what are the
characteristics of gases?
 | Gases
have very low density and variable volumes. |
| When
released into the atmosphere, some gases lead to environment problems such
as the greenhouse effect and ozone layer depletion |
| The
kinetic molecular theory is a model of gas behavior based on assumptions
about a theoretical gas known as an ideal gas. |
| The
ideal gas is a model in itself and is described by these statements: |
 | Ideal
gas particles are so small that the volume of the individual particles if
they were at rest is essentially zero when compared with the total volume
of the gas |
| Ideal
gas particles are in constant, rapid, random motion, moving in straight
lines in all directions until they collide with other particles |
| There
are no attractive or repulsive force between particles, and collision
between particles are elastic |
| The
average kinetic energy of the particles is directly proportional to the
absolute temperature |
what behaviors are described by the gas laws?
| Charles’s
law explains the direct relationship between the volume and temperature of a
gas |
| Boyle’s
law explains the indirect relationship between volume and pressure of a gas |
| Dalton’s
law relates the partial pressures of the individual gases in a gas mixture
to the total pressure of the mixture |
| Graham’s
law states that the effusion rates for two gases are inversely proportional
to the square roots of their molar masses at the same temperature and
pressure. |
what conditions will cause a gas to condense?
| The
behavior of real gases deviates from ideal at very high pressures and very
low temperatures. |
| The
attractive forces between particles in a liquid affect the boiling point,
volatility, and surface tension of that liquid |
| A
phase diagram, a graph relating the physical state of a substance to its
pressure and temperature, shows the triple point, and the conditions that
result in sublimation |
| A
substance with a high volatility has a high vapor pressure at low
temperatures. |