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| PILATE II� ENDNOTES OF SCHOLARLY SOURCES {Where Document name is cited first, it is Quoted} |
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| [1]������ THE BIBLE, JOHN 19:31 [NIV] - Now it was the day of Preparation, and the next day was to be a SPECIAL SABBATH.� Because the Jews did not want the bodies left on the crosses during the Sabbath....JOHN 19:31 [KJV] - The Jews therefore, because it was the preparation, that the bodies should not remain upon the cross on the sabbath day, for that sabbath day was an high day....� | |||||||||||
| ��������� [W. E. VINE, AN EXPOSITORY DICTIONARY OF NEW TESTAMENT WORDS - Sabbath did not mean seventh, it meant day of ceasing from ordinary work.]� | |||||||||||
| ��������� THE BIBLE, LEVITICUS 16:29-31 - "On the tenth day of the seventh month you must deny yourselves and not do any work....It is a sabbath of rest." �[This shows that, although the seventh day of each week was to be a weekly sabbath, there were other sabbaths set for certain days of the year and could not have always fallen on Saturday.] | |||||||||||
| [2]������ FLAVIUS JOSEPHUS, WARS OF THE JEWS, BK. 6, 4:2-5 - The soldiers had already put fire to the gates...whence it spread itself all on the sudden, and caught hold of the cloisters....Now burning...though the holy house itself had been on fire already....This fire prevailed during that day and the next....The Jews...guarded the outward court of the temple very boldly....shut themselves up in the inner court of the temple....those that guarded the holy house fought with those that quenched the fire that was burning in the inner court of the temple....Now, round about the altar lay dead bodies heaped one upon another; as at the steps going up to it ran a great quantity of their blood, whither also the dead bodies that were slain above on the altar fell down....the flame burst out from within the holy house itself....and thus was the holy house burnt down. | |||||||||||
| [3]������ FLAVIUS JOSEPHUS, ANTIQUITIES OF THE JEWS, BK. 17, 10:4-10 - Now, at this time there were TEN THOUSAND other DISORDERS in Judea....In particular, two thousands of Herod's old SOLDIERS....There was also JUDAS...who had been head of the robbers...made an assault on the palace....There was also SIMON...a slave...declared to be a king...cut off his head....ATHRONGES...a shepherd...so bold as to set up for king...grew more cruel...subdued......And now Judea was full of robberies...of the seditious...created a king in order to do mischief to the public...the murders they committed....now the number of those that were CRUCIFIED on this account were TWO THOUSAND. | |||||||||||
| [4]������ THE BIBLE, ACTS 10:28 [NIV] - "You are well aware that it is against our law for a Jew to associate with a Gentile or visit him." | |||||||||||
| [5]������ THE BIBLE, JOHN 18:28 - They themselves didn't enter the palace because they didn't want to be disqualified frrom eating the Passover. | |||||||||||
| [6]������ THE BIBLE, LUKE 23:13-15 - Then Pilate called in the high priests, rulers, and the others and said, "You brought this man to me as a disturber of the peace.� I examined him in front of all of you and found there was nothing to your charge.� And neither did Herod, for he has sent him back here with a clean bill of health.� It's clear that he's done nothing wrong, let alone anything deserving death.� I'm going to warn him to watch his step and let him go." | |||||||||||
| [7]������ FLAVIUS JOSEPHUS, WARS OF THE JEWS, BK. 2, 9:2 - But upon Pilate's denial of their request, they fell down prostrate upon the ground, and continued immovable in that posture for five days and as many nights. | |||||||||||
| [8]������ THE BIBLE, JOHN 18:33 - Pilate went back into the palace and called for Jesus. | |||||||||||
| [9]������ During excavations in 1961 at the ruins of Caesarea, the ancient seat of Roman government in Judea, a first-century inscription was uncovered confirming that Pilate had been the Roman ruler of the region� at the time of Christ.� The plaque was found in the arena, the out-door theater built by Herod, and read: "Pontius Pilate, the Prefect of Judea, has dedicated to the people of Caesarea a temple in honor of Tiberius." | |||||||||||
| [10]����� THE BIBLE, JOHN 18:34-35 - He said, "Are you the 'King of the Jews'?"� Jesus answered, "Are you saying this on your own, or did others tell you this about me?"� Pilate said, "Do I look like a Jew?� Your people and your high priests turned you over to me.� What did you do?" | |||||||||||
| [11]����� THE BIBLE, JOHN 18:36 - "My kingdom," said Jesus, "doesn't consist of what you see around you.� If it did, my followers would fight so that I wouldn't be handed over to the Jews.� But I'm not that kind of king, not the world's kind of king."� | |||||||||||
| [12]����� THE BIBLE, EXODUS 3:14b-15 - "'I AM has sent me!'� (This is my eternal name, to be used throughout all generations.)" | |||||||||||
| [13]����� THE BIBLE, ISAIAH 52:15 - Kings will shut their mouths because of him.� For what they were not told, they will see, and what they have no heard, they will understand. | |||||||||||
| [14]����� THE BIBLE, JOHN 18:37-38 - Then Pilate said, "So, are you a king or not?"� Jesus answered, "You tell me.� Because I am King, I was born and entered the world so that I could witness to the truth.� Everyone who cares for truth, who has any feeling for the truth, recognizes my voice."� Pilate said, "What is truth?"� Then he went back out to the Jews and told them, "I find nothing wrong with this man." | |||||||||||
| [15]����� THE BIBLE, MATTHEW 27:15-18 - It was an old custom during the Feast for the governor to pardon a single prisoner named by the crowd.� At the time, they had the infamous Jesus Barabbas in prison.� With the crowd before him, Pilate said, "Which prisoner do you want me to pardon:� Jesus Barabbas, or Jesus the so-called Christ?"� He knew it was through sheer spite that they had turned Jesus over to him. | |||||||||||
| [16]����� THE BIBLE, MATTHEW 27:20 - Meanwhile, the high priests and religious leaders had talked the crowd into asking for the pardon of Barabbas and the execution of Jesus. | |||||||||||
| [17]����� THE BIBLE, MATTHEW 27:19 - While court was still in session, Pilate's wife sent him a message:� "Don't get mixed up in judging this noble man.� I've just been through a long and troubled night because of a dream about him." | |||||||||||
| [18]����� THE BIBLE, MATTHEW 27:21-23 - The governor asked, "Which of the two do you want me to pardon?"� They said, "Barabbas!"� "Then what do I do with� Jesus, the so-called Christ?"� They shouted, "Nail him to a cross!"� He objected, "But for what crime?"� But they yelled all the louder," Nail him to a cross!" | |||||||||||
| [19]����� THE BIBLE, PSALM 26:6a [PROPHESIED 1000 YEARS BEFORE JESUS] - I wash my hands to prove my innocence. | |||||||||||
| [20]����� THE BIBLE, MATTHEW 27:24-25 - When Pilate saw that he was getting nowhere and that a riot was imminent, he took a basin of water and washed his hands in full sight of the crowd, saying, "I'm washing my hands of responsibility for this man's death.� From now on, it's in your hands.� You're judge and jury."� The crowd answered, "We'll take the blame, we and our children after us." | |||||||||||
| [21]����� THE BIBLE, MATTHEW 27:26a - Then he pardoned Barabbas.� But he had Jesus whipped. | |||||||||||
| [22]����� THE BIBLE, MATTHEW 27:27 - [NIV] Then the governor's soldiers took Jesus into the Praetorium and gathered the whole company of soldiers around him. | |||||||||||
| [23]����� THE BIBLE, ISAIAH 53:5 [WRITTEN 700 YEARS BEFORE JESUS - He was wounded and bruised for our sins.� He was beaten that we might have peace; he was lashed - and we were healed! | |||||||||||
| [24]����� FLAVIUS JOSEPHUS, ANTIQUITIES OF THE JEWS, BK 15, 8:4; BK 16, 8:1,4; 10:5; 11:6 - ...underwent all the torments inflicted on them till they died...bitter and severe tortures....more severely tortured and were in the utmost extremity....tortured and put not a few of them to death...in the utmost agony....tortured before the multitude....tortured...his father already...his terrible sufferings. | |||||||||||
| [25]����� THE BIBLE, PSALM 129:3 [predicted about 1500 years before Jesus] - Plowmen have plowed my back and made their furrows long. | |||||||||||
| [26]����� THE MERCK MANUAL OF DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY - [Summary] Shock is produced by hemorrhage and insufficient return of blood to the heart.� Due to extensive tissue damage, wound shock may be complicated by both pain and excessive fluid loss evidenced by separating of solids and plasma in the blood.� The patient appears tense and anxious.� Pallor and sweating are evidenced.� The tongue is dry.� The pulse is soft, faint and rapid.� Veins are collapsed and fill poorly.� Hyperventilation is frequent.� Death can result. | |||||||||||
| [27]����� THE BIBLE, PSALM 23:1-3a - Because the Lord is my Shepherd, I have everything I need!� He lets me rest in the meadow grass and leads me beside the quiet streams.� He gives me new strength | |||||||||||
| [28]����� THE BIBLE, MATTHEW 27:28 - They stripped him and dressed him in a red toga. | |||||||||||
| [29]����� THE BIBLE, MATTHEW 27:29 - [NIV] And then twisted together a crown of thorns and set it on his head.� They put a staff in his right hand and knelt in front of him and mocked him.� "Hail, king of the Jews!" they said. | |||||||||||
| [30]����� THE BIBLE, PSALM 62:1 - I stand silently before the Lord, waiting for him to rescue me. | |||||||||||
| [31]����� THE BIBLE, MATTHEW 27:30 - They spit on him, and took the staff and struck him on the head again and again. | |||||||||||
| [32]����� THE BIBLE, PSALM 3:2-3 - So many say that God will never help me.� But Lord, you are my shield, my glory, and my only hope.� You alone can lift my head, now bowed in shame. | |||||||||||
| [33]����� THE BIBLE, PSALM 6:5-6a - For if I die I cannot give you glory by praising you before my friends.� I am worn out with pain. | |||||||||||
| [34]����� THE BIBLE, PSALM 7:1-5 - I am depending on you, O Lord my God, to save me from my persecutors.� don't let them pounce upon me as a lion would and maul me and drag me away with no one to rescue me.� It would be different, Lord, if I were doing evil things - if I were paying back evil for good or unjustly attacking those I dislike.� Then it would be right for you to let my enemies destroy me, crush me to the ground, and trample my life in the dust. | |||||||||||
| [35]����� THE BIBLE, JOHN 19:4 - Pilate went back out again and said to them, "I present him to you, but I want you to know that I do not find him guilty of any crime." | |||||||||||
| [36]����� THE BIBLE, JOHN 19:5 - Just then Jesus came out wearing the thorn crown and purple robe.� Pilate announced, "Here he is:� the Man." | |||||||||||
| [37]����� THE BIBLE, JOHN 19:6 - When the high priests and police saw him, they shouted in a frenzy, "Crucify!� Crucify!"� Pilate told them, "You take him.� You crucify him.� I find nothing wrong with him." | |||||||||||
| [38]����� THE BIBLE, JOHN 19:7-11 - The Jews answered, "We have a law, and by that law he must die because he claimed to be the Son of God."� When Pilate heard this, he became even more scared.� He went back into the palace and said to Jesus, "Where did you come from?"� Jesus gave no answer.� Pilate said, "You won't talk?� Don't you know that I have the authority to pardon you, and the authority to ~ crucify you?"� Jesus said, "You haven't a shred of authority over me except what has been given you from heaven.� That's why the one who betrayed me to you has committed a far greater fault." | |||||||||||
| [39]����� THE BIBLE, JOHN 19:12 - At this, Pilate tried his best to pardon him, but the Jews shouted him down:� "If you pardon this man, you're no friend of Caesar's.� Anyone setting himself up as 'king' defies Caesar." | |||||||||||
| [40]����� THE BIBLE, JOHN 19:13 - When Pilate heard those words, he led Jesus outside.� He sat down at the judgment seat in the area designated Stone Court (in Hebrew, Gabbatha).� | |||||||||||
| [41]����� A stone court or Gabatha, meaning pavement, was discovered in Jerusalem around 1951 with the combined efforts of the Dames de Siuon, the Franciscans of the Covnant of Flagellation, and archaeologist L. H. Vincent.� It is right outside the Temple at the site of the Tower and barrachs/praetorium of Antonia.� However, this may not been the stone court Pilate made his ruling from.� Josephus referred to Herod setting up his judgment seat at his palace (WARS OF THE JEWS, Bk. 2, 14:8). | |||||||||||
| [42]����� THE BIBLE, JOHN 19:14-16 - It was the preparation day for Passover.� The hour was noon.� Pilate said to the Jews, "Here is your king."� They shouted back, "Kill him!� Kill him!� Crucify him!"� Pilate said, "I am to crucify your king?"� The high priests answered, "We have no king except Caesar."� Pilate caved in to their demand.� He turned him over to be crucified. | |||||||||||
| [43]����� TACITIS, ANNAL. LIV. XV, CAP. 44 (AS QUOTED IN FLAVIUS JOSEPHUS DISSERTION I) - Nero, in order to stifle the rumour (as if he himself had set Rome on fire,) ascribed it to those people who were hated for their wicked practices, and called by the vulgar, Christians; these he punished exquisitely.� The author of this name was Christ who, in the reign of Tiberius, was brought to punishment by Pontius Pilate the procurator. | |||||||||||
| [44]����� THE ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY OF EUSEBIUS PAMPHILUS, CH. 2 [WRITTEN ABOUT 300 AD) - Pontius Pilate transmits to Tiberius [Caesar] an account of the circumstances concerning the resurrection of our Lord from the dead...he ascertained other miracles...he was believed to be a God by the great mass of the people....communicated with the senate, being obviously pleased with the doctrine; but the senate, as they had not proposed the measure, rejected it.� But he continued in his opinion, threatening death to the accusers of the Christians. | |||||||||||
| [45]����� FLAVIUS JOSEPHUS, ANTIQUITIES OF THE JEWS, BK. 8, 4:2 - But when this tumult was appeased, the Samaritan senate sent an embassy...ordered Pilate to go to Rome, to answer before the emperor to the accusations of the Jews.� So Pilate, when he had tarried ten years in Judea, made haste to Rome.... | |||||||||||
| [46]����� THE ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY OF EUSEBIUS PAMPHILUS, CH. 7 - ...this same Pilate, who was governor at our Saviour's crucifixion, in the reign of Caius [Caesar]...fell into such calamities that he was forced to become his own murderer, and the avenger of his own wickedness....stated by those Greek historians who have recorded the Olympiads in order, together with the transactions of the times. | |||||||||||