Worship-17A-16thTo19thCentury

WANDERING SOUL, LONELY HEART &
THE SIDE-TRACKED CHURCH

Adding To and Taking From Perfection
16th Century to 18th Century

FOR READERS WHO DO NOT WANT TO READ ALL THE DETAILS....

(a)� All green passages refer to objections made by protesters (protestants) to the changes in doctrine and methods.� This includes translations of the Bible into the local common language.

(b)� All bold and centered passages refer to the INTRODUCTION or the formal ORDAINING
of a particular change in doctrine from the 1st century.

(c)� All brown passages refer to persecutions for protesting.

(d)� All centered poetry are familiar hymns
written during time of persection

Sixteenth Century (Cont.)

�� Back in Paris in 1534, Frenchman John Calvin had gone through a conversion experience that broke him away from the Roman Church.� The following year, while living briefly in Italy, he wrote The Institutes of the Christian Religion which is still referred to today.� He settled in Geneva, Switzerland, where he organized the church with four types of officers:� Pastors who heard all cases of church discipline, elders who visited all families, deacons, and teachers.�

�� Through the next 30 years, he taught that everyone has been predestined by God whether they are to be saved, Jesus died only for the saved, people cannot resist the Spirit if they were called to be saved, they cannot fall from grace.� Those who followed Calvin in various areas of Europe were called French Reformed, Dutch Reformed, German Reformed, Swiss Reformed, and Hungarian Reformed.

�� In 1547, to counter-attack the movement toward people reading the Bible for themselves and breaking away from the mainline Roman Church despite hideous tortures and deaths, the Catholic Council of Trent was called.� Many major decisions were made at this Council.

�� It was declared that the Scripture and Church Tradition were equally valid sources of religious truth, and the Catholic Church had the sole right to interpret the Scriptures.�

ORDAINED CHURCH TRADITION AS SACRED AS BIBLE

�� They listed which books should be included in the Old and New Testament, including several that were not previously admitted and which today Protestants still do not admit.� This had already been done centuries earlier, but they made it official this time in an effort to regain control of the scriptures which they now declared exclusively under the power of the Roman Church.

ORDAINED OVER 70 BOOKS IN BIBLE

MANY NOT ACCEPTED BY PROTESTANTS

�� They also declared the Latin translation from the Greek by Jerome in the fourth century was the only authorized text of scripture.� They called it the Latin Vulgate.� It had 2000 mistakes in it.

ORDAINED JEROME'S GREEK BIBLE

�� They also stated that Christ instituted seven sacraments.� They also confirmed Transubstantiation - the bread and wine become the actual body and blood of Jesus; and they condemned the Lutheran, Calvinist, and Zwiglian doctrines of the Lord's Supper.� They also said that Mass (the Lord's Supper) was required to be said by the bishop in Latin.

ORDAINED BREAD & WINE ARE ACTUALLY JESUS

ORDAINED LORD'S SUPPER IN LATIN

�� They declared that babies inherit original sin, so much be baptized or end up in purgatory.� They declared absolutely the existence of purgatory and described it.

ORDAINED ORIGINAL SIN & INFANT BAPTISM

ORDAINED EXISTENCE OF PURGATORY

�� Also, the term "minister" was to refer to anyone in the church who was a deacon or above.� They reiterated and declared that all sins must be confessed in private to a priest.� They also declared that all pastors must be ordained.�

ORDAINED QUALIFICATIONS OF MINISTER

ORDAINED ALL SINS BE CONFESSED TO PRIEST

ORDAINED HOW PASTORS ARE TO BE ORDAINED

�� Further, by this time, all choir members were required to wear vestments.� Gold was determined as the color where churches could not afford a variety.� For ordinary worship, green was worn.� White was used for Christmas and Easter, Red for Pentecost, violet for lent, black for funerals.

ORDAINED CHOIR VESTMENTS

�� Then, for the next 100 years, Catholics and Protestants clashed violently, always politically, and sometimes in war.

�� In 1545 Albigense Francis Bribard in France spoke in favor of reforming the Romans Church and had his tongue cut out, then was burned.� That same year James Cobard said Mass was useless and absurd and so was burned at the stake.� At Malda 14 other men were burned for similar beliefs.� In 1546, Peter Chapot brought a number of Bibles in the French language to France and sold them there.� He was executed for it.�

�� In 1549, Monsieur Blondel, an Albigense in Paris, was burned for his faith, as were 19-year-old Herbert in Dijon and Florent Venote, France.

�� Soon after, Louis Bourgeois set to music these hymns (in part):

Protect me from the arrogant and proud;

They scorn and laugh at those who seek your pleasure.

Sometimes I am depressed and sad at heart;

Revive my soul according to your precepts.

O Lord, my enemies rise up to conquer me;

They shower me with taunting.

Comfort, comfort now my people;

Speak of peace:� So says our God.

Comfort those who sit in darkness [dungeons]

Mourning under sorrow's load.

Lord, to you my soul is lifted.� Let me never be ashamed

That I trust in you to keep me, though I seem to wait in vain.

�� Christians all over the world still today sing this next hymn of courage set to music by Bourgeois:

All people that on earth do dwell,

Sing to the Lord with cheerful voice.

Serve him with joy, his praises tell,

Come now before him and rejoice!

�� Also that year, another Frenchman, Claude Goudimel, wrote this hymn:

Defend me, Lord, from those who charge me

With shameful insults, lies, and slurs.

Come, save your servant from evil ones.

In you alone I can find refuge....

Our faith seems in vain.

All covered with darkness, to you we complain.

�� CZECH TRANSLATION OF THE BIBLE:� Around 1550 Jan Blahoslav translated the New Testament into the language of his people.� It was the basis of the later Bible of Kralice published in 1579.

�� DANISH TRANSLATION OF THE BIBLE:� In 1550, J. Seklucyan published the New Testament in the language of his people from the original Greek.� It was the first Polish Bible put out with the new printing press.

�� Back in 1547, King Henry of England had died and his 10-year-old son, Edward, had become king.� His uncle and guardian, Edward Seymour, ordered the Mass be turned into a communion service in the common language.� In 1553, Edward died and his oldest sister, Mary, became queen.� Mary had been raised Catholic, so became a tool for the Roman Church.

�� Under "Bloody Mary" in Great Britain thousands of Protestants were put to death.� In 1554 it included John Rogers, a close friend of William Tyndale and Miles Coverdale who both had translated the Bible into English; a preacher, Lawrence Saunders.�

�� In 1546 Martin Luther in Germany died.� Then Charles V, the last Emperor of the "Holy Roman Empire" and King of Spain began a renewed campaign against the protestants in Germany, Spain, and Italy.

�� In Germany Henry Voes, John Esch and Henry Sutphen were burned at the stake.� All Protestants in Middleburg were killed by the sword, and those in Vienna burned at the stake.�

�� Peter Spengler of Schalet was sentenced to execution for not going to Mass, not making confession, and not believing the bread and wine because Jesus' actual body and blood.� He encouraged those watching, sang a hymn, and was thrown into a river to drown.

�� A Protestant man was encouraged to at least whisper his renunciation of Protestantism in the ears of the friar.� He replied loudly, "Trouble me not, friar, I have confessed my sins to God, and obtained absolution through the merits of Jesus Christ.� Let me not be pestered with these men, but perform your duty."� Then he was beheaded. [1]����

�� POLISH TRANSLATION OF THE BIBLE:� In 1553, J. Seklucyan translated the New Testament into the language of his people from the original Greek.�

��� Meanwhile, John Mollius had been raised in a monastery and prepared to become a priest.� Having read the scriptures in Latin, when he came across writings of the Protestants, he saw they made sense, so began preaching against the Catholic Church.� He taught against original sin, infallibility of the church and pope, purgatory, Mass, prayers for the dead in purgatory, prayers for saints, performing services in an unknown tongue and so on.

�� Persecution of Protestant Waldenses in Italy had continued.� Now a declared Protestant himself, Mollius was arrested, hung, and his body burned.

�� DUTCH TRANSLATION OF THE BIBLE:� In 1554, the New Testament was translated into the language of the common people based on Erasmus' Greek text of the New Testament.

�� In 1554, two Albigenses in Niverne, France, were smeared with grease, brimstone, and gunpowder, their tongues cut out, and burned to death.

�� In 1555 in Italy, Protestant Waldensian Algerius was arrested and sent to Rome where appeals were made to him to recant.� When they saw it was no use, they burned him at the stake.

�� Queen Mary of England ("Bloody Mary"), a staunch Catholic had the Parliament vote to return her country to the Church of Rome.� But the people refused to obey the bishops, so in 1555 the persecution rose to its heights.� One of the first, Bishop Latimer, said just before his burning, "Have faith, Master Ridley; today we shall light a fire which shall illuminate the world."

�� Under this queen were burned at the stake John Hooper, former bishop; Dr. Rowland Taylor who refused to allow Easter Mass; William Hunter who refused to go to Mass; Robert Farrar for preaching against popish idolatry; Rowlands White for refusing to bow down to the host (bread of the Lord's Supper becoming Christ); George Marsh for preaching against the papacy; William Flower, a former monk and priest; John Cardmaker and John Warne for refusing to bow to idols.

�� In 1556, the burnings continued, mostly among Protestant leaders, and numbered at least one hundred.

�� In 1557, Archbishop Parker rhymed the 23rd Psalm for singing as follows:

To feed my neede: he will me leade

To pastures green and fat:

He forth brought me: in libertie

To waters delicate.

�� Meanwhile, in Scotland, Protestants continued to be persecuted and executed.� In 1546 the Protestants had stormed the castle and killed the Catholic cardinal.� Among them was John Knox.� Spending the next ten years in Protestant England, he prayed, "Lord, give me Scotland or I die!"

�� By 1560 he had won over the Scottish to Protestantism.� The Scottish Parliament rejected papal authority, abolished the Mass, withdrew authority of the bishops, and adopted a confession of faith drawn up by Knox later to be known as the Westminster Confession, which organized the church into presbyteries.� Thus was born the Presbyterian Church.

�� In England in 1556, Archbishop Cranmer, who had translated parts of the Bible into English, read it in church, and openly sold it.� He was burned at the stake, as were probably a hundred other leaders of the Reformation Movement.

�� Meanwhile, in Italy in 1559, John Alloysius and James Bovellus were burned as heretics in Rome.� In 1560� a young Englishman visiting Rome saw a bishop carry the bread of the Lord's Supper with pomp and ceremony.� He grabbed it, threw it on the ground and stepped on it, declaring, "Ye wretched idolaters, who neglect the true God, to adore a morsel of bread."

�� Thereupon, the pope ordered that he be led naked through the streets of Rome with the image of the devil on his head, his right hand cut off, then burned.� "At his place of executed he kissed the chains that were to bind him to the stake.� A monk presenting the figure of a saint to him, he struck it aside."� Then he was burned. [2]

�� SWISS TRANSLATION OF THE BIBLE:� This Bible was translated in 1560 into the language of the common people, and published in Geneva.

�� UPPER ENGADINE TRANSLATION OF THE BIBLE:� J. Bifrun translated the Bible from the Vulgate into this Romanish Swiss dialect in 1560.

�� In 1560, Pope Pius IV began persecuting Waldenses in the area of Calabria, Italy, for not being Roman Catholics and going to Mass, not making their boys priests and girls nuns, and not bowing to images and going on pilgrimages.�

�� Instead of giving in, the Waldenses fled to the forests outside their cities.� Many were hunted down and killed - men, women and children.� Some were hung, some burned, some stabbed, and some were starved to death.

�� In one city, thirty who did not comply were put on the rack.� Those who survived "boldly declared that no tortures of body, or terrors of mind, should ever induce them to renounce their God or worship images" (Fox's Book of Martyrs, pg. 92).� In another city, sixty women were tortured on the rack where the ropes cut through their arms and legs to the bone and many died there.

�� Many of these were stripped naked and beaten to death with iron rods, stabbed, thrown off towers, or covered with pitch and burned alive.� One monk personally cut the throats of 80 men, women and children, then quartered their bodies to be taken on stakes to nearby towns.� The brutalities continued until they were satisfied all the Protestant Waldenses had been exterminated.

�� POLISH TRANSLATION OF THE BIBLE:� This Cracow Bible was the first entire Bible published in the language of the people, and was translated from the Latin in 1561.

�� RUMANIAN TRANSLATION OF THE BIBLE:� Coresi translated the Acts of the Apostles from earlier manuscripts written during the Huss movement.

�� Amidst this, in 1562, this hymn appeared in the Genevan Psalter which is sung by many Christians even today:

Let us with a gladsome mind

Praise the Lord, for he is kind.

Sound again his name abroad,

For of gods he is the God.

�� WELCH TRANSLATION OF THE BIBLE:� William Salesbury translated the New Testament from the original Greek into the common language of his people in 1567.

�� ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF THE BIBLE:� The Bishop's Bible was published in 1568 in English.

�� In Antwerp, Netherlands, in 1568 Scoblant, Hues and Coomans were imprisoned.� Prior to his execution, Hues declared, "I am now going to throw off this mantle of clay, to be clad in robes of eternal glory.� I hope I may be the last martyr...that the Church of Christ may have rest here, as his servants will hereafter."� At the stake, he said the Lord's prayer and sang the Fortieth Psalm, then was burned.

�� SPANISH TRANSLATION OF THE BIBLE:� C. de Reyna translated only the Old Testament from the Hebrew especially for Spanish-speaking Jews in 1569.

�� In 1570, the Roman church declared that the crucifix (cross with Jesus on it) was required to be on table of Lord's Supper, and that the chalice containing the wine to be held up during Lord's Supper.

�� ORDAINED CRUCIFIX MUST BE ON ALTAR

ORDAINED ELEVATION OF WINE CHALICE

�� In 1572, the Roman church declared that all Christians must bow before the bread and wine of the Lord's Supper

ORDAINED BOWING TO BREAD AND WINE

�� In France between 1562 and 1595, the Protestants - now called Huguenots - fought eight wars with the Catholics.� The worst was St. Bartholomew's Massacre of 1572 in which some 70,000 Protestant Huguenots were killed, even those in the palace who ran through its halls trying to escape in vain.� Similar orders were sent to all the provinces of France, resulting in 100,000 Protestants slaughtered for their faith.

�� During the peaceful reign of Bloody Mary's sister in England, Elizabeth, smaller groups of reformers arose here and on the mainland of Europe, some temporarily and others permanently.� Those insisting on the leading of an inner light were called Spiritualists, though each group varied somewhat from the others.�

�� The Evangelical Rationalists got involved with whether God was one or three.� One leader, Servetus, was burned at the stake in Geneva under order of Protestant John Calvin and his council.� Sozzini went to Poland where he laid the foundation for the Unitarian Church (which has more recently eliminated the New Testament as an authority).� [Note that later a few Protestants in America began to burn people at the stake, calling them heretics and witches.]

�� The most numerous groups, though, were Anabaptists which began in Switzerland under Zwingli.� They did not believe in infant baptism and rebaptized adults who entered the sacrament with faith and understanding.� However, many practiced sprinkling and pouring.� Many became known as the Swiss Brethren.� They moved to the Netherlands, but were wiped out in a battle with the Catholics and Lutherans.

��� Menno Simons, A Dutchman whose brother died in that battle, gave direction to the remaining Anabaptists, and they became known as the Mennonites who, even today, learned their lesson and refuse to take up arms.

��� In the 1580s, Robert Browne in England led a splinter group of Puritans called the English Baptists.� Jacobus Arminius began the Arminians who disagreed with Calvin, and believed no one was predestined to be saved, Jesus died for everyone, and saints can fall from grace.

�� In 1559 the English Parliament voted to reinstitute the Church of England.� In 1563 the statement of doctrine called the Thirty-Nine Articles, strongly Calvinist in theology, was drawn up to represent the Church of England.�

�� In 1560, Nicholas Burton, an Englishman who sailed to Spain with many goods for sale, was imprisoned in order to illegally confiscate his goods.� While there he explained the Word of God and converted the other prisoners or Protestantism.� For this he was burned at the stake.

�� For similar reasons, Mark Brughes, and Englishman visiting Portugal, was burned at the stake.� Sixteen-year-old William Hoker, also visiting Spain, was stoned to death in Seville.

�� In 1561, William Kethe set this poem to a tune written by Louis Bourgeois:

All people that on earth do dwell,

Sing to the Lord with cheerful voice;

Him serve with fear, His praise forth tell;

Come ye before Him and rejoice.

For why?� The Lord our God is good;

His mercy is forever sure;

His truth at all times firmly stood,

And shall from age to age endure.

�� In 1570 Pope Pius V excommunicated and deposed Queen Elizabeth of England, which she didn't care about anyway.� Because so many practices were Roman Catholic, however, many later Anglican members called themselves the Anglo-Catholics.� It would be another two centuries before they began to officially be called the Anglican Church.� ��

���� Those later known as Puritans wanted to "purify" the church further, especially doing away with garments warn by priests and preachers during service.�� Although they liked formal worship, they preferred the simple gowns typical of the Calvinists.�

�� In 1572, Joachim Magdeburg wrote this hymn:

Who trusts in God, a strong abode in heaven and earth possesses;

Who looks in love to Christ above, no fear his heart oppresses.

In Thee alone, dear Lord, we owe sweet hope and consolation;

Our shield from foes, balm for woes, great and sure salvation.

�� Also in 1572, King Charles IX of France decided to marry his sister, Margaret of Valois, to Henry of Navarre, son of the king of Navarre.� Two days after a grand wedding on a high platform in Paris, a massacre began of Protestant Huguenots taking thousands of lives there and in nearby cities.�

�� Stories abound of people running through the streets only to meet their death anyway through stabbing, beheading, drowning, shooting, slow torture.� One city was surrounded seven months and 18,000 inhabitants died by slow starvation.� A total of 100,000 were killed around France.

�� In 1579, William Daman wrote this hymn:

O Lord, how many they who deeply trouble me;

How greatly are they multiplied who do me injury.

�� After the massacre, Henry of Navarre became the leader of the Protestant Huguenots.� In 1589, after three kings had died without a son, Henry, a distant cousin of the king, inherited the throne.� But Catholic Paris refused to accept him.� Fighting continued four more years.� Finally, in 1593, he converted to Catholicism, becoming King Henry IV.

�� Still, he was sympathetic to the Huguenots and gave them permission to worship whenever and where ever they wanted except in Paris, while also maintaining their civil and political rights.� And as a guarantee, he allowed them to have 200 fortified garrisons throughout France, supported by the king.� This was called the Edict of Nantes.� It lasted 100 years.

�� RUMANIAN TRANSLATION OF THE BIBLE:� In 1582 the Old Testament was translated into the language of the common people who were Calvinists.

�� WELSH TRANSLATION OF THE BIBLE:� In 1588, this Bible was translated by William Morgan into the language of his people.� In some ways it was an offshoot of the Salesbury N.T. translated thirty years earlier.� It is used today.

�� HUNGARIAN TRANSLATION OF THE BIBLE:� In 1590, G. Karoli translated the Bible into the language of his people from the original Greek and Hebrew.

�� In 1592, rejoicing in the triumphs of Christianity, this well-known Christmas hymn was written by T. Este:

While shepherds watched their flocks by night,

All seated on the ground,

An angel of the Lord came down,

And glory shone around.

Seventeenth Century

�� Early in this century, David Dickson in Scotland wrote this hymn:

O Mother dear, Jerusalem!

When shall I come to thee?

When shall my sorrows have an end?

Thy joys when shall I see?

O happy harbor of the saints!

O sweet and pleasant soil!

In thee no sorrow may be found,

No grief, no care, no toil.

�� In 1600, Pope Clement VIII tried to bribe the Protestants in Italy to become Catholics.� He also offered rewards to anyone witnessing them committing a crime.� Nothing stopped them.�

�� Among many others, Sebastian Basan was imprisoned, tortured for 15 months, then burned at the stake.

�� With the death of Mary Queen of Scots in 1587, and his cousin Queen Elizabeth of England in 1603, James VI became King of both countries, thus joining the monarchy until this day.

�� In 1604 when the Puritans wanted to reduce the power of bishops, King James refused.� But at the same conference, he approved an authorized English translation of the Bible.� In 1611, the King James Version of the Bible was published.� It contained these introductory words....

�� "To the most high and mighty prince, James, by the Grace of God, King of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, defender of the faith.� The translators of the Bible wish Grace, Mercy, and Peace, through Jesus Christ our Lord....

�� "Among all our joys, there was no one that more filled our hearts, than the blessed continuance of the preaching of God's sacred Word among us....manifesting itself abroad in the farthest parts of Christendom, by writing in defense of the Truth, (which hath given such a blow unto that man of sin, as will not be healed)....

�� "There are infinite arguments of this right christian and religious affection in Your Majesty; but none is more forcible to declare it to others than the vehement and perpetuated desire of accomplishing and publishing of this work....Things of this quality have ever been subject to the censures of ill meaning and discontented persons....

�� "So that if, on the one side, we shall be traduced by Popish Persons at home or abroad, who therefore will malign us, because we are poor instruments to make God's holy Truth to be yet more and more known unto the people, whom they desire still to keep in ignorance and darkness; or if, on the other side, we shall be maligned by self-conceited Brethren, who run their own ways, and give liking unto nothing, but what is framed by themselves, and hammered on their anvil....

�� "We may rest secure, supported within by the truth and innocency of a good conscience, having walked the ways of simplicity and integrity...which will ever give countenance to honest and christian endeavours against bitter censures." [3]

�� DANISH TRANSLATION OF THE BIBLE:� In 1607, Hans Poulsen Resent translated the Bible from the original Greek and Hebrew into Danish.

�� ITALIAN TRANSLATION OF THE BIBLE:� That same year, Giovanni Diodati published this Bible in the language of the common people.� It was used in Geneva for the Protestants.

�� ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF THE BIBLE:� Not able to fight the tide of translations into the language of the Common people, between 1582 and 1610, the Catholic Church commissioned this Reims-Douai translation and became its official English Version.� Still used today, it is usually called the Douai version.

�� ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF THE BIBLE:� Under the authority of King James, 54 scholars were assembled and translated the version that would be officially authorized for use in all churches in England.� It was published in 1611.

�� The Roman Church decided about this time that candles must always be used in connection with the Lord Supper, the Mass.

ORDAINED CANDLES AT MASS

�� In 1620, persecution of the Albigenses in France became severe; also in Germany in 1630.� Tortures like those already mentioned were repeated on thousands of people.� Finally Great Britain intervened and the persecutions stopped.

�� In 1623, John Milton wrote this hymn:�

Let us with a gladsome mind

Praise the Lord, for He is kind;

For His mercies aye endure,

Ever faithful, ever sure.

�� And in 1625, this famous Thanksgiving hymn appeared in the Netherlands, written by A. Valerius:

We gather together to ask the Lord's blessing;

He chastens and hastens His will to make known;

The wicked oppressing now cease from distressing;

Sing praises to His name; He forgets not His own.

�� England and Scotland continued to vacillate between Protestantism and Catholicism.� William Laud was made Catholic Archbishop of Canterbury in 1633.� He was so anti-Puritan that he began an Inquisition aimed directly at the Puritans.�

�� During this time, Johann Heerman wrote this hymn:

When dangers gather round,

O keep me calm and fearless;

Help me to bear the cross

When life seems dark and cheerless.

�� But with the government back in Puritan hands with Oliver Cromwell, the Scottish Parliament eliminated government of the church by bishops, and adopted the Westminster Confession of Faith, the Larger Catechism and Shorter Catechisms, three documents on which the Presbyterian Church rely even today.

�� In 1636, Martin Rinkart wrote this well-known hymn:

Now thank we all our God with heart and hands and voices,

Who wondrous things has done, in whom his world rejoices.

�� But persecution was still far from over, and in 1641, George Neumark of Germany wrote this hymn:

What can these anxious cares avail thee,

These never-ceasing moans and sighs?

What can it help, if thou bewail thee

O'er each dark moment as it flies?

Our cross and trials do but press

The heavier for our bitterness.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY:� SAME AS PREVIOUS TWO CHAPTERS

ENDNOTES FOR THIS PAGE

[1].� Fox, pg. 168ff

[2].� Forbush, William B., Fox's Book of Martyrs, Zondervan Publishing House, Grand Rapids, 1968, pg. 105

[3].� The Holy Bible, The World Publishing Co., Cleveland, "The Epistle Dedicatory" pg. 3-4

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