History
The earliest record of a deck of cards carrying tarot
symbology can be traced back to Northern Italy, where for the first few
centuries they were used as a parlor diversion called "Cartes de Trionfi".
According to tarot historians Ronald Decker, Thierry
Depaulis and Michael Dummett ("A Wicked Pack of Cards"), the earliest surviving
set of tarot cards is the few remaining hand-painted cards created in approximately
1441 for the court of Filippo Maria Visconti, Duke of Milan. A hundred
years prior to this, packs of 52 playing cards bearing the suit symbols
of Cups, Coins, Swords and Polo-Sticks could be found in Islamic countries,
from whence they migrated into Europe via the
British. It was only with the addition of the 22 trump
cards sometime after the 18th Century that the pack came to resemble what
we now recognize as the modern Tarot deck.
Speculation about the Egyptian origins of the Tarot springs
almost exclusively from the conclusions and assertions of one person -
Antoine Court de Gebelin, a Protestant pastor born in 1695. Caught up in
a period of wide-spread fervor over the mystery of all things Egyptian,
Court de Gebelin's essay in his work "Monde primitif" says that he discovered
this mysterious work while visiting a Lady
acquaintance occupied in playing with the game of "Tarots."
Within a short time (15 minutes, the essay declares) he prounouced them
to be a mysterious book of knowledge of Egyptian origins which had survived
the ravages of time. Similar conclusions were drawn in another essay by
Court de Gebelin's peer Comte de Mellet. The belief that the Tarot originated
with the Gypsies sprung from
the same fount of speculation based on the mistaken idea
that the Gypsies originally came from Egypt.
Mystery
Despite the lack of hard evidence as to the "mystical"
origins of the Tarot, the symbology of the tarot can be traced to the ancient
Greeks as well as to the myths and legends of other ancient cultures.
From these convergent and divergent points, a school
of thought developed that compared the cards to the intricate Judaic system
of Qabalah and the Tree of Life, an important component of the early development
of modern hermetic magickal systems, developing further into the founding
of the Order of the Golden Dawn and Freemasonry. Early hermetic Tarot scholars,
including Papus, MacGregor
Mathers, Eliphas Levi, Aleister Crowley, and Arthur E.
Waite contributed vastly to the body of mystical knowledge which comprises
the basis of modern Tarot - Crowley and Waite being the creators of the
two most popular systems extant today - the "Thoth" and "Rider-Waite" decks
(respectively).
While Crowley's Thoth deck developed to incorporate Qabalistic
theory along the lines of the developing OTO ("Ordo Templi Orientis") and
Golden Dawn systems, A.E. Waite's interpretation of the Tarot stands today
virtually as the standard by which all Tarot decks are judged. Prior to
this, the minor arcana (or "pip" cards) of the Tarot were illustrated with
various geometric arrangements of the four suit symbols - Cups, Swords,
Batons and Coins. With the aid of artist Pamela Coleman-Smith,
Waite incorporated scenes, symbols and imagery into the
pip cards, which, although continuing to be of hermetic/qabalistic interpretation,
assigned a more graphic meaning to the cards, bringing them within a more
accessible reach to the general public, or at least those with an interest
in the occult. In the process, he also changed the suits of Batons to Wands
and Coins to Pentacles to realign them
with his ideas about their connection to the magickal
disciplines. Crowley's deck, oriented more toward the hermetic tradition,
continued with the geometric suit design of the pips. However, his "Book
of Thoth" written as an explanatory text for the deck, is considered basic
required reading by Tarot authorities.
Evolution
The creation of the Waite deck began a veritable avalanche
of new decks into the marketplace.
Many artists saw the medium as a way to present variations
of artistic genre, creating decks which were veritable galleries of miniature
artwork. The occultists saw it as a way to broaden and further the study
of other magickal/spiritual traditions, and began to assert a universal
connection between Waite's assigned meanings and their own traditions.
Thus, today we see decks containing images
from many spiritual paths and historical time periods,
including Native American, mythological, Celtic, Arthurian, pagan, aboriginal,
Renaissance, and even combinations thereof into a single deck.
However, despite the variations in presentation, the
basic structure of the standard or archetypal tarot deck consists of two
groups of cards known as the "Major Arcana" and the "Minor Arcana" ("arcana"
meaning "secret" or "hidden"). Briefly, the Major Arcana deal with images
that represent the broader, universal, often spiritually-oriented issues,
ideas, beliefs and experiences of life. The Minor Arcana deal with the
more mundane themes of everyday living. The Majors contain 22 cards numbered
from 0 to 22. The Minors contain 56 cards divided among four "suits" -
Cups, Wands, Swords and Pentacles. Each of the suits have their own over-arching
associations, and the cards within each suit have a their own meaning.
The standard method for "reading" the cards involves
the use of a "spread," which means the card or cards chosen from the deck
are placed in a certain position that has a designated meaning and interpreted
from there. Methods of choosing the cards vary widely from reader to reader.
Some allow the querant full range to shuffle and choose the cards and place
them where they please, relying heavily on the random aspect of chaos to
reveal the issue at hand. Some never allow anyone to touch
their cards, and insist on placing the cards in a certain
design in specific ways, feeling more comfortable in a highly structured
reading environment. Readings can fall anywhere between the two extremes
depending on the card reader.
Spreads, of which there are hundreds, vary widely as
well. The most widely used spread is called the "Celtic Cross" (the origins
of which are a topic for another dissertation) consisting of ten positions
for the cards which are generally labeled as follows:
1.Significator (a card representing the
querant)
2.Central issue
3.Crossing (What blocks the issue at hand)
4.Basis of the issue
5.Recent past
6.Possible outcome
7.Near future
8.Self
9.Environment
10.Hopes and fears
11.Outcome
Readers have come to rely on this spread as an all-encompassing
containment of information that provides the querant with answers to most
of the details surrounding the central issue of the reading.
If questions remain after reading this set of cards,
additional clarification cards are sometimes pulled from the pack and read
as a part of the session. Most all Tarot readings follow this same simple
structure, with little variation.
The divinatory system of Tarot, at face value, is quite
simple. It's a deck of cards with pictures, placed in positions that have
their own meanings. The card reader interprets the relationship of the
card meanings to the positions. Anyone can learn how to do it. The new
student of the system should, however, realize that their study of this
subject can quickly deepen and broaden, given the history of the cards
and the symbology they contain. Given the potential breadth of the subject,
experienced readers often urge beginners to choose the
Rider-Waite deck to learn the basic meaning and symbo9logy of the system
before branching out to other interpretations of the Tarot.
There are literally hundreds of decks on the market,
with new ones being developed and published almost daily. Although definitely
confusing for the new student of the Tarot, it is a collector's paradise
for those who are interested in the historical origins and further development
of this fascinating activity. The study of the symbology of the cards alone
has caught the interest of many scholars who have written reams on the
subject. A suggested list of books, from beginner to authoritative commentary,
is listed at the end of this article.
Harking back to the ancient symbology of the cards, another
important influence on the understanding and interpretation of Tarot was
the work of Carl G. Jung and his study of archetypal imagery arising from
the human collective unconscious. In an introductory statement to Sally
Nichols' book "Jung and Tarot" Laurens van der Post stated that "He (Jung)
recognized at once, as he did in so many other games and primordial attempts
at divination of the unseen and the future, that Tarot
had its origin and anticipation in profound patterns
of the collective unconscious with access to potentials of increased awareness
uniquely at the disposal of these patterns." Nichols herself states early
on that "It seems apparent that these old cards were conceived deep in
the guts of human experience, at the most profound level of the human psyche.
It is to this level in ourselves that they will speak."
"Fortune" Telling?
Many believe it is this view of the cards that explains
the development of the cards for "fortune telling." Waite himself despised
this aspect of the cards, and took every opportunity to denigrate this
idea. Yet for this topic, Jung's system of archetypal psychology suggests
that we reevaluate our definition of the term "fortune telling."
Most people who hear the word instantly think of the
rag-headed Gypsy with the crystal ball and smoking incense in the dark
tent with a name preceded by "Madam." However, modern uses for the cards
has elevated this image from the darkened tent into the light of developmental
self awareness, plumbing the depths of psychology and spiritual enlightenment.
Today, "fortune telling" with practiced
readers can more often be a participatory session with
an active and dynamic interplay between reader and querant, with the reader
helping the questioner divine their own sources of problems and solutions
through the story presented in the images.
Given today's rash of less-than-honest psychic pretenders,
a good Tarot reader is a rare find.
Anyone can learn the Tarot card meanings by mere rote
memorization. However, the skill of a good reader becomes obvious when
they can tune in to that numinous interface between the energies of the
cards in the spread and the energies of the querant and the issues that
need to be discussed. You'll notice the word "need" is used, because inevitably
the cards will most often speak to the issue of what the querant needs
to know instead of, or in addition to, what the querant wants to know.
In a good Tarot session, the reader will develop a rapport
with the querant and involve them in the reading, rather than listening
to a "talking head." According to Mary Greer, a good reader will be able
to pull all the cards in the spread together to interpret not only the
message of each individual card, but the spread as a cohesive whole, so
that the querant can see the entire story.
The best Tarot readers today will often set up a dialog
about the cards in the reading, asking the reader's ideas about what "they"
see in the cards, which almost inevitably acts as a "Rorschach" test of
sorts that helps the querant reveal issues that might have been deeply
buried within their unconscious. Many who seek the services of a Tarot
reader or psychic are concerned with a "surface" problem that has manifested
in their life, but refuse to deal with the underlying issues that
cause the problem. Often, Tarot cards can reveal these
issues and provide a forum where the querant can bring them out to discuss
in an atmosphere of comfort and safety, much as in a professional counseling
session.
The good reader will also be able to recognize when a
problem surfaces that is far beyond their scope of practice, and suggest
the querant seek additional counseling when the issue warrants this step.
If the querant does take the advice of the reader about
seeking further counseling, they might just find themselves (if they're
lucky) with a professional who uses the Tarot as a basis for understanding
their clients problems. In a foreword to Mary Greer's book "Tarot Mirrors,"
tarot author Rachal Pollack comments that a growing number of people "_.have
realized that readings can serve as a primary means of penetrating into
the layers of a person's life - a way of exposing desires and fears, the
conditioning of past experiences, the future developments that exist now
in the immediate reality."
Modern Evolution
A growing number of professionals in the fields of science
and psychology are using divinatory tools such as the Tarot to help augment
their attempts to define and explain what we heretofore have considered
the "Unknown" and the supposedly unknowable. The symbols seem to make contact
with something deep within which causes an opening up of areas of the unconscious
which may have only been reachable in the dream state before.
A good example is Dr. Art Rosengarten, who presented
a fascinating workshop at a 1996 symposium in Anaheim, California entitled
- "Using Tarot as a Mirror into Domestic Discord" in which he discussed
the results of his pilot study on Tarot Research Into Domestic Violence.
In this study he was given permission to present "...a brief discussion
of Tarot to five court-ordered treatment groups for Male Offenders of Domestic
Violence and seek volunteers to receive Tarot Readings which would be focused
on issues related to their personal domestic and marital problems."
Among the many fascinating results of the study was the
universal ability of the test subjects to look at the cards and spreads,
and see their own stories - their own personal myths. The images enabled
them to reach within to see and identify with the personality characteristics
present or missing within themselves - to identify and name their own reality.
The cards helped them make sense of what they could not heretofore explain
or put into words - to take the clothes off the Emperor so they could see
their situation as it really was.
Author Cynthia Giles speaks on this subject quite well
in her book "The Tarot - Methods, Mastery, and More" when she says "Another
important wellness aspect of Tarot is the reading process itself.
The reading event offers an opportunity for profound
connection between two people, and there is substantial evidence that this
person-to-person connection is vital for wellness as well as for healing."
We can see in these examples that the Tarot is not limited
to the application of "Fortune Telling," but has gone beyond into the realm
of being used as a "healing tool." As a channel into the world of internal
archetypal images, it can be, and indeed is beginning to be, used more
and more as a bridge between mind and body to aid in healing the sicknesses
of modern society.
As in any field of study, one can choose to assimilate
a cursory overview of the subject, and then either abandon it for other
paths, or choose to delve deeper. In the field of Tarot, Giles makes the
statement that "_Tarot brings with it its own invitations and its own initiations.
Tarot can be pursued in many ways, at many levels. Beyond a certain point,
however, one either chooses to enter the path of
mastery or determines to remain a dabbler. Entering the
path surely does not mean you must devote your life to Tarot _ but it does
mean a change of attitude. On the path, Tarot becomes less an activity
than a point of view."
The Tarot's unique development from its origins as a
simple parlor game, to its evolution as a divinatory tool, to its more
modern development as a means for self-development and awareness, provides
a tempting, elaborate, and many-faceted subject that can engage the interest
of historians, mystics and occultists alike.