| World History Tiffany Roberts Chapter 28 Study guide Period 3 Soviet- Councils of workers and soldiers. They worked democratically within the government. They were set up in Petrograd and other cities. Command economy- The Soviet Union developed this, where government officials made basic economic decisions. Under Stalin, the government owned all businesses and allocated financial and other resources. Collective- Large farms owned and operated by peasants as a group. Governments planned to provide tractors, fertilizers and better seed. Resistance by killing animals, destroying machinery and burning crops. Kulak- Stalin sought to destroy these. They are wealthy peasants. Their land was confiscated and they were sent to labor camps. Totalitarian state- A one-party dictatorship attempts to regulate every aspect of the lives of its citizens. Stalin turned the Soviet Union into this. Socialist realism- Stalin forced artists and writers to conform to this style. Its goal was to boost socialism by showing Soviet life in a positive light. Lenin- Vladamir Llyich Ulyanov- born to a middle class family. He hated czarist government. He spread Marxist ideas and called for an elite group to lead the revolution and setup a �dictatorship of the proletariat�. Osip Mandel Stam- Jewish poet who was imprisoned, tortured and exhiled for composing a satirical verse about Stalin. Other poets and artists were under persecution under Stalin�s rule. Nicholas II- He relied on secret police and other enforcers to impose his will. He went to the front to take charge and left czarina in charge. Bad idea. Rasputin was a big influence. Gregorry Rasputin- Not a real monk but had powerful personality that had helped him spread his reputation as healer. Eased Alexis� hemophilia. He was tried to be murder but died by drowning. Joseph Stalin- A shrewd political operator and behind the scenes organizer. He imposed 5 year plans. Brought agricultural growth with collective farms. Stalin�s 5 year plan- Aimed at building heavy industry, improving transportation and increasing farm output. Did this by command economy, set high production goals but had little show. Socialist realism- This was enforced under the rule of Stalin. Under Lenin it was a small topic, but generally he did not interfere in artistic freedom. Totalitarian state- To keep this way of life, Stalin had to use the secret police to insure obedience. He also used censorship and terror. He also used propaganda which was very useful in those times. Anna Akhmatova- One of Russia�s greatest poets, fell out of favor because her poetry did not stress communist ideas. She went on writing poetry in secret. Her poems were memorized by friends to remember what went on. V.I. Lenin- His chief goal in his power was to build a classless society in which the means of production were in the hands of the people. He was never able to meet this Marxist goal. Mikhail Sholokhov- A great Russian writer who described the civil war in his novel �And Quiet Flows the Don�. This was a great source to find out how the civil war really was and how the people were affected by it. Joseph Stalin- His power was gained after Lenin suddenly died. He was against Trotsky. Stalin was born to a poor family and he studied for priesthood but his interest in the revolution brought him under the seminary�s harsh discipline. Leon Trotsky- A Brilliant Marxist thinker. A skillful speaker. And an architect of the Bolshevik Revolution. He was a contender in the race for the power after Lenin�s death. Socialist Revolution- This was during the revolution of 1905 and on the outside provisional government, revolutionary socialists plotted their own course. In Petrograd and other cities, they set up soviets. The Bolsheviks set up and were the leaders of the revolution. Bolshevik Revolution- They took over power in other cities very quickly. They ended private ownership of land and distributed land to peasants. Workers were given control of factories and mines. They were then called Communists. Lenin�s New Economic Policy- Adopted in 1921. It allowed some capitalist ventures. While the state kept control of banks, foreign trade, and large industries, small businesses were allowed to reopen for private profit. Peasants were able to hold onto some small plots of land and sell their surplus. Stalin- He joined the Bolsheviks in 1900 and was leading bank robberies to get money for the party. He spent time in jail and was exhiled in Siberia. He played a smaller war in the revolution but he became general secretary of his party in 1920. Stalin�s 5 Year Plans- Although there was impressive progress by the 5 year plan, the Soviet workers had little to show for their work. Some peasants improved their lives but the overall standard of living was poor. Also central economic planning was often inefficient, causing shortages in some areas and surpluses in others. The arts under Stalin- Artists and writers were able to critize the bourgeosis past or even, to a limit, point out mistakes under communism. Their overall message had to promote hope in the socialist future. Themes were peasants, workers, heroes of the revolution and of course Stalin. 3 Causes of the 1917 Revolution in Russia- � When Czarina was left in charge, the people had little confidence in her and believed that she was incapable because she was a German. � There was a very bad living condition already and with previous revolutions going on, the conditions only worsened. � The change from a monarchy to a classless society (suggested by Lenin) was hard to make and to change in such a little time and caused confusion and a perfect time to revolt. |