Gil Freundlich

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Languages and Linguistics


Iroquoian

Ökwe'öwékhá' -- The Mingo/Seneca language
Mingo is the name (in English) of the Iroquoian people who dwelt in the Ohio drainage area, spreading through today's western Pennsylvania, eastern Ohio, and northern West-Virginia. The Mingoes did not belong to the Iroquois League (this fact accounts, among other things, for the reason they have not been seriously studied or documented over the years).
From a linguistic view, the Mingo language is practically identical to Seneca, with only dialectical variations. However, ethnically, historically and culturally, the Mingo and the Seneca are distinctly different people.

Germanic

Germanic -- Varieties of Modern German (and other languages of Germanic Stock)

German is more interesting linguistically than what one sees at first glance.
The "official" German, as presented in the media in German, is called "Hochdeutsch" ("High-German"). Many native speakers of German do not speak this dialect among themselves, with people of the same region. These people speak their native local variety of German, which usually sounds quite different from the "official" German. This is epsecially true in the rural areas. People in the big cities tend to speak Hochdeutsch (with a local "accent").
More interestingly, "Hochdeutsch" is not the local dialect of anywhere. It evolved in the 15th and 16th centuries as a common convention among merchants from different regions. Later, Martin Luther used this convention when he translated the Bible into German, augmenting it whenever necessary with his own mitigated Saxon dialect. In the 1870s, Hochdeutsch was declared as the official language of the united Germany, and it remains so to this day.


Mayan

Yucatec -- "Curso Maya" (in Spanish) -- very good online lessons teaching Yucatec Maya
"Yucatec" is the name (in English, "Yucateco" in Spanish) of the Maya language spoken today by about 1 million people in the Yucatán peninsula (southern Mexico) and Belize. The original language the Maya people spoke centuries ago has evolved nowadays into several languages and dialects; Yucatec is one representative.

Celtic

Irish Gaelic [To Be Added]

Scots Gaelic [To Be Added]


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