Ch27Study

Chapter 27 Study Guide

Militarism- The glorification of the military had a rise in the late 1800s. Under militarism, the armed forces and readiness for war came to dominate national policy. Grew out of Social Darwinism.
Ultimatum- A final set of demands was given to Serbia from Austria in 1914. This was given when Austrians believed that Serbs were behind the murder of Sarajevo. They went to war.
Mobilize- To prepare a country�s military forces for war. Russia had to do this when it joined Serbia in the war against Austria and Austria wouldn�t soften its demands.
Neutrality-A policy of supporting neither side in a war. Italy was neutral at the beginning of the war while Britain was forced to go to war with Germany.
Total war- The channeling of a nation�s entire resources into a war effort. During the war, nations realized that a modern, mechanized war required the total commitment of their whole society, both economically and politically.
Propaganda-The spreading of ideas to promote a cause or damage an opposing cause. Both sides waged a propaganda war and tales of atrocities were told.
Artocity- Horrible acts against innocent people. These were part of the propaganda war and usually were greatly exaggerated and made up.
Armistice- An agreement to end fighting. The new German government wanted this armistice with the Allies because they were unable to fight back and finally with this agreement the Great War was over.
Reparations- Payments for war damage. The Allies blamed the conflict on their defeated foes and insisted that they pay the reparations.
Mandate- Territories that were administered by western powers. Britain and France gained mandates over German colonies in Africa and Ottoman lands in the Middle East. Suppose to be held and modernized until they were able to stand alone.
Edith Cavell- A British nurse who ran a Red Cross hospital in Belgium even after the German invasion. She was shot for being a spy. She was a symbol of German brutality.
Georges Clemenceau- He was the �tiger� because of his strict war policy. His goal was to weaken the German government so that it could never threaten France again.
Alfred Nobel- The Swedish inventor of dynomite. He set up the Nobel Peace Prize to reward each year the individual whose work advanced the cause of peace.
Gavrillo Princip-Part of Unity or Death which was a terrorist group. He murdered the archduke and his wife.
Sarajevo- The city in which the archduke and his wife was murdered. They were going for work and for their anniversary. This was also the capital in which Serbia had gotten its freedom from the Ottoman empire.
Woodrow Wilson- The united states president at the time of the war. He was forced to get involved into the war. He suggested the 14 point.
Wilson�s 14 Points- A list of terms for resolving this and future wars. He called for the end of secret treaties, freedom of the seas, free trade, and large-scale reductions of arms.
Francis Ferdinand- The Archduke of Austria-Hungary. Traveled to Serbia to visit and got murdered and the murder supposably set off the world war.
Kaiser William II- Preserved the Triple Alliance. He allowed Bismarck�s Reinsurance Treaty to lapse.
Bertha Von Sutner- She was a tireless worker for peace. She organized an Austrian peace society and was the only woman to attend the Hague conference. She influenced Alfred Nobel to fund the Nobel Peace Prize.
Triple Alliance- Was formed with Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia in 1882. This alliance was broken when France and Russia made an alliance became the Allies.
Ottoman Empire- Was a diminishing empire. Had conquered Serbia in 1389 and then lost control of that land. Was a weak force in the war.
Trench Warfare- A vast system of trenches, stretching from the Swish frontier to the English Channel. It was a system of bunkers, communication trenches, and gun emplacements.
Machine gun ( role it played in WWI)-It played a major role in the war. With this new gun the opposing side could be shot from 15 miles away making long distance warfare.
Airplane (role it played in WWI)- It had little effect. But at first it was used for observations but later the planes were engaged in individual combat.
Role of women in WWI- Women had to take over the men�s jobs and run the economy. They did it successfully and with this participation it gave them pride and confidence.
Nationalism (ie: tension between France and Germany)- Both the people of France and Germany thought that they were better than the other. Because of this propaganda came around during the war and therefore the nationalism grew and the hatred grew for the other countries.
Paris Peace Conference- There were three main personalities there that controlled the conference. They talked about how and who should be punished and how to deal with situations like these in later situations.
American neutrality- The American�s remained neutral until some situations happened to encourage their entrance. Submarines were killing Americans on boats, there were cultural ties, and the Zimmerman note set it off.
Black Hand- This was the terrorist group that Princip belonged to. It was also the United and Death. This group stalked the archduke and a member from it killed him.
Treaty of Versailles- Was held in Versailles, France. The Germans were ordered to sign a treaty drawn up by the Allies. The Germans were told they had to draw up reparations.
Self determination- When people wanted their own countries and thought they deserved the right to have it. It caused a problem at the Paris Peace Conference. People wanted their own countries.
Shleiffen Plan- This was made to avoid a two-front war. Schlieffen reasoned that Russia�s lumbering military would be slow to mobilize. Germany had to defeat France quickly first. Then it would fight Russia.
U boat- Underwater ship that can launch torpedoes or guided underwater bombs. They were used by Germany to destroy Allied shipping. U-boat attacks helped bring the US to war.
Lusitania-A British liner that when went down, killed 1200 passangers, 128 were American. With this attack, Wilson was forced to sign into the war.
Armistice-After the Germans launched a huge attack and won 40 miles of France, they were counterattacked. After other tries the german government sought an armistice.
Mandate- Mandates were suppose to hold and modernize the country under western powers until they could stand alone. But the countries practically became European countries.
War reparations- These are the bills and things that needed to be paid back for from the war. The Germans had to pay for the war and the pensions for millions of Allied soldiers and their families.
Western Front- This is where trench warfare took place. This is where both Germany and Russia were set for the winter and a very long time. Modern war machines were used on this front and in the rest of the war.
Eastern Front-Battle lines swayed back and forth, sometimes over large areas. Casualties grew higher than in the west but the results were just as indecisive.
Verdun- This battle happened in France against the French and the Germans. There was half a million casualities on both sides. Neither side gained anything.
Battle of Marne- This war happened on the Marne River. It was against the French and the Germans and it was on the Western Front.