1. The arrival of immigrants on American shores in the late nineteenth century involved both "push" and "pull" factors. Describe the major motives that caused emigrants to leave Europe and come to the United States during this period.

2. Fear of newly arriving immigrants has been a constant in American history. With respect to the New Immigrants of the late nineteenth century, describe what the native-born Americans were concerned about. Do you think their fears were well founded? Why or why not?

3. Do you think the United States needed immigration-restriction laws in the nineteenth century? List the kinds of restrictions actually imposed and state whether you agree with each restriction and why or why not.

4. Cite at least one figure in each of the following categories and describe the major theme of his or

her work. Then tell why you think they reflect the reality of life in the late nineteenth century:

a. journalism and popular writing

b. serious novels and poetry

c. sculpture and architecture

5. What was the impact of industrialization and urbanization on late-nineteenth-century American churches, schools, and family life? Cite at least two changes wrought on each of these institutions during this period.

6. The text’s authors allege that "women were growing more independent in the urban environment of the cities" in the late nineteenth century. What did the city environment have to do with women’s liberation, and what forms did their new independence take?

7. Explain the statement that the late-nineteenth-century cities "grew up, out, and apart." Had you been alive at the time, what might have attracted you to the city? What might have caused you to stay there or to go back "down on the farm"?

8. In what ways was the city a "frontier of opportunity for women"? Name at least two women who seized this "opportunity" and elaborate on their experiences.