japanese design. 218 built.
       Type: Yokosho
       Function:
       Year: 1917  Crew:   Engines: 1 * 200hp Hispano-Suiza
       Speed:	Ceiling:   Range:
       Armament:
YS-11, NAMC
       Twin-turboprop transport, Japan's first post-war commercial
       aircraft. It achieved only limited success. A number are in
       military service in Japan as VIP transports, transport, 
       trainers, and electronic warfare aircraft. The air force of
       Greece also used the YS-11. Total production was 182.
       Type: YS-11 Sr 300
       Function: transport
       Year: 1964  Crew: 2  Engines: 2 * 2250kW R.R. Dart Mk.542-10k
       Wing Span: 32.00m  Length: 26.30m  Height: 8.98m  Wing Area: 94.84m2
       Empty Weight: 15350kg  Max.Weight: 24500kg
       Speed: 472km/h  Ceiling: 7000m  Range: 1140km
       Load: 6650kg, 60 seats
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