Anatomy and Physiology
Course Description: The course is designed as an in-depth study of the human being, Homo sapiens, as both a complete organism and as a compilation of its parts and systems. This course will take the student through the various cellular components of the human organism its tissues, organs and organ systems. The course will provide students with a college level background that will be advantageous to those students interested in a career based upon the sciences. Students enrolled in this course are eligible to participate in the Middle College Program earning 3 college credits through FDU upon successful completion (C or better) of the course. A fee must be paid to FDU in order to qualify.
In addition, the course is designed to give students a holistic approach to the maintenance of good health, as well as the study of possible disease processes in the body. This course will provide broad-based knowledge of human anatomy and physiology and its comparison to lower forms of vertebrates such as the shark, fetal pig, cat, sheep and cow.
Statement of Expected Student Outcomes:
Upon successful completion of this course, the student will be able to
Identify the various tissues that compose the human body.
Understand the anatomy and physiology of these tissues and the organs formed from them.
Identify bones, muscles, organs and other tissues by name.
Understand the various organ systems of the body and explain how they function.
Tentatively select a vocation in the bio-medical science field, if desired.
Research biological and medical subjects from journals and other resources.
Identify career possibilities and the duties of an individual in that job title.
Successfully dissect selected specimens and identify important structures therein.
Materials needed: A five-subject clean-tear notebook. Colored pencils. Laboratory notebook or art sketchbook for illustration. Pen or pencil. Anatomy and Physiology Textbook. A spiral binder is suggested for handouts.
Content and Material:
1. The Body as an Integrated Whole
A. The body-a unit composed of many units
B. The body continuously moves materials
Important Vocabulary: ventral, dorsal, superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, proximal, distal, sagittal, frontal, transverse, adhesion, cohesion, inhibition, absorption, diffusion, osmosis, filtration.
2. Components of the Body
A. Chemical aspects of protoplasm
B. Physical aspects of protoplasm
C. Structure of the cell
D. Growth of cells
E. Tissues
F. Organs
G. Organ system
Important Vocabulary: water, protein, lipid, carbohydrate, inorganic salt, enzyme, suspension, solution, cell theory, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitosis, PMAT, epithelium, muscle, nervous, circulating, reproductive, connective.
3. Physical Basis of Life
A. Composition of matter
B. Structure of atoms
C. Isotopes
D. Ions and molecules
E. Chemical compounds
F. Hydrogen ion concentration
4. The Skeletal System:
A. Formation and growth
B. Functions
C. Types of bones
D. Bone markings
E. Structure of bones
F. Names and numbers of bones
G. Differences between male and female skeletons
H. Age changes in skeletons
I. Articulation
J. Disorders of the skeletal system
Important Vocabulary: cartilage, depression, projection, axial, appendicular, joints, istheinteketus, arthritis, scoliosis, kyphosis, lordosis, fracture, dislocation, sprain
5. The Muscular System:
A. General functions
B. Comparison of types
C. The bursae
D. Physiology of muscle tissue
E. Muscle contractions
F. Chemical changes during muscle activity
Important Vocabulary: irritability, contractility, tonicity, extensibility, twitch, tetanus, fatigue, isotonic, isometric
6. The Nervous System
A. Structure and general function
B. Central Nervous System structure and function
C. Autonomic Nervous System
D. Peripheral Nervous System
E. Nerve Impulse
F. Behavior of nerve impulses
G. Structure of the eye
H. Structure of the ear.
Important Vocabulary: ectoderm, neural plate, neural groove, neural tube, neuroglia, ganglia, sensory, motor, cranial and spinal nerve, myelin sheath, neurilemma, node of ranvier, action potential, spike potential, negative after-potential, positive after-potential, threshold, summation, all-or-none principle, orbital, refraction, focal length, retinal image, compression, rarefactions, volume, frequency, auditory, external ear, middle ear, inner ear, balance, equilibrium.
7. The circulatory System
A. Function of
B. Organs of
C. The blood and its composition
D. Blood plasma
E. Physiology of circulation
F. The heart: structure and function
G. Lymphatic system and its function
H. The spleen and its function
Important Vocabulary: microbes, lymph, erythrocytes, leucocytes, thrombocytes, hypertonic, hypotonic, plasmolysis, artery, vein, capillary, atrium, ventricle, hemorrhage, systolic, diastolic, pulse, edema, elephantiasis, adenitis, interstitial fluid, nodes
8. The Respiratory System:
A. Function and Importance
B. Organs of
C. Mechanics of respiration
D. Transportation of respiratory gases by the blood
E. Artificial respiration
Important Vocabulary: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli, thorax, intrapleural pressure
9. The Digestive System:
A. Main organs
B. Accessory organs
C. Kinds of digestion
D. Control of digestive gland secretion
E. Absorption
F. Metabolism
Important Vocabulary: mouth, tongue, esophagus, stomach, intestines, teeth, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gall bladder, appendix, peristalsis, emulsifiers, enzymes, bile, saliva, anabolism, catabolism, mechanical, chemical digestion, weight control.
10. The Urinary System:
A. Function and importance
B. Organs of
C. Urine
Important Vocabulary: secretion, excretion, elimination, kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, urea
11. The Endocrine System
A. Meaning of
B. General Structure and function of
C. Organs of
D. Reproduction
Important Vocabulary: pituitary, adenohypophysis, prolactin, somatotrophic hormone, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, adrenals, thyroid, parathyroid, ovaries, testes, pancreas, insulin, uterus, adrenal cortex, medulla, hyper and hypo secretions, testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, pregnancy, fallopian tubes, penis, vagina, prostate
Evaluation Method:
All students will be graded upon satisfactory completion of homework, quizzes, tests, lab practicals, lab reports and illustrations, research paper, science articles, and class participation. The final exam is cumulative and seniors receiving an average for the course will be exempt from taking the final. All students must also meet the Attendance Policy requirements in order to receive credit for the course. If extra credit is available it will be made available for ALL students, there will be no individual extra credit assignments given.
