| I. Struggle for Change in Latin America 1. Revolution was spread through Mexico between 1910 and 1920. 2. The Mexican Revolution unleashed radical forces. 3. Indian peasants battled to end centuries of oppression. A. The Mexican Revolution 1. Prosperity was enjoyed by those who were wealthy but, that was little of the Mexican population. 2. Francisco Madero demanded free elections in 1910 and started the rev. 3. Fighting and rebellion continued for a decade and millions were killed. B. Reforms 1. The Constitution of 1917 was enforced and addressed land, religion and labor. 2. By 1920�s the government was recovering and finally restored order after years of civil war and carried out reforms. 3. In 1929, the PRI was established and accommodated all groups in the Mexican society. C. Rising Tide of Nationalism 1. Mexico wanted to reclaim oil fields, which showed growing nationalism against the industrial powers. 2. In the 20s and 30s, the fluxuating economy affected the Mexican economy very much and a tide of economic nationalism swept through. 3. By 20s an upsurge of national feeling led Latin American writers, artists, and thinkers to reject European influences. D. The �Good Neighbor� Policy 1. During and after WWI the US invested more in the Latin American countries and acted as the policeman between countries. 2. Anti-American feelings arose and Roosevelt introduced the policy of the good neighbor. 3. With this the US withdrew troops it had stationed in the countries, lifted Platt Amendment and resisted demands to intervene. This worked until 1945. II. Nationalist Movements in Africa and the Middle East 1. Kikuyu people were being treated second class and their land had been taken. 2. The Kikuyu were among many African people who resented colonial rule. 3. Many African leaders fought to defeat the tide of imperialism and restore Africa for Africans. A. Movements for Change in Africa 1. Many unfair things were done to the Africans and many resisted by living on illegal land and formed unions. 2. Many protests were common in Africa and at a time the women had a full-fledged revolt. 3. Apartheids were set up in South Africa and limited the rights of Africans even more. B. Growing Self-Confidence 1. Pan-Africanism grew and a congress was established that was led by W.E.B Dubois. 2. French-speaking writers in W. Africa further awakened self-confidence among Africans. 3. African nationalism affected Egypt and finally in 1922 Egypt was considered independent. C. Modernization in Turkey and Iran 1. With the end of WWI, Turks wanted a land of their own and revolted and claimed Turkey a republic. 2. Ataturk (the leader) swept away century old customs for new modern ways, the government helped industry expand and the leader had an iron hand. 3. These revolts inspired nationalist feelings in Iran. Iran then modernized and got on better terms with Britain. D. Arab Nationalism and European Mandates 1. Pan-Arabism grew but the mandates that were made after WWI were not valid any more. 2. Big conflict between Jews and Arabs over Palestine. 3. Anti-Semitism grew in surrounding areas and Jews were pushed into Palestine but tensions grew and there was a bigger conflict. III. India Seeks Self-rule 1. Tensions were running high in a city in northern India and protests against British rule has sparked riots and attacks on British residence. 2. A massacre occurred when Indian leaders addressed a crowd. 3. The massacre was a turning point for many Indians and it made the concept of bad British rule. A. Moves Toward Independence 1. The massacre was linked to Indian frustrations after WWI because of a heavy number of casualties increased nationalism. 2. Britain didn�t keep their promise for great reforms, which made the Indians mad. 3. In the 1920�s a new leader emerged, Mohandas Gandhi. B. Mohandas Gandhi 1. Gandhi embraced Hindu traditions and he preached the ancient doctorine of ahisma or nonviolence and reverence for all life. 2. His philosophy reflected western as well as Indian influences, and admired Christian teachings about love. 3. He didn�t dress the same, he launched a series of nonviolent actions against British rule and he worked to restore pride in India�s traditional spinning and weaving industries. C. The Salt March 1. Gandhi thought the government salt monopoly was an evil burden on the poor and a symbol of British oppression. 2. Gandhi challenged Britain and he got the whole world to thunder against Britain. 3. Gandhi�s campaign of nonviolence and the self-sacrifice of his followers slowly forced Britain to agree to hand over some power to Indians and to meet other demands of the Congress Party. D. Looking Ahead 1. As India came closer to independence, Muslim fears of the Hindu majority increased. 2. During the 30s, the Muslim league gained an able leader and he represented the Muslim interests within the Congress party. 3. India was moving toward independence when a new world war exploded in 1939. IV. Upheavals in China 1. Sun Yixian was the father of the Chinese revolution after the Qing dynasty. 2. As the new Chinese republic took shape, nationalists set goals to become as modern as the other powers. 3. But the goal was a distant dream as China suffered the turmoil of civil war and foreign invasion. A. The Chinese Republic 1. In 1912, Sun Yixian stepped down as president to General Yuan Shikai who had different ideas and wanted to make a new ruling way and him being the emperor. 2. There was chaos between the government and the country and foreign powers were using that as a leverage to over take China. 3. Protests occurred and some Chinese turned to the revolutionary ideas of Marx and Lenin. B. Leaders for a New China 1. Sun Yixian died and Jiang Jieshi took over and began crushing local warlords as he advanced and captured Beijing. 2. Mao Zedong was a peasant revolutionary who believed that Comunist should seek support not among the small urban working class but among the large peasant masses. 3. Jiang Jieshi wanted to destroy the Red Bandits and he made an epic retreat as the Long March in 1934. C. Japanese Invasion 1. In 1931 Japan invaded China and added to the Japanese growing empire. 2. In 1937 Japan bombed China and they attacked China proper. 3. The Communists, the Guomindang and the Japanese were involved in a three sided struggle and finally I 1951 the US was brought into the war. V. Empire of the Rising Sun 1. Emperor Hirohito�s reign was commenced with a solemn ceremony. 2. Hirohito reigned from 1926 to 1989. 3. Japan during those years, experienced remarkable successes and appalling tragedies. A. Liberal Changes of the 1920s 1. In the 1920s, Japan moved into a greater democracy: political parties grew stronger and elected members of the diet. 2. During WWI the Japanese economy enjoyed phenomenal growth and the powerful business leaders had strong influences over the government. 3. In the 1920s, the economy grew slower, wages were low, younger generations revolted against tradition and the tensions were high. B. The Nationalist Reaction 1. In 1929, the Great Depression hit Japan hard because of economic problems. 2. Economic disaster fed the discontent of the military and extreme nationalists or unnationalists. 3. The Manchurian incident led to the accusation of the Chinese, the withdrawl from the League of Nations. C. Militarists in Power 1. In the 1930s the ultranationalists were winning popular support for foreign conquests and a touch stand against western powers. 2. Civilian government survived but by 1937 it had been forced to accept military domination. 3. During the 1930�s Japan took advange of China�s civil war to increase its influence there. |