Music and the Mask (cont.)
Heavenly Harps
����������� Instruments are mentioned in Revelation and that's part of the New Testament.� Indeed they are.� So are choirs.� Let's look at those passages.
����������� In Revelation chapters 8 - 11, trumpets are mentioned.� Did they play tunes?� Actually, they were used to draw attention to important events, just as they were used to draw the attention of armies and also of worshippers in the Old Testament temple (Numbers 10:1-10).� The sound of the trumpets is described in the Hebrew as "taqa" also used for clap, smite, strike and not associated with music.� In fact, Paul said in 1 Corinthians 14:8, "If the trumpet does not sound a clear call, who will get ready for battle?"
����������� The temple was not just a building.� It was a whole complex the size of nearly four football fields.� (A football field is 160' x 360'.)� The main temple building was 90' x 30'.� But around it were two courtyards.� The inner court was 150' x 300' and all around that was an outer court 300' x 600'.� And attached to the walls were many rooms used for various purposes.� Therefore, trumpets had to be used to call attention to things happening.
����������� Cymbals are not mentioned in Revelation.� Neither are lyres (psaltries).� But harps are.� Let's look at them.
����������� Revelation 5:8-14 says four living creatures and twenty-four elders fell down to worship the Lamb [Jesus].� Each one - the 28 - held a harp and a golden bowl full of incense.� Then this ensemble began to sing as though they were choir directors.� For immediately they were joined by millions of angels, and finally by every creature in heaven and on earth.� At the end of the great musicale, involving all of heaven and all of earth, the four creatures shouted "Amen!" and the twenty-four elders fell back down to worship again.� Wow!
����������� Revelation 14:1-4 tells us that 144,000 from earth who had been redeemed sang before the throne of God, the four living creatures, and the 24 elders.� Here, the earthly choir is singing to the heavenly ensemble!� Their singing sounded like harpists playing their harps.
����������� Revelation 15:2-8 tells us that in front of the throne of God (identified by the sea of glass) were the saved holding harps given them by God.� They were singing about all nations of earth coming to worship God.� Then one of the four living creatures gave seven angels seven golden bowls.
����������� First, who were the creatures?� Without going into a separate study, most people agree that four represent the earth - four corners, four winds, etc.� The word "creature" is "zoon" in Greek, from the root word "zoe" meaning life.� They seem to be life forms in heaven (not angels) always found in scripture associated with created life on earth and its atonement.� We might call these cherubim the guardians of life, both physical and eternal.
����������� Who were the 24 elders?� Again, without going into a long study, it seems that 12 would represent the Twelve Tribes of Israel and therefore all Jews in Old Testament times.� The other 12 would represent the Twelve Apostles and therefore all Christians in the New Testament.
����������� Who were the 144,000?� We must see Revelation as entirely symbolic or entirely literal.� We cannot pick and choose according to our own desires.� If we take the 144,000 literally, Revelation 7:1-8 says there were 12,000 saved from each Jewish tribe.� That would mean, literally, that no Christians can be saved.
����������� But, taken symbolicly, they would represent all the saved of the Old Testament/Jewish era (12 Tribes of Israel and followers) and all the saved of the New Testament/Christian era (12 Apostles and followers).� Multiplying 12 x 12 gives us 144.� Ten generally represents all-inclusiveness.� Thus, we end with all the saved of the O.T. (12), times all the saved of the N.T. (12), times all inclusiveness (10), times all inclusiveness (10), times all inclusiveness (10) = 144,000.� In other words, none of the saved will be left out of heaven!� What reassurance!
����������� And what are they holding?
����������� Revelation 5:8 explains the cherubim and elders held bowls of incense which represented the prayers of Christians on earth.� Revelation 15:7 explains that one of the cherubim handed the seven angels bowls representing the wrath of God.
����������� However, the harps are not explained.� If the bowls were symbolic, the harps would have to be also.� We look elsewhere for an explanation of harps when used symbolically, for the Bible always explains itself.
LITERAL INSTRUMENT:� "KITHARA" GREEK FOR 10-STRINGED HARP:� The New Testament Greek word "kithara" is translated in Revelation as harp.� Josephus described a kithara as having 10 strings and being played with a pic.�
LITERAL /SYMBOLIC INSTRUMENT:� "KINNOR" HEBREW FOR 10-STRINGED HARP, aka VOICE OR HEART:� An Old Testament Hebrew word for harp is "kinnor."� In Job 30:27-31, Job complains about his stomach, his skin, his fever, and his voice.� His voice is described as a harp.� In Isaiah 16:11, Isaiah says his heart and inmost being are like a harp.�
LITERAL INSTRUMENT:� "ASOR" HEBREW FOR 10-STRINGED INSTRUMENT:� This Old Testament word is found in Psalm 33:2 and 92:3, literally translated the "ten-stringed instrument," and in Psalm 144:9 translated the "ten-stringed lyre" [psaltry].
LITERAL/ SYMBOLIC INSTRUMENT:� "PSALO" GREEK FOR SONG SUNG WITH A STRINGED INSTRUMENT, aka HEART:� This New Testament word refers back to the psalms which David sang with his lyre or psaltry.� It is used in connection with Christian worship in 1 Corinthians 14:26, Ephesians 5:19, Colosians 3:16, and James 5:13.
����������� What is interesting is Ephesians 5:19 which specifies - AT LAST! - the instrument to be played while singing psalms:� "Speak to one another with psalms, hymns and spiritual songs.� Sing and MAKE MUSIC IN YOUR HEART to the Lord."�
����������� The word translated psalms is the Greek "psalmos."� The word translated "make music" is "psallo."� Once more, then, we see that the 10-stringed instrument sometimes translated harp and sometimes lyre or psaltry, represents the believer's heart.
����������� So now, back to Revelation, we see that the four cherubim and the 24 elders are holding the prayers and the hearts of saints on earth.� What a beautiful symbol that incense and harps come to mean in heaven!
����������� Before the end of the first century, the temple in Jerusalem was forever destroyed.� And with it the possibility of accurately worshipping the Old Testament way.� With it the literal alters of incense, the literal place of sacrifice, the literal harps.
����������� The alter of incense, the alter of sacrifice, and the harps are all stored up in heaven now.� For now the temple is our bodies.� The incense is our prayers, the sacrifice is our daily life, and the harps are our hearts.� Why would we want to make literal again such beautiful symbolism?
����������� God, this is all new to me.� I always thought music was music, worship was worship, and it was all the same to you.� I never knew about the symbolism to spiritual things.� Music spiritual?� What a thought!
The Pattern:� A Shadow of Things to Come
����������� The book of Hebrews in the New Testament is full of descriptions of Jewish worship and what it came to symbolize later in Christian worship.
Hebrews 7:26 - 8:1 - A high priest was appointed to offer sacrifices for the sins of the people of the Old Testament once a year.� Jesus became our high priest and sacrificed his own body for the sins once and for all.
Hebrews 8:5 - The sanctuary/tabernacle/temple served as "a copy and shadow of what is in heaven.� That is why Moses was warned when he was about to build the tabernacle:� 'See to it that you make everything according to the pattern.' "
Hebrews 9:1-5; 12, 24 - The Most Holy Place was where the golden ark of God's presence, watched over by the cherubim, was placed.� For the Christian, the Most Holy Place is now in heaven where the very throne of God is.
Hebrews 9:21-28 - Without the shedding of blood, there was no temporary forgiveness.� Therefore, under the Old Testament regulation, lambs were sacrificed; in the New Testament era, Jesus was the Lamb of God who paid the price for us.
Hebrews 10:19-20 - A curtain hid the Most Holy Place from the worshipper's view in the Old Testament.� Jesus became that curtain and tore it so the saved could all enter the Most Holy Place in heaven.
����������� What if the believers had not followed God's regulations in the Old Testament Jewish era?� The pattern would have been flawed.� We would have been unable to quite understand Jesus' sacrifice for us, and the significance of God's presence available to us all in heaven.�
����������� We would have been unable to quite understand that the choirs limited to only Levites in the Old Testament era were to include all Christians in the New Testament era.� Every Christian is a choir member.� We would have been unable to quite understand that the instruments played by these Levites in the Old Testament era were to represent the hearts of all Christians in the New Testament era.
����������� And what if we believers do not follow God's regulations (the few there are) in the New Testament Christian era?� The pattern will be flawed.� If we do not all sing, as spiritual priests (yes, all Christians are priests of the Levite tribe (1 Peter 2:5, 9; Revelation 1:6, 5:10, 20:6) in the choir, we cannot quite understand the magnitude of the choirs in heaven.� If we do not play on the strings of our heart, we cannot understand the hearts that are being played before God in heaven. �
����������� Is it worth it?� Hiding our voices and hiring someone to do our singing for us like the Jews did?� Is it worth it?� Hiding our hearts and playing on temporal instruments like the Jews did?� ��������
����������� Holy Father, the symbols are beautiful.� Why didn't anyone ever show this to me from the Bible.� Why didn't anyone ever help me make the connection.� It's beautiful!� And I missed it, God.
The Unmasking
����������� In Acts 3:6, Peter told a beggar he was about to heal, "Silver or gold I do not have, but what I have I give you."� And so, in a similar way, would it ever be possible for Christians to say, "Choirs and instruments have I none, but the puny voice I have I give you"?
����������� Courage?� Would that take courage?� You bet!� The kind of courage that, when we all get down to it, perhaps we do not have.� What would it mean to our Sunday worship?� Really, on the gut level, what would it mean?� It would mean facing a part of ourselves that would unmask us.
����������� It would mean songs sometimes stumbled through because we didn't know the tune or words.� It would mean songs sometimes dragged because we're not very good at keeping good tempo.� It would mean sometimes making a fool of ourselves.
����������� Fools?� Do we really want to look like fools?� Could we endure the embarrassment?� Do we dare take off our mask among each other?
����������� Paul said in 2 Corinthians 12:9-10, "I will boast all the more gladly about my weaknesses, so that Christ's power may rest on me.� That is why, for Christ's sake, I delight in weaknesses, in insults, in hardships, in persecutions, in difficulties.� For when I am weak, then I am strong."
����������� The story is told of an American university student visiting the home of Beethoven at Bonne.� She asked permission to play on his piano.� After playing a few bars of the "Moonlight Sonata," she turned to the guard and said, "I suppose all of the great pianists have played during visits here."� "No, miss," the guard replied.� "Paderewski was here two years ago but said he was not worthy to touch it."
����������� One day in London, a preacher got all dressed up in his finest and started walking down a busy street.� People walking in the opposite direction toward him often laughed in obvious derision as they read the words he had attached to his hat in large letters:� The words were A FOOL FOR CHRIST'S SAKE.� But those who passed by and then turned back to deride this religious fanatic even more saw another card attached to the back of his hat.� It read:� WHOSE FOOL ARE YOU?
����������� A professor of Greek in the 1800s was impressed by one of his students who turned in assigned translations in such fine Greek prose.� The professor asked the student about it and he confessed that he received help from his uncle, W. Kelly.� The professor wished to meet him.�
����������� At the arranged time, the two Greek scholars met.� The professor asked Mr. Kelly what his vocation was.� To his surprise, Mr. Kelly replied, "I am a preacher and travel here and there all over the country ministering the Word of God to groups of Christians."� Aghast at such a waste, the professor replied, "Man, you're a fool!"� To that, Mr. Kelly replied, "For which world?"
����������� Poet Edward Rowland Sill wrote "The Fool's Prayer"
The royal feast was done; the King
sought some new sport to banish care,
And to his jester cried:� "Sir Fool,
kneel now, and make for us a prayer!"
The jester bowed, and bent his knee
upon the monarch's silken stool;
His pleading voice arose:� "O Lord,
be merciful to me, a fool!
"Earth bears no balsam for mistakes;
men crown the knave, and scourge the tool
That did his will; but Thou, O Lord,
be merciful to me, a fool!"
The room was hushed; in silence rose
the King, and sought his gardens cool,
And walked apart, and murmured low,
"Be merciful to me, a fool!"  [14]
����������� We interrupted our discussion of motives at the beginning of this chapter to discover some facts.� Now let us return to our motives.
����������� Is our church music for the right reason?� When we are through singing and playing a beautiful song with all the right notes, or watching others do so, do we want to say, "Aren't we good"? or "Isn't God good"?
����������� But, someone says, we must give our best to God.� Indeed we must.� But what is the best?�
����������� Should all of us who feel we do not have good enough voices worthy of God arrange for a soloist to take our place?� If our motive is to give God with the best, technically we would have to go out and find a better soloist than we already have in our congregation.�
����������� So, we run a newspaper ad and hire the best soloist in the city.� But there's still a soloist out there better than this one.� So, if we're going to give God the best, we need to keep our search.� Surely there is an opera singer somewhere with the best voice in the world.� We would then feel obligated to hire that opera singer to give God the best.� But what if there is an unknown out there with the voice "of an angel" who is not generally known, we still would not be able to offer God the best voice there is.
����������� The same thing could be said of choirs and orchestras.� If our motive is to offer the best we can, we have a problem.� Even if we found the best soloist, the best choir and the best orchestra in the world, they wouldn't be able to take the place of every Christian in the world.� There would be churches all over the world with no one singing at all because they couldn't come up with the best for God.
����������� Let's back up now.� What is it that God wants us to give him?� The best that each of us has.� That means that when there is singing, we all sing, and in the process we all "teach and admonish one another with all wisdom" (Colossians 3:16) through our songs.
����������� But we still can't get rid of the nagging problem that without professional help, our song service sounds unbelievably terrible.�
����������� It's hard to take off our masks of perfection, isn't it?� Here we are with good jobs, houses, lawns with the proper amount of mulch, computers, cars, motorcycles, the latest styles, and the respect of our peers.� Does God expect us to strip all that off in front of other people?� We could do it alone, but not in front of others.� Please, God!� Not that!
����������� Perhaps now we are at the crux of the entire problem.� We do not want anyone to see our frailties.� So we keep our mask on and hire others to take our place so we look good.
����������� It is time to take off our masks.� It is time to humble ourselves and show ourselves as we really are - frail human beings with weaknesses.� And in the process, to reveal that, not only do we not always sing with complete perfection, but we don't live with complete perfection either.�
����������� Holy Father, I want to look good in front of my friends.� I protect all my private sins from their knowledge.� I'd be mortified if they knew my weaknesses, even the horrible way I sing.
Resetting Our Priorities
����������� But, back to the weak Christians and the visitors.� We have to compete with TV, professional concerts, and so on.� Who said?� Well, they won't come back if our song service isn't perfect like they're used to seeing.� Who said?
����������� Did we ever stop to think that perhaps it is our very perfection that turns them off and we never see them again?
����������� How many times have we heard the expression, "Holier than thou"?� Is that what we're portraying in our music during worship?�
����������� What does such superiority complexes do to others?� It makes others feel even more inferior.� And what do people do who feel inferior to us?� They slink into the woodwork, never to be heard from again.
����������� The Associated Press published an article in July 2000 on "Sacred Harp" singing; that is, singing without any accompanying instruments.� "Now Sacred Harp singing is attracting a new following on college campuses and in urban areas."
����������� Many of their favorite songs were composed in the 1700s and 1800s.� The latest version of their Sacred Harp song book is published by the Sacred Harp Publishing Co. in Bremen, Georgia. �Over the past thirty years, it has sold about 90,000 song books.
����������� It is appearing in large cities such as Los Angeles, San Diego and Seattle, and it is the younger people pushing it.� Twenty-three states host Sacred Harp conventions attended by people of all denominations and ages.� They even have a web site here, and a a web site here.:   
����������� "Come on, now!" someone may still be objecting.� You're expecting too much.� What about our dignity?
����������� What about Jesus' dignity?� Hebrews 5:7 says Jesus begged God with loud cries all his life not to have to go through the crucifixion and everything associated with it.� Remember the Garden of Gethsemane?� I just don't believe he was quietly praying.� Jesus was meek, but he was not quiet.� There were times when he was in the temple and called out in a loud voice (see John 12:44, for instance).�
����������� So here he was in the garden just before his arrest, probably crying his heart out and begging God not to make him go through with the crucifixion.� His anguish was so bad, in fact, that an angel had to come to help give him courage (Luke 22:39-44).� And do you think his apostles could hear him?� Of course they could.� He had no mask.� He begged right in the hearing of his friends.
����������� What about Jesus' dignity?� Though he was God in the form of a man, he allowed himself to be beaten and tortured.� Then he allowed himself to be stripped naked in front of a crowd and displayed on a cross for the whole world to see.� Yes, what about Jesus?
����������� Do you think most visitors are motivated to come to service because they heard about your choir or organist, or because they want to make a connection with a Jesus who understands them?
����������� Holy Father, it's hard to trust you in this.� I still don't see how being so humble would attract visitors.� Well, it worked for Jesus.� But Jesus was different.
Time Taken From the Lonely
����������� Some may still object, that it would kill enthusiasm to spend twenty minutes to a half hour singing off key.� True, it would.� But do we have to sing that long?�
����������� Most books on worship emphasize the music and proclaim it is the central part of worship.� But is it?� Do we now have too much of a good thing?�
����������� Singing has taken over our worship to the detriment of time for Bible reading, prayer, the communion� and soul sharing!� Let's repeat that:� Singing has taken over our worship to the detriment of time for Bible reading, prayer, the communion, and soul sharing!� We've become unbalanced.
����������� When Jesus instituted the Lord's Supper, explaining that the bread and wine would now represent his lacerated body and shed blood, did they have a long song service?� Mark 14:26 says they sang one hymn.
����������� Later, when Paul was trying to straighten things out with the sincere but mixed-up church in Corinth, he said things were not being done in order.� He didn't say they were doing the wrong things, but they weren't in order.� What things?
����������� He said whenever they came together, "everyone has A HYMN, a word of instruction, a revelation, a tongue [language] or an interpretation [interpolation;" same word used in Luke 24:27 as explained). � He didn't say to add more and more of these, but have a little less.
����������� He talked elsewhere about their priorities.� Did he ever say they were to sing more?� In 1 Corinthians 14:24-25 and elsewhere, he said they were to prophecy more, which in our day would mean to read the Bible more.� What percent of the time do we spend reading right out of the Bible in church compared with the percent of time we spend singing?�
����������� In 14:27-31 Paul talked about "anyone" who speaks in a language, "someone" must interpret, "two or three" prophets, and a revelation comes to "someone."� But regarding prophecy (the Word of God) he said, "You can ALL prophecy in turn so that EVERYONE may be instructed and encouraged."� (Remember, prophecy was relied on then before the Word was written and assembled.)� But Paul never said to sing more.
����������� Where in the Bible is there reference to a "music ministry?"� There are references to preaching and teaching ministries, benevolent ministries, prayer ministries, but never music ministries.
����������� If Paul were to write to us today, what would he say?� Would he say our singing had turned into performances to each other rather than the intended revealing of our innermost self, imperfections and all?� Would he say spend more time reading what God has to say to us?� Would he say spend more time in prayer?� Would he say spend more time remembering Jesus' death and resurrection?� Our music program has taken over.
����������� Sunday is the day God set aside specifically for the Lord's Supper, the day Jesus conquered death.� We must center our worship on his sacrifice and our sins that caused it, and in telling others that story.� It is a sin to take that time away to do something the New Testament hardly says anything about.
����������� If our congregation has a lot of gifted singers and the congregational singing is wonderful, we may say, "But our people won't come to worship if we don't sing a lot.� They love to sing too much."
����������� Perhaps we're being inconsistent.� Look at our Bible classes?� Do we take up half the Bible class time singing and leave only half for Bible study because people wouldn't come if we didn't sing a lot?� What about our small groups?� Do we take up half the sharing time singing and leave only half for sharing?� Also, do not forget the Associated Press article above saying that the young people are leading the new movement in Sacred Harp singing.
����������� Perhaps much of the arguing between generations today about the types of music is just a symptom of a greater problem:� We have placed music on too high of a pedestal, and it is choking out the rest of our worship.� It started 150 years ago when instruments began to be generally accepted in all denominations putting high enough priority on the music service to spend hundreds or thousands of dollars on instruments to the detriment of the needy, lonely and untaught.� Now it has nearly taken over everything else.
����������� Someone says, "But I've had a music ministry all my life."� By that they mean they perform solos in front of the congregation.� Well, we can make ourselves look good by singing alone in front of the congregation in our perfection.� Or we can make the entire congregation sound good by sitting among them and singing along with them, the imperfect ones.
����������� Where's our humility?� Let us take off our masks.� And after our songs, rather than say, "We sure were good," let us say, "God sure is good."
����������� Shall we completely abandon all the magnificent compositions and choirs?� Perhaps when we come together for Sunday worship we should.� People are being entertained and then going home still lonely.
����������� Grandiose music has a purpose.� It's something to listen to in person or on the radio or on CDs while we imagine heaven, knowing most of us could never attain to that height of perfection here.�
����������� Yes, there is a place for performances at other times.� But in our Sunday worship?� Do we dare let someone else do our singing for us when God tells us all to sing?� Do we dare take over someone else's singing for them?�
����������� Some say they miss the organ playing while they seat themselves and wait in silence for worship to begin.� There are many tape of a cappella singing that could be played very quietly while we all sit and meditate before worship.
����������� If singing is a special gift of a congregation, perhaps a particular time can be set aside for nothing but singing like in the days of our grandparents.� But in our modern times, with people so involved with jobs and sports and clubs and etc., time normally taken during the week to encourage each other personally and pray for each other personally hardly exists.� So it needs to be done during the Sunday worship.
����������� As long as singing is allowed to take the highest priority, there is little or no time left for the other just-as-important parts of worship.� Perhaps that is why our worship services today are not taken too seriously.� People come in, spend a lot of time singing, have a good time, have a brief prayer, a brief sermon, a Bible verse (maybe), then go home.� Lonely.
����������� Singing is wonderful.� But do we have to rely on people SINGING to us that Jesus loves us when we long so desperately to hear people SAYING Jesus loves us?� Has our singing monopolized our worship to the determent of the other important things?� Has the music become a god unto itself?
����������� Let us take time, not just to sing it, but to tell people sitting next to us, "Jesus loves you."� Let us take time, not just to sing vague prayers, but to say specific prayers.� Let us take time, not just to sing "To the Work," but to find out how we - the hands, feet and mouth of Jesus - can minister to the loneliness of those among us.
����������� Oh God, I love the people I worship with.� I love our visitors.� I had no idea our performances were taking time away from them that they needed to personally learn of your love.� I'm so sorry, God.� Forgive me.
Singing With Purpose
����������� So what shall we sing?� There are all kinds of psalms, hymns and spiritual songs.� We need to sing about our needs.� We need to sing about our love of God.� We need to sign encouragement to each other and to the lost.
����������� Look up the circumstances surrounding the writing of various songs.� Or, look in later chapters of this book to find out what was going on in the religious and political world at the time that influenced writing of various songs ~ martyrdoms, translations of the Bible in the language of the common person, new religious regulations, new movements, new kings.� These events behind the hymns will fascinate you.
����������� Have an opening song and a closing song.� Have more ONLY if it does not crowd out the other important things in our service, the things that personally reach out to the lonely and lost.� A theme song for each service that centers around the Bible reaching, the sermon, and other activities is good.�
����������� How many times should a song be sung?� A recent trend is to sing the same short verse of the same song over and over and over until the audience is in a state of mass hypnosis.� The leader then feels s/he has control over the audience.
����������� Singing must not be a matter of mind control.� Even God never resorted to mind control.� Singing is a matter of sharing a meaningful message.� The Bible says we are to avoid vain repetitions (Matthew 6:7).
����������� In the advertising world, it is known that the short jingle is one tool of mass hypnosis and convincing people to purchase something.� It is a form of mind control when used over and over.
����������� Although Christian music is important, it must never be used to take control of someone else's mind.� God gave man free will.� We must respect that.�
����������� Is singing all that important?� Oh, yes it is.� It encourages people to cooperate with each other.� It encourages us to view each other equally at times when we are tempted to fight among each other.� And it gives us something to hang on to when we are alone.�
����������� There's nothing like a song in the night.� A song when we are frightened.� A song when we are discouraged.� A song when we search for hope.� A song when we want to adore our God.
The Second-Century Church
Pliny, who wrote about 100 AD said in his Letters [to the Emperor Trajan] Book X.xcvi:� "....they sang in alternative verses a hymn to Christ.... [notice, ONE hymn]" [15]
Tertullian, who lived about 155 to 222 AD, wrote from Carthage in On the Soul 9:4:� "....the psalms are chanted...." [16]
Clement of Alexandria wrote about 190 AD in Miscellanies VI.xiv.113:3:� "....praising, hymning, blessing, singing...." and in Instructor III.xi.80.4:� "Those who sing such and sing in response are those who before hymned immortality...."  [17]
and in ________________________, he said, "We make use of only one organ or instrument, even the peaceful word, with which we honor God; no longer with the old psaltry, trumpet, drum or pipe." [18]
IF YOU HAVE� QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS ABOUT THIS CHAPTER,
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Endnotes for this Page
[14].� George, David L., The Family Book of Best Loved Poems, Hanover House, Garden City, NY, 1952, pg. 465-466
[15].� Ferguson, pg. 81
[16].� Ibid, pg. 82
[17].� Ibid.
[18].� ? -
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