Worship-15B-2ndTo12thCentury

ADDING TO AND TAKING FROM PERFECTION

1st to 12th Centuries (cont.)

�� Still, the rift between the eastern church in Constantinople and the western church in Rome grew.��

�� Some time later, a new pope was elected in Rome - Leo III.� But he was so corrupt that he was beaten on a deserted road and imprisoned in a monastery.� His friends helped him escape and he went to Britain to confer get Charlemagne to side with him.� Charlemagne went with him back to Rome for a trial where the evidence against him was overwhelming.� But Charlemagne said if Leo swore he was innocent, then he would be.�

�� A few days later while Charlemagne was kneeling in prayer at the front of the church, Pope Leo surprised him by taking a crown that was on the altar, placing it on Charlemagne's head and announcing he had been crowned by God.� This was the beginning of the "Holy Roman Empire" although not called by this name until 300 years later.

�� Charlemagne was a little upset by this but did not turn it down.� But when he gave up his kingship to his son, Louis, he had his son crown himself.� This brought up the question as to whether the pope makes the emperor or the emperor makes the pope.

�� Yet Charlemagne always remained supportive of the Roman church.� He used political authority to suppress heresy, to collect tithes of the people, guarantee discipline of the clergy, developed a distinctive dress for the clergy, and made sure all churches followed the Roman "liturgy" in all their services.� He also developed cathedral schools to train the clergy, imported scholars to teach in monasteries, and had cantors trained to sing Gregorian chants in the church.

�� After his death, his son, Louis was recrowned by the visiting pope.� This gesture was made to infer it was the church in Rome who had made him king.� After this, the pope showed up at other coronations of other kings in Europe and crowned them too.� Thus grew the idea that the crown has been conferred by the papacy.

�� King Louis divided his empire among his three sons to rule.� But when a fourth son was born and he tried to redivide the kingdom, his three sons rose up against him.� Pope Gregory IV sided with the sons and King Louis ended up powerless.� By the end of the 9th century, Charlemagne's empire had been divided into Germany, France, and the Netherlands running south into Italy.

�� The Frankish bishops felt the pope had no right to interfere with politics.� The pope quoted Matthew 16:19 where Jesus gave the keys of the kingdom to Peter, and the bishops retorted with Matthew 18:18 where he gave the keys to all the apostles.� Thus began a dispute and popular resistance that would build up eventually to the Reformation 600 years later.

�� Besides fighting between politicians and between churchmen, there was fighting between politicians and churchmen.� So in Le Mans, France, in 857, some clerics got together and produced a series of documents, some of which were fabricated and forged that they claimed came out of Seville 200 years earlier and proved the papacy approved.

�� These Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals were made up of documents, letters and decrees of bishops and councils of the 2nd and 3rd centuries exalting the power of the pope.� These forged papers were used to prove papal supremacy over all bishops with no interference by the laity or politicians.� By the time these papers were recognized as forgeries centuries later, they had already done their damage.

Ninth Century

�� During this century, Radbertus and other church leaders began writing and teaching at length that the bread and wine of the Lord's Supper became the actual body and blood of Jesus.� But they still met with a great deal of resistance.

�� GERMAN TRANSLATION OF THE BIBLE:� This translation was made from the Vulgate, translator unknown.

�� SLAVONIC TRANSLATION OF THE BIBLE:� Cyril and Methodius, missionaries from Constantinople to Moravia, invented a Slavic alphabet which was later called the Cyrillic alphabet.� They translated the Bible from the Greek Septuagint O.T. and the Greek N.T. into the language of the people.� It was called the "Old Church Slavonic Bible."

�� In 850, it was decided people should sprinkle themselves or be sprinkled by a priest every Sunday as they entered their place of worship.� The water must be blessed by the priest and turned into holy water.

ORDAINED WEEKLY HOLY WATER

�� Also about this time, the church bishops decided that people receiving the Lord's Supper had to make a sign of the cross before partaking.� They also decided the bread of the Lord's Supper had to be placed directly on the tongues of the congregation, and only by a bishop.�

ORDAINED SIGN OF CROSS AT LORD'S SUPPER

ORDAINED BISHOP MUST PLACE BREAD ON TONGUES

�� Also by this time, the number of holy vestments worn by the clergy had increased to seven specific parts of garments.� More and more these vestments gained ornateness during the following centuries.

ORDAINED CLERGY WEAR HOLY VESTMENTS

�� King Boris of Bulgaria was converted to Christianity in 865.� He did not know whether to side with the Patriarch of Constantinople or the Pope of Rome.� The Patriarch said services could be held in the Slavonic language, so King Boris sided with Constantinople.� This widened the rift between Constantinople and Rome.

�� In 869, the Pope of Rome excommunicated the Patriarch of Constantinople, who in turn excommunicated the former.� This was the last time the churches of the east represented in Constantinople ever met in official Council with the churches of the west represented in Rome.� Up until now, all such councils had been held in or near Constantinople and in the Greek language.

�� During this century in Rome, strong popes and weak popes emerged.� Pope John VIII was poisoned and then bludgeoned to death in his bed in 882.� Pope Marinus I was assassinated.� Next came Pope Stephen VII.

�� In 897 with the blessing of Pope Stephen, the body of an earlier pope, Formosus, was exhumed, clothed in papal robes and put on trial for heresy.� His three fingers used to bestow the papal blessing were cut off, his papal robes stripped off, and his corpse dragged through Rome and cast into the Tiber River.� Later that year Pope Stephen was strangled.�

Tenth Century

�� The next pope lasted only four months, and the next only 20 days.� Pope Leo V was elected in 903 but killed two months later.� His assassin then made himself pope - something that official Roman Catholic lists do not recognize.

�� The assassin was killed by Sergius III who then became pope.� Sergius took a 13-year-old mistress, Marozia, daughter of the political leader of Rome.� She bore Pope Sergius a son.� After his death, the matron of the political family, Theodora, appointed the next three popes.� The eyes of John X were put out by the next political head of Rome, he was imprisoned and died there a year later.

�� In 927 the pope's widow Marozia took over the city of Rome and appointed the next three popes, the third one being John XI, the illegitimate son of herself and Pope Sergius.� Marozia's first legitimate son conquered his mother and threw Pope John XI into prison.� Just prior to his death, he forced the Roman Senate to make his son Octavian the next pope; and he ruled under the name John XII.�

�� Pope John XII had many mistresses and freely used church contributions to finance personal enjoyments.� He was even known to have raped some of the female pilgrims at St. Peter's.� He was so immoral that at this point, the church decided that the infallibility of the pope did not involve his personal life, but only his official church pronouncements.

�� In 973, the Roman church canonized the first saint, a practice that continues even today.

ORDAINED CANONIZATION OF THE FIRST SAINT

�� In 977, the Bohemians requested that Pope Benedict VII allow them to have services in their own language, and that the cup of the Lord's Supper to given to the laity also.� The pope granted both.� But succeeding popes reneged on both.

�� OLD ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF THE BIBLE:� In 995, Aelfric wrote so many homilies on the Old and New Testaments that he ended up quoting most of it, and did translate all of the Hexateuch from Latin.

�� Meanwhile, the title of Holy Roman Emperor moved from western Europe around France to eastern Europe around Germany.� Otto I had too many in his family wanting his crown, so he turned to bishops and archbishops to help govern his kingdom.� To verify the power he gave them, Otto gave large parcels of land to each.� As result, he also insisted on playing a major role in selecting the bishops.

�� This led to his interest in who was pope.� In 964, an irate husband beat Pope John XII so badly when he discovered him in bed with is wife that the pope died three days later.� After this, Emperor Otto supervised appointments to the papacy.� Even Otto's grandson, Otto III, appointed his cousin Bruno who changed his name to Pope Gregory V.� This was the first German pope.� When Gregory V was poisoned in 999, Otto installed his former French tutor Sylvester II as pope.�

�� In 1002 Otto was poisoned and the following year Pope Sylvester II was poisoned.� The next emperor, Henry II, was not interested in the papacy.

�� Late in this century, the Grand Duke of what we today call Russia was converted to Christianity.� He married the sister of the Byzantine Emperor, then introduced the Eastern church to his country where it remains strong to this day.� Another rift with Rome.

Eleventh Century

��� In 1000 in France, a man named Berengarius preached Gospel truths according to the primitive ways of the first century.� Later Peter Bruis taught similarly, with followers separating from the Church of Rome.� He wrote a book against the pope entitled ANTICHRIST.

�� In 1010, Peter de Bruys and his followers called Petrobusians in France, rejected the Mass, held that the Lord's Supper was a memorial, and that ministers should marry.� Simultaneously, a monk Henry was baptized and began preaching the same thing.� His followers were called by outsiders Henricians.

�� During these years of power plays by the various pope, many new decrees were put on the Christians by the bishops.� As of 1014, priests had to chant the Nicean Decree at the Lord's Supper.

ORDAINED CHANTING OF NICEAN DECREE REQUIRED AT LORD'S SUPPER

�� In 1018, the church decided to force all priests and deacons to be celibate.� If they insisted on being married, their children of the marriage were made lifetime slaves of the church, never to be freed.

ORDAINED PRIESTS & DEACONS NOT MARRY

ORDAINED CHILDREN OF PRIESTS TO BE SLAVES OF CHURCH

�� The next three popes were appointed by the Italian Crescenti family, and the following three by the Tusculum family.� The latter three were brothers and a nephew.� Benedict VIII bought his office with open bribery.� Pope John XIX bought the papacy and, being a layman, passed through all the clerical degrees in one day.� Benedict IX was 12 years old and eventually committed murders and adulteries in broad daylight, and robbed pilgrims to Rome.�

�� After three others were declared pope simultaneously with him, Benedict IX voluntarily resigned in 1045, but sold the papacy to his Jewish god-father who became Gregory VI.� When the previous two popes wanted their papacy back, Emperor Henry III returned and deposed them all, appointing another Germany pope.

�� In 1049, with some priests still marrying, the church decided that all their wives and concubines were to be made servants of the church.

ORDAINED PRIEST'S WIVES TO BE SERVANTS OF CHURCH

�� In the mid 11th century, when southern Italy was invaded by Viking Normans, Pope Leo IX personally led troops to push them back out.� The Viking Normans won and imprisoned Pope Leo IX for nine months; he died a month later in Rome.� But by now King Philip of France, King William II of England, and King Henry IV of Germany were all excommunicated.

�� Meanwhile, in 1053 in Constantinople, the Patriarch closed down all Latin monasteries and churches.� In the process of closing down one of the churches, the soldiers walked on the bread used in the Lord's Supper.� According to Roman beliefs, they had walked on the actual body of Christ.

�� Then the Patriarch issued an open letter to the Pope, although addressed to the bishops and priests of France, objecting to Roman beliefs such as fasting on Saturday, eating meat strangled with the blood still in it, and barring priests from marrying.�

�� Thereupon Roman papal delegates put a written anathema (curse) on the Patriarch and all his followers.� These events are today called the Great Schism.� Basically, the split between eastern and western church headquarters was complete and final and exists even today:� The Western Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.� Only periodically when it benefitted both sides, did the two unite.

�� Up until now, all popes had been appointed by whoever was the strongest king or family either in Rome or all of Europe.� In 1059, it was decided that the Pope of Rome must be elected by the cardinals, this group being a copy of the Roman senate who used to elect the emperor.

ORDAINED CARDINALS MUST ELECT POPE

�� In 1075 a decree was renewed condemning priest marriages, fornication, and purchasing church office.� This was an indirect blow to monarchs appointing their own bishops.�

�� King Henry IV refused to conform, so the church began excommunicating his bishops.� Therefore Pope Gregory excommunicated King Henry IV and told him he was no longer king.� Thereupon, King Henry marched to Rome and captured the pope.� He was rescued two years later but died in exile a year after that.

�� In 1066, the Viking Normans invaded England.� At first the English ruler appointed his own bishops as the others had, but a compromise was finally reached wherein the pope's representative crowned the king and the king's representative granted the bishop with land.� This trend then moved east across Europe to Germany.

�� WEST SAXON TRANSLATION OF THE BIBLE:� Around this same time, the Four Gospels were translated from Latin into the language of West Saxony which today is the western part of Germany and the Netherlands.

�� In 1079, the church officially declared that the bread and wine of the Lord's Supper are substantially changed into the body and blood of Jesus (Trans-substantiation), and therefore worshippers had to bow down to these emblems as though bowing before Jesus in person.

ORDAINED BREAD & WINE ACTUALLY BECOME JESUS

ORDAINED BOWING TO BREAD & WINE

�� Also about this time, it was decided to have both candles and incense in the Mass (Lord's Supper).

INTRODUCED CANDLES IN WORSHIP

NOT WIDELY ACCEPTED

INTRODUCED INCENSE IN WORSHIP

NOT WIDELY ACCEPTED

�� By 1095, the Moslems had conquered the entire Middle East and killed Christian pilgrims who dared go to their Holy Land.� They also took much of Turkey where Constantinople was.� (The Apostle Paul, by the way, established most of the first-century congregations in Turkey.)� The patriarch sent for help from the pope.�

�� Pope Urban II promised all who would volunteer for a crusade against the Moslems that they would receive remission of the guilt of all sins and be tax exempt.� He even allowed prisoners to be released so they could join.�

�� This was the beginning of indulgences.� Later indulgences were allowed for just equipping someone to go on a crusade.� An indulgence is not forgiveness of sins, but a way of paying the penalty for sins by paying money, serving in the church military, or anything assigned by the pope, rather than having to pay for it in purgatory or hell.

ORDAINED PAYMENT OF INDULGENCES

�� In this first Crusade, peasant troops, loosely organized by two monks, did not wait for the professional military but headed across Europe toward the Holy Land.� Without proper preparation, they ended up pillaging village after village for food and money, and often raped the women while they were at it.� When they arrived in eastern Turkey to take it back from the Moslems, they were annihilated.

�� A more organized group of 30,000 dukes, mostly from France, took their troops as far as Tarsus.� There someone claimed to have discovered the spear that had pierced Jesus' side. �This inspired the troops so much that they conquered the Moslems in that area.

�� During this century, the church at Rome declared that the laity should not drink the wine of the Lord's Supper.� They could only have the bread.

ORDAINED LAITY NOT DRINK OF LORD'S SUPPER

Twelfth Century

�� In 1118 the Knights Templar were founded in Jerusalem, a military order associated with the pope to protect pilgrims from the Moslems.� After the crusades, they returned to Europe, mostly France.

�� After 150 years in France, those wanting primitive Christianity as described only in the Bible began to be led by Henry of Toulouse.� In 1147 he announced they would not admit any proofs regarding religion unless they were from the scriptures themselves.� These Henericians were named heretics by the pope.�

�� Not long after, Peter Waldo of Lyons picked up this movement, and the followers were then called Waldenses, a name that some still carry in the 20th century.

�� During this time, Bernard of Clairvaux wrote what would later be set to music to feed the hunger of Christians centuries later.� Among them was:

Jesus, the very thought of Thee

With sweetness fills my breast;

But sweeter far Thy face to see,

And in Thy presence rest.

and

Jesus, Thou joy of loving hearts,

Thou Fount of life, Thou Light of men,

From the best bliss that earth imparts,

We turn unfilled to Thee again.

Thy truth unchanged hath ever stood;

Thou savest those that on Thee call;

To them that seek Thee, Thou art good,

To them that find Thee, all in all!

��� With Pope Adrian, in 1154 persecution arose in Italy.� A German named Arnold visited Rome and preached against the corruptions and additions that had been made to the New Testament church by the church at Rome.� The pope ordered him to leave Rome, so he returned to Germany and kept preaching the same thing.

�� One of three royalty of Germany owed the pope a favor and returned Arnold to him.� There at Apulia, he and his friends were burned at the stake.

�� Encenas, a Spaniard raised in Rome, began preaching against the papacy.� He was arrested for having a New Testament in Spanish and imprisoned.� He escaped and fled to Germany.

�� Faninus became a Protestant Waldense and preached to others.� He was arrested and sentenced to death.� His executioners were amazed at his remarkable happiness.� He replied that Jesus' suffering and death freed his followers from fear of the same.� He was then strangled and burned.

�� Dominicus, a soldier, became Protestant and preached the Gospel in its purity.� When arrested and asked, "Will you renounce your doctrines?" he replied, "My doctrines!� I maintain no doctrines of my own; what I preach are the doctrines of Christ, and for those I will forfeit my blood, and even think myself happy to suffer for the sake of my Redeemer."� He was then tortured and hanged.

�� Galeacius near St. Angelo, preached against the papacy.� He was arrested and burned to death.

�� In the middle of this century, Bernard of Cluny (Chany) and Morlaix, an English-Frenchman, wrote this hymn:

Jerusalem the golden, with milk and honey blest,

Beneath thy contemplation sink heart and voice opprest....

They stand, those halls of Zion, all jubilant with song,

So bright with many an angel and all the martyr throng.

�� At the same time, the Roman Church ordered that laity not be permitted to read scriptures.� Both efforts failed to eliminate them.� Instead, their numbers grew, not only in France but all over Europe.

�� The pope sent for volunteers all over Europe to get rid of the Albigenses, and promised paradise to anyone who joined his Holy War for forty days.

�� During this century, baptism by pouring or sprinkling began to be widely accepted.

�� In 1177, the church determined the minimum age for a bishop be thirty years of age.� It also decided that the pope must have a two-third approval of the cardinals to be elected.

ORDAINED MINIMUM AGE FOR BISHOPS

ORDAINED ELECTION PERCENTAGE FOR POPES

�� In 1198 Innocent III became pope and was the most politically powerful pope in history.� He was the first to declare that he was the representative of Christ both in the church and in the entire world.�

INTRODUCED POPE IS VICAR-IOUSLY CHRIST ON EARTH

NOT WIDELY ACCEPTED

�� To regain control of "the earth," he manipulated future kings of Germany and France, but he could not control King John of England.� So he excommunicated the King of England and refused to allow any Englishman to celebrate any of the sacraments.

�� About this time, Bernard of Clairvaux, France, wrote this which was set to music four centuries later and is sung throughout the world today:

O sacred head, now wounded

With grief and shame weighed down;

How art Thou pale with anguish,

With sore abuse and scorn;

How does that visage languish

Which once was bright as morn!

What language shall I borrow

To thank Thee, dearest Friend,

For this Thy dying sorrow,

Thy pity without end?

O make me Thine forever;

And should I fainting be,

Lord, let me never, never

Outlive my love to Thee.

���� One of Pope Innocent's earlier teachers, Huguccio of Bologna, came to believe that the pope could err, so the church should actually be run by a council representing all the members, and the pope had to obey the council.� This was the seed of a Reformation Movement called "conciliarism" referring to councils ruling the church.� But few people had the courage to agree with him.

�� Innocent offered indulgences to troops who marched on his behalf to protect southern Italy and to conquer "heretics" in southern France.� This would be his second crusade.

�� Also that year the pope preached for a third crusade which was organized among knights of various countries.� In 1212 was the Children's Crusade.� King Andrew of Hungry launched another crusade in 1217 after the Fourth Lateran Council declared it.� The sixth crusade was led by Emperor Frederick II of Spain in 1227.�

�� The seventh crusade was led by King Louis IV of France in 1249.� The eighth crusade was led by Prince Edward of England.� This last crusade was the final one and the European Christians left the Holy Land in the control of the Moslems.)

�� It was during this time that a Christmas hymn was written:

O come, O come, Emmanuel,

And ransom captive Israel....

O come, Thou Branch of Jesse's stem,

Unto Thine own, and rescue them!

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Detailed Table of Contents

BIBLIOGRAPHY
for this and remaining history chapters

D'Aubigne, J. H. Merle, History of the Reformation of the Sixteenth Century, The Religious Tract Society, London, 1846

The Ecclesiastical History of Eusebius Pamphilus, Baker Book House, Grand Rapids, 1971

Encyclopedia Britannica, William Benton Publisher, Chicago, 1966

Forbush, William B., Editor, Fox's Book of Martyrs, Zondervan �Publishing House, Grand Rapids, 1926

Goold, G. P., Editor, Bede Historical Works:� Ecclesiastical �History of the English Nation, Vol. I and II

Keyes, Nelson B., Story of the Bible World, Reader's Digest Assn, �Pleasantville, NY, 1962

Lightfoot, J.B., Editor, The Apostolic Fathers, Baker Book House, �Grand Rapids, 1965

McDonald, William J., Editor, The New Catholic Encyclopedia, �McGraw-Hill, Chicago, 1962

North, James B., From Pentecost to the Present, College Press Publishing, Joplin, Mo., 1983

Simon, Edith, Great Ages of Man:� The Reformation, Time-Life Books, NY, 1968

Burrage, Henry S., [Ana]Baptist Hymn Writers and their Hymns, Brown Thurston & Co., Portland, Maine, 1889

Wells, H. G., The Outline of History, Garden City Books, NY, 1961

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