ˇLe pi nu-kalane se ne ke kelepasi na!

Le pi pusata-kunune se ne ke suki-tuna na;  tune na ne pi suki-tuna se ke putuse li.  Tu le pi lene se tuna lili-pupi su sapili na.

Le ta kane-kalane pi:

Le pi -ka pi nalike se tu neti-pe ke ka- kulepu sata pi:  nu neti-pe ta nunene pi Laki pi; lete neti-pe ta nunene pi Lwki pi.  Le pi suki-tuna se -ka le pi kali-nusika-kalene pi nusika-sise-kalene pi ka- ke.  żNe pi suki-tuna se -ka kelepe ka- ke?  -Ka Lwki pi sunuse se sune-tepuse li kasu-ka- le pi kunune se satisi pupi ke le kalane su sapili na.

żNe pi suki-kune pe pi?  Le pi kune satisi-lete-kune pe pi.  ˇSupele!

Kunapale sasaki-tesu-kalane ke—
Laki (*;*)


VAKUKA Le pi lete na nune-kukitu se le kalane ke:  Le pi kunune se -ka pe pi tu-kali-sise-kalane se le pusata-kunune ke ka- ke.  Ne pi lepeta-kukitu se le kalane ke kune tusekale na?



GLOSS

ka : Relative-clause marker.

kalane [From Greek 'gramma', "something written, a small weight", borrowed into many languages as a weight measure ('gram'), but use to refer to something written in 'telegram', 'aerogram', et al.] communication unit -- a collection of words, oral or written or otherwise represented, conveying a central idea

kali-nusika-kalene [< word+music+agent.] Singer, vocalist.

kane-kalane [< vision+communication-unit.] Description, commentary.

kasu-ka [< cause+clause-marker.] Because.

ke : Accusative case marker.

kelepasi [< Latin 'festivalis', extant in Romance (Spanish, Italian, et al), English, Esperanto, Novial, et al..] celebration, rejoicing, jubilee -- an occasion for special festivities to mark some happy event

kelepe [< Blend of Hindi /kel/ and Arabic /laib/, influenced by Latin 'celebrare', extant in English, Spanish, et al..] play, diversion -- activity engaged in for enjoyment or recreation

kulepu [From Russian /voda/, with /w-/ in English & Dutch 'water' and German 'Wasser'.] body of water -- part of the earth's surface covered with water

kunapale [From Latin 'multi-', extant in Romance (Spanish, Italian), Germanic (English, German) and auxiliaries (Esperanto, Novial).] multiplication -- an arithmetic computation that is the inverse of division; the product of numbers is computed

kune [From Latin 'contra-', extant in English, et al.] opposite extreme, polar opposite -- the direct contrast

kunune [From Latin 'comunicare', extant in Spanish, English, Italian, Esperanto, Novial, et al., with intial /k-/ in Arabic /kalam/.] communication -- the activity of exchanging information

Laki : A name.

le : First-person pronoun.

lene [From English 'learn', from a common Germanic root attested in German, Dutch, Esperanto, Novial.] learning -- the cognitive process of acquiring skill or knowledge

lepeta-kukitu [< repetition+knowledge.] recognition, understanding, comprehension

lete [From Romance -el, -et, -elet, extant in English -let ('booklet'), -ette, et al.] little -- a small amount or duration {diminutive}

li : Locative case marker.

lili-pupi [< world+people-group.] world society, world culture

Lwki : A name.

na : Ablative case marker.

nalike [From Hindi /malik/ and Arabic /malak/.] possession -- anything that is had or owned [when used as a verb, in form <subject asserts-possession object-possessed to/for/from prior-possessor/new-possessor]

ne : Second-person pronoun.

neti-pe [< mind+person.] personality

nu [From English /wun/ and Arabic /wahid/.] one -- the smallest natural number or a numeral representing such a number

nu-kalane [< one+communication-unit.] greeting

nune-kukitu [< negation+knowledge.] forgetting

nunene [< Consensus form derived from descendants of Indo-European *no-men-, extant in Achenese 'nan', Afrikaans 'naam', Albanian 'nam', Assamese 'nam', Bengali 'naam', Bislama 'nem', Burmese 'name', Catalan 'nom', Chamorro 'na`an', Danish 'navn', Dari(Afghan) 'nam.] name -- a language unit by which a person or thing is known

nusika-sise-kalene [< music+movement+agent.] Dancer.

pe [From Latin 'persona', extant in Romance (Spanish, Italian, et al), Germanic (English, German, et al) and Russian, with initial /p-/ in Hindi /puruc/.] person, individual -- a human being

pi : Nominative case marker.

pupi [< Truncation of Dublex 'pubilc', "public"..] people group, public -- a body of people sharing some common interest

pusata-kunune [< mail+communication.] correspondence -- communication by the exchange of letters

putuse [From Russian /budush/, with initial /b-/ in Hindi /bavish/.] future -- the time yet to come

sapili [From Latin 'habilitas', extant in Spanish 'habilidad', English 'ability'.] ability -- quality of being able to perform

sasaki-tesu-kalane [< favorableness+god+communication-unit.] benediction, blessing -- a ceremonial prayer invoking divine protection

sata [From Hindi /zhantu/ and Russian /zhivotna/, both from Indo-European *gwei- and therefore cognate to Latin vita_, Greek  _bio-_ and English _quick_).] animal, animate being, beast, brute, creature, fauna -- a living organism characterized by voluntary movement

satisi [From Latin 'satisfactio', extant in English, Spanish, Italian, Novial, et al.] satisfaction -- the contentment felt when something is done right

satisi-lete-kune [< satisfaction+{diminutive}+{opposite}.] annoyance; irritation -- slightly bothering or troubling

se : Verb phrase marker.

su : Dative case marker.

suki-kune [< happiness+{opposite}.] unhappiness

suki-tuna [< happiness+augmentative.] enjoyment

sune-tepuse [< all+time.] eternity, infinity, forever -- time without end

sunuse [From Latin /somnus/, extant in Spanish and in English 'somnolent', 'insomnia'. With initial /s-/ strengthened by Hindi /so/, Russian /spat/, Germanc 'schlafen' and Dutch 'slapen'.] sleep -- a natural and periodic state of rest during which consciousness of the world is suspended

Supele [From Latin 'super-', "over", {augmentative}, extant in English and the Romance languages.] superlative -- something of the highest level of excellence

ta : Genitive case marker.

tu [From Indo-European *dwo-, extant in Romance (Latin, Italian, Spanish, etc.), English ('duo'), auxiliaries (Esperanto, Novial).] two -- the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing such a number

tu-kali-sise-kalane [< two+word+system+communication-unit.] translation -- a written communication in a second language having the same meaning as the written communication in the first language

tuna [From Romance augmentative -on-, extant in English 'canton', 'carton', 'fronton', 'panettone', 'spontoon', 'teston', et al.] much -- a great amount or extent {augmentative}

tune [From Arabic /datu/ and Mandarin Chinese /tun/.] same things, identical things -- things incapable of being perceived as different

tusekale [From Latin 'difficultas', extant in Spanish and English, with initial /d-/ in Hindi /dushkar/.] difficult task -- something requiring relatively great effort to accomplish, comprehend or endure [scalar]

VAKUKA [< va-kune-kalane, one+opposite+communication-unit, postscript.] P.S.

(*;*) : :-)




GRAMMAR

Morphology
The core vocabulary of Kali-sise consists of 400 root nouns, 2 pronouns, 1 verbal marker (se), 6 case markers and 1 clause marker (ka).  New words can be only combined from these roots.  With the occasional exception of names, words are never borrowed from other languages into Kali-sise.


Case Markers
Kali-sise has six root case markers:

	Case Marker
Nominative	pi
Genitive	ta
Accusative	ke
Dative	su
Locative	li
Ablative	na

Most of the Kali-sise vocabulary is derived from prominent natural languages (e.g., luna, "moon", from Latin).  The primary exception is that the six case markers form a mnemonic derived from the language's nickname, Pitakesulina, a word coined to show all the sounds in the language (pitakesulina is also the Kali-sise word for "alphabet").

The cases:
The nominative specifies the agent (the actor) who performs the verb. The accusative specifies the patient. The dative provides the focus or referent of the action expressed by the verb. The locative is used to locate actions in time as well as place (e.g., sula li, "in an hour"). The ablative acts as a "catch-all" case; it can often be translated into English as "in a ____ manner".

Other notes:
The case markers can be modified to indicate more precise semantic roles (e.g., kasu-na, "because of"). When the case markers aren't proceeded by noun phrases, they are often translated with third-person pronouns (e.g., pi kunune se, "they communicate"). An empty noun phrase has the same referent (antecedent) as the previous instance of that case phrase in the same sentence. 


Articles
The language does not have any definite or indefinite articles.


Pronouns
le - first-person pronoun
ne - second-person pronoun

Possessive pronouns are formed by using the particle ta.  Demonstratives "this" and "that" are formed from the pronouns (think of them as meaning "this thing near me" and "that thing near you").  Thus le ta kanisa means "my shirt" (or "our shirt") and le kanisa means "this shirt".


Verbs
Any noun can be converted to a verb by following it with se (e.g., pusi se ["usage {verb}"], "use"; kunune se ["communication {verb}"], "communicate").

If no verb is present, the copula ("to be") is intended and each element of the copula is expressed using the nominative:  Le pi kapiti pi, "I am a leader"; Le pi nape pi nike pi, "I am a parent and a worker".

An empty verb phrase (se) is only used in a question.


Clause Markers
Clauses begin and end with ka.  Some writers spell the first occurrence -ka and the last occurrence ka-.
-	For relative clauses, a postposition indicates the role the noun would play:  ka pe pi pepe se ke ka pine-tuna, "people making [ke] tower", "tower people were making".  In this fragment, ke indicates the role the modified noun plays (in this instance, the object being made).  Relative clauses cannot be nested.
-	Subordinate clauses typically leave no phrase unspecified:  Le pi kunune se -ka le pi ne ta nape-kasese pi ka- ke, "I said, 'I am your father'."
-	Other clause markers can be coined.  For instance, long quotations begin and end with kalane-ka, "quote/unquote"; kasu-ka is used for "because".
-	As with Japanese, compound Kali-sise sentences require the dependent clauses to precede the independent clause.  Unlike Japanese clauses, Kali-sise dependent clauses are terminated by a modified clause marker, which specifies the relation of the dependent clause to the independent clause.  For instance, to translate, "I went to lunch early, because I had skipped breakfast" you would have to rephrase it "I pi past skip se breakfast ke cause-clause-marker I pi early movement se lunch li."  


Prepositions
Kali-sise lacks prepositions or (if it emulated Japanese on this vector) postpositions.  The case marker alone specifies the relation.  So for something like setina-kene li you have to use your judgment to determine if that should be translated "to the window", "out the window", "in the window", "through the window"  or "at the window".


Syntax
Modifiers precede the words that they modify.  Even relative clauses precede the words they modify. Whether a word is modifying the word immediately after it or the noun before the particle is ambiguous. The language defaults to SVO but any order is possible thanks to the case markers and verb marker.


Exclamations
The language lacks exclamatory particles.  Exclamations are typically terminated with !.  Some writers also begin exclamations with ˇ.


Questions
The language lacks interrogative particles.  Questions must be determined from context.  
Questions are typically terminated with ?; emphatic questions are terminated with ?!.  Some writers also begin questions with ż. An empty phrase (only have a case marker or verbal marker) often indicates what is being asked for.  Ne pi se?  "You did what? What should you do?"  The verb isn't specified and is therefore being asked for.  "What action did/should you take?"  Na ta nunene pi pi?  "What is your name?" 
Some expressions of the pattern "What type of...?" in English are expressed used a phrase that is empty except for a relative clause. Ne pi kapita se ka nilite ka ke? "What army do you lead?" If every phrase is specified, it is probably a yes/no question.  Na pi nupili pi?  "Are you a noble?"


Acronyms
Kali-sise has a system for creating acronyms.  Such acronyms are used more like abbreviations in English, and may have many different meanings;  the language lacks permanent acronyms of the NASA, radar, sonar type in English.  As a result, these acronyms are not used within formal writing.  Acronyms are frequent in colloquial writing and in Internet chats, postings, e-mail, IM conversations, etc.

Acronyms are formed by taking the CV- from the beginning of each word in the acronym:  The word putuse-sukala [future+thanks] "TIA [Thanks In Advance]" becomes PUSU.



Sample Sentences
Kelu supaka-sunu ke sese kane ke Kali-sise pi nalike se.
four vowel(opening+sound) {accusative} six opposite {accusative} possession {verb}. "Four vowels and six consonants Kalisise has."

Nasala-tepuse li Kali pi, Kali pi Tesu ta sasape pi, Kali pi se Tesu pi.
beginning(origin+time) {locative} Word {nominative}, Word {nominative} God {genitive} companion {nominative}, Word {nominative} {verb} God {nominative}. "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was the companion of God, and the Word was God."  John 1:1

nasala-tepuse [origin+time] beginning

Ka pi sisi se nunete ke ka lele pi kune-pinise se sisi se lete luka ke. RELATIVE-CLAUSE NOMINATIVE movement VERB mountain ACCUSATIVE RELATIVE-CLAUSE male NOMINATIVE beginning(opposite-end) VERB movement VERB little-thing rock ACCUSATIVE. "The man who moves a mountain begins by moving small stones."

Le pi sisi se lunene-katipa ke li.  
"I passed the torch to him."



Feel free to fire away with any questions.

Best regards,

Jeffrey
http://www.langmaker.com/