Coldwarstudyguide

Ch. 32:
Acid rain- A form of pollution in which toxic chemicals in the air come back to the Earth as rain, snow or hail. It damages forests, lakes and farmland especially in industrial Europe and North America.
Culture shock- There has been such a big split between the two sides because of the Cold War and therefore other nationalities and ethinicities are very opposed to each other. It has created a huge shock.
Interdependence- The dependence of countries on goods, resources, and knowledge from other parts of the world. Since 1945, transportation and communication systems have made the world increasingly interdependent.
Liberation theology- This is a movement that urged the Church to take a more active roles in opposing the social conditions that contributed to poverty. This happened in Latin America where some Roman Catholic clergy adopted this.
Multinational Corporation- These are enterprises with branches in many countries. They brought new technology to mining, agriculture, transportation and other industries.
Nonaligned- This is to not allied to either side of the Cold War. Some nations did this to avoid superpower rivalry. It was to reduce world tensions and promote economic policies that would benefit nations.
Privatization- This is the selling off of state-owned industries to private investors. Nations hoped that more efficient private enterprises would produce higher-quality goods in the long run.
Terrorism- This is the deliberate use of random violence, especially against civilians, to exact revenge or achieve political goals. Through bombings, kidnappings and shootings, terrorists focused attention on their causes and tried to force governments to give into their demands.
Political instability in Africa- Many nations in Africa were devastated by civil wars. Military dictators or other authoritarian leaders spent huge sums on weapons and warfare instead of on education, housing, or health-care.
Developing countries-Some developing nations have made progress in modernization and some have not. But the main problems are geography, population and poverty, economic dependence, economic policies and political instability.
Effects of the Cold War- There has been mass migration and immigration because of the war. This increases the diversity and the spread of other cultures in Europe and North America.
Spread of American culture around the globe- American fads, fashions, music, and entertainment have captured the world�s imagination. The balance of western and nonwestern traditions has occurred.
Factories and environmental damage- There are many problems with our growing world. Deforestation, air and water pollution, desertification, endangered plants and animals and waste disposal are all problems. There are many accidents with factories.
Explain how computers have shaped new global culture- Computers allowed communications between people, governments and businesses around the world. They helped with the factories and it added to the gap between the global North and South.

Ch 33:
D�tente- In the 1970s, American and Soviet leaders promoted an era of d�tente. This is the relaxation of tensions. This brought new agreements to reduce nuclear stockpiles.
Deficit- Government spending and tax cuts greatly increases the national deficit. This is the gap between what the government spends and what it takes in through taxes and other sources.
Dissident- Brezhnev rigorously suppressed dissidents. These are people who spoke out against the government. They faced arrest and imprisonment.
Glasnost- Gorbachev launched a two pronged effort at reform. He called for glasnost, or openness. He ended censorship and encouraged people to discuss publicly the country�s problems.
Welfare state- This is when a government keeps most features of a capitalist economy but takes greater responsibility for the social and economic needs of its people. This was a major goal of leftist parties to extend the welfare state.
Leonid Brezhev- He rigorously suppressed dissidents. He was not able to solve basic Soviet economic problems though. He put out the Brezhev doctrine.
Charles de Gaulle- He had led the Free France during the war. He set up the 5th Republic, which gave him power. He worked hard to restore French prestige and power.
Martin Luther King Jr.- He was a civil rights movements coordinator. He followed Gandhi�s civil disobedience campaign, led boycotts and led peaceful marches throughout the 1960s.
Joseph McCarthy- He charged many American citizens with harboring communist sympathies. He was condemned of reckless behavior but he has ruined the careers of thousands of Americans.
Margaret Thatcher- She d and inefficient denounced welfare state as costly. She worked to replace government social and economic programs with what she called an
Perestroika- This is the restructuring of the government and the economy. This was enforced by Gorbachev.
Service industry- One that provides a service rather than a product. Service industries include health care, finance, sales, education and recreation.
Welfare state- This is when a government keeps most features of a capitalist economy but takes greater responsibility for the social and economic needs of its people. This was a major goal of leftist parties to extend the welfare state.
Mikhail Gorbachev He was eager to reform the efficiencies in government and the economy. He was a supporter of glasnost and perestroika.
Helmut Kohl- He was the chancellor of West Germany who was the architect of unity. He assured that both the Soviet Union and the West that a united Germany would pose no threat to peace.
Nikita Krushev- He shocked the communist party members when he publicly denounced Stalin�s abuse of power. He pursued a policy of de-stalinization and he freed many political prisoners and eased censorship.
Josip Tito- A Fierce guerrilla leader who battled German occupying forces. He set up a communist government in Yugoslavia, but pursued a path independent of Moscow.
Lech Walesa- She was the leader of an independent trade union called Solidarity. She was proclaimed a national hero after the Soviets punished her for Solidarity.
Global economic competition- There was competition between Britain and France and with government help, industry and business modernized. There was a lot of competition between Europe and Western countries.
Civil war in Yugoslavia- This is between the Croats, the Muslims, and the Roman Catholics. They went through many ethnic cleansing and really suppressed all the religions.
American foreign policy during Cold War- They would not avoid making foreign alliances. IT used vast economic and military resources to protect its interests.
NAFTA- This is the North American Free Trade Association. They extended this free-trade zone to Mexico.
Warsaw Pact- This was to defend the communist bloc against NATO. It was used, in reality, to suppress dissent within Eastern Europe.
NATO- This was originally formed to defend the West against communism. It had to redefine its role in a post-Cold War world.
European Coal and Steel Community
Glasnost- Gorbachev launched a two-pronged effort at reform. He called for glasnost, or openness. He ended censorship and encouraged people to discuss publicly the country�s problems.
1973 oil crisis- In 1973, the West suffered an economic jolt when OPEC cut oil production and raided prices. The oil crisis slowed economic growth.
Berlin Wall as a symbol of Cold War- This separated the East and West Germany, which kept the unity of Germany impossible. Once the wall came down, unity between Germany was maintained.
European Union- Solidarity was the European Union. This was ignited by economic hardships in shipyard workers.
Civil Rights movement- Martin Luther King Jr. who believed in Gandhi�s campaigns led this. This was to stop segregation among the different races, religions, and ethnicities.
�ethnic cleansing� bosnia- This was practiced by Serbs by forcibly removing other ethnic groups from the areas they controlled. Hundreds of thousands of Bosnians were left as refugees.