Socialization is a process by which an individual becomes a member of a particular culture and takes on it's values, beliefs, and other behaviors in order to function within it. It teaches the society's desirable acceptable behavior and whit is acceptable and unacceptable in people.
2. List and discuss the three components of the developmental niche and give examples from your own experiences.
1. Physical and social settings in daily life in which a child lives. My grandmother comes from a family of 17 brothers and sisters, so we have a big family and very well oriented. There are also many family gatherings.
2. Culturally regulated customs of child care and childrearing practices. It my culture children are very important, the whole family cares for eachother and helps eachother when help is needed.
3. Psychology of the caretakers or the psychological characteristics of a child's parents. The caretakers should have good values, and beliefs to install in these children.
3. Comment on some cultural differences in the socialization of infants' basic needs sleep, feeding, and crying.
Each culture believes in something different and how they raise their children is different from others. Sleep- Ex: Mother and children sleep together, the youngest sleeps in front, and the oldest at the back of the mother. This is good to show where the parents shift their children into dependence. Japanese children often sleep with parents for several years. Western infants, sleep alone.
Feeding- Ex: We shouldn't judge what others eat because it is the preference and cultural training they have had within their culture. Crying-Ex: Crying is not responded to in the same way in all cultures.
4. Explain what is meant by rites of passage and describe the role they play in adolescent identity.
Rites of passage defines the children as an adult of a society, there are ceremonies or rituals that recognize or symbolize an individuals movement from one status to another. It can be harsh and painful. However, it shows and introduces them from childhood to adulthood each has their own rituals. Self-definition as a separate individual terms of roles, attitudes, beliefs, and values.
5. Show an understanding of Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory and discuss his psychosocial crises as they apply to each stage of lifespan.
Erikson didn't agree with Freud, made up his own theory, comparing cultures. He was more interested in cultural similarities and differences.
1. Infancy Trust vs. Mistrust Develop trust in world and relationship with primary caretaker.
2. Toddlerhood Autonomy vs. Shame Explore social environment outside primary relationship.
3. Early childhood Initiative vs. Guilt negotiate one's place within social relationships.
4. Middle Childhood Industry vs. Inferiority Learn the importance of social norms.
5. Adolescence Identity vs. Role confusion Find social roles and social environments that correspond to one's identity.
6. Young Adulthood Intimacy vs. isolation Negotiate one's identity
7. Middle Adulthood Generativity vs. Stagnation Make a contribution to the larger society.
8. Late Adulthood Integrity vs. Despair Become an active part of one's family and community.
Vygotsky's suggested that development is the result of interaction between cultural and historical factors. Piaget thought that an individual's ability to adapt thinking to meet demands of an ever-changing environment.