what is a solution?
 | Solutions are
mixtures, which are homogenous mixtures |
| Suspension: mixtures
that appears uniform while being stirred, but separates into different
phases when it sits for a long time. |
| Solvent: the material
dissolving the solute to make the solution |
| Solute: the material
dissolved in a solution |
| Miscible: indicates
liquids or gases that will dissolve in each other |
| Immiscible: indicates
liquids or gases that will not dissolve in each other. |
| Alloy: a solid or
liquid mixture of two or more metals |
| Soluble: can be
dissolved in a particular solvent |
| Insoluble: does not
dissolve appreciably in a particular solvent |
| Solubility: the
maximum amount of a chemical that will dissolve in a given amount of a
solvent at a specified temperature while the solution is in contact with
some undissolved solute |
| Unsaturated:
containing less than the standard amount of solute specified by the
solubility at a given temperature |
| Saturated: containing
the standard amount of solute specified by the solubility at a given
temperature |
| Supersaturated: containing more than the standard amount of solute specified by the solubility at a given temperature |
what does concentration mean?
| Concentration:
ratio of solute to solvent or solution |
| Molarity:
concentration unit, expressed as moles of solute per liter of solution |
why do some things dissolve while others don't?
| Polar
solvents dissolve ionic and polar solutes by attracting them into the
solvent. Nonpolar substances will not dissolve in water |
| The polarity of a molecular substance can be predicted by determining the polarity of the individual bonds and the effective poles of the particle |
how are solubility principles used?
| Dry
cleaning uses nonpolar solvents to dissolve solutes such as oily dirt and
greasy stains |
| Gases
are more solute at increased pressures and lower temperatures |
| Vitamins can be water solute (polar) or fat solute (nonpolar). Water-solute vitamins are regulated by the kidneys. Fat-solute vitamins link with special proteins to travel in the blood |
| Fat-solute vitamins
are stored in the liver
|