| Chapter 27 Outline I. The stage is set a. There had been a century of peace that urged the end of war. b. �The future belongs to peace.� Frederic Passy c. �I shall not live to see the Great War.� Otto van Bismarck A. Pressure for Peace a. Serious efforts to end war in the late 1800s and early 1900s. b. Nobel Peace Prize, women�s suffrage and governments supported it. c. Nationalism, economic competition, imperialism and arms race forced it. B. Aggressive Nationalism a. Nationalism was strong in both Germany and France. b. Russia sponsored Pan-Slavism= common nationality c. Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Turkey feared nationalism for rebellion. C. Economic and Imperial Rivalries a. Economic rivalries poisoned the international atmosphere. b. Imperialism between Germany and France almost caused a war. c. Because of Moroccan crises, Britain and France became closer to Germany. D. Militarism and the Arms Race a. Under militarism, the armed forces and readiness for war came to dominate national policy. Grew from social Darwinism b. Tensions grew, expantion of armies and navies created arms race that increased suspicions and made war likely. c. Fear of war gave military leaders more influence. E. A Tangle of Alliances a. Germany and Austria-Hungary made the Central Powers. b. France, Russia and Britain made up the Allies. c. Growth of rival alliance systems made governments increasingly nervous. II. The Guns of August a. Bertha von Suttner predicted that there would be war. b. � Peace Bertha� died on June 20, 1914. c. 8 days later a bullet set off the war. A. A Murder with Millions of Victims a. Archduke Francis Ferdinand was making an appearance to the capital. b. This upsetted the Serbs who resented the man and his actions. c. The archduke and his wife were assassinated by Gavrilo Princip. B. Peace Unravels a. Francis Joseph blamed Serbia completely for the murder and gave an ultimatum. b. War erupted and great powers were involved who had alliances with the Austria and Serbia. c. Germany demanded France remain neutral but it refused and Britain didn�t know what to do but Germany disobeyed alliances and went into Belgium and got Britain involved. C. Whose Fault? a. Each side was blamed by the other. b. Leaders made the decisions but most people on both sides were equally committed to military action. c. �The lamps are going out all over Europe. We shall not see them lit again in our lifetime.�- Edward Grey III. A New Kind of Conflict a. � The Great War� was the largest war in history up to the time. b. French mobilized 8.5 million men, Britain 9 million, Russia 12 million and Germans 11 million c. Not fun but very deadly. A. The Western Front a. Germany�s weak forces moved to France and the line was between France and Belgium. b. It had a system of trenches that linked bunkers, communications trenches and gun emplacements. c. Over 1 million soldiers were killed without either side winning an advantage and modern weapons helped a lot. B. Other European Fronts a. The lines were always fluctuating and the casualties even higher. b. Russia lost greatly at the battle of Tannenberg but still fought. c. Caporetto was a major battle for Italy and was disastrous. C. The War Beyond Europe a. Most of the fighting took place in Europe but it was worldwide. b. Colonists were reluctant to give into the imperial powers while others were delighted to think they were gaining independence. c. Ottoman empire joined the Central Powers which caused many conflicts with Japan and the Middle East. IV. Winning the War a. By 1917, European societies were cracking under the strain of war. b. Authors were denouncing the leaders not praising them. d. A revolution in Russia and the entry of the US into the war upsetted the balance. A. Effects of the Stalemate a. Nations realized that a modern, mechanized war required the total commitment of their whole society. b. Countries borrowed and loaned great amounts of money to pay off the needs for the war. c. Censored presses created a need for a propaganda war. B. Women at War a. Women took jobs and kept national economies going. b. They worked on the fronts as nurses to the soldiers. c. War work gave women a sense of pride and confidence. C. Collapsing Morale a. Morales collapsed and hope was lost which led to mutinies. b. Bread riots led to a revolution in Russia which defeated the czar which led to the end of Russian participation in World War 1. c. The withdrawal had big impact- Germany could concentrate on the Western Front. D. The United States Declares War a. One reason is because Americans were dying from attacks on their ships. b. Anti-German feeling intensified when Germany offered Mexico help. c. Woodrow Wilson created the Fourteen Points to help with future wars. E. Campaign to victory a. Germans launched an attack which they gained 40 miles but it exhausted them. b. A counterattack was made and the boundries were pushed back again. c. On November 11, 1918 the Great War came to an end. V. Making the Peace a. Wilson went to France to help make peace. b. Europe was a shattered continent. c. The problems couldn�t be solved at Paris or for years. A. The Costs of War a. 8.5 million people were dead, more than that hurt, famine raged, and the flu killed 20 million people worldwide b. Rebuilding and paying national debts was a huge burden. c. Governments collapsed in Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire and the threat of communism was very real. B. The Paris Peace Conference a. Wilson was one of the 3 dominant persons at the conference. The others were David Lloyd George from Britain and Georges Clemenceau from France. b. Arguments about the secret agreements was a difficult issue. c. The creation of the League of Nations was done. C. The Treaty of Versailles a. June 1919, the treaty of Versailles was drawn up. Germany was blamed for all. b. Huge reparations hurt Germany even more economically and put them in a $30 billion debt. c. It was signed but it sparked more resentment later on. D. Other Settlements a. New nations and republics evolved from other settlements. b. Mandates were suppose to be helped to get stronger but were basically under European rule. c. Many powers were unsatisfied because certain goals were unfulfilled because of this new treaty. F. Hope for Global Peace a. Million of people looked to the League of Nations to ensure peace. b. US never joined the league and played a lone hand in world affairs. c. League was still powerless to prevent aggression or war but it was a first step to an international organization to maintaining peace. |