Ch. 29-30 Study Guide

Totalitarianism/ Democracy in Crisis
 
Ch. 29
apartheid – A system of racial segregation that’s goal was to ensure white economic power.  They were enforced in South Africa between 1910 to the 1990’s.

civil disobedience – The refusal to obey unjust laws.  It was strongly believed by Henry David Thoreau, and later used by Gandhi.

Diego Rivera – A famous Mexican muralist in the 1920s and 1930s.  He created magnificent works that won worldwide acclaim and inspired Mexican cultural nationalism.

Hirohito – A Japanese emperor who reigned from 1926 to 1989.  He was viewed as a deity among the Japanese and he marked a time of great change and tragedy in Japan’s history.

Jiang Jieshi – A young, energetic army officer who took over the Guomindang after Sun Yixian’s death in 1925.  He was determined to reunite China by military oppression.
Muhammad Ali Jinrah – An Albanian Muslim soldier who was appointed governor of Egypt in 1805.  He conquered lands in Arabia, Syria, and Sudan and introduced a number of political and economic reforms.

Nationalization – Government takeover of natural resources.  The Mexican government under Venustiano Carranza practiced nationalization to discourage foreign influence.

Pancho Villa – In 1916, Pancho Villa, a Mexican nationalist, killed 17 Americans in New Mexico.  The U.S. retaliated by invading Mexico, which raised anti-Yankee sentiment.

Cause of the 1910 Mexico Revolution – Peasants became impoverished and were discontented with the dictatorship Porfirio Diaz.  After Francisco Madero demanded free elections and was imprisoned, revolts began all around Mexico.

Pan-Africanism – A congress that’s purpose was to forge a united front to approve a charter of rights for Africans.  It was held in Paris in 1919 and it was ignored by western powers.

Mandate System (M. East) – The mandates were territories administered by European nations set up at the Paris Peace Conference.  Instead of being delivered independence as promised for joining the Allies during WWI, they were carved up into mandates, which infuriated Arabians.

Great Salt March – An example of civil disobedience towards British ruled India led by Gandhi.  He marched with 78 followers and set out on a 240 mile march to the sea.

May Fourth Movement – A movement that began on May 4, 1919, of student protests and boycotting of Japanese goods.  Its goal was to strengthen China.

Effect of Great Depression in Japan – The Great Depression in Japan was blamed and democracy, and caused a public distaste for it.  It led to the rise of the emperor and his dictatorship.
 
CH. 30
general strike – A strike by workers in many different industries at the same time.  A general strike in the 1920’s in Britain lasted nine days and involved some three million workers.

stream of consciousness – A technique of writing in which a writer probes a charter’s random thoughts and feelings without imposing any logic or order.  British novelist Virginia Woolf used stream of consciousness to explore the hidden thoughts of people as they go through the ordinary actions of their everyday lives.

flapper – Liberated young women who rejected old ways.  They bobbed their hair and wore skirts far shorter than prewar fashions.

concentration camp – Detention centers for civilians considered enemies of a state.  Hitler used concentration camps for the organized extermination of the Jews.

Leon Blum – Socialist French leader whose Popular Front government tried to solve labor problems and passed some social legislation.  His government was brought down by the far left extremists.

Marie Curie – A polish born French scientist who began experimenting with radioactivity.  She discovered that the atoms of certain elements, such as radium and uranium spontaneously release charged particles.

Franklin D. Roosevelt – American president who introduced the New Deal, a massive package of economic and social programs.  As a result of his policies, the American economy began to recover and many new social programs were introduced.

Virginia Woolf – A British novelist who used stream of consciousness.  She authored novels like To the Lighthouse and Mrs. Dalloway.

Albert Einstein – A German born physicist who advanced his theories of relativity.  He argued that space and time measurements are not absolute, but are determined by many factors, some of them unown.

James Joyce – An Irish novelist who wrote Finnegan’s Wake.  He explored the mind of a hero who remains sound asleep throughout the novel.

Pablo Picasso – Famous Spanish artist who created a revolutionary style called Cubism.  They broke three dimensional objects into fragments and composed them into complex patterns of angles and planes.

Joseph Pilsudski –A Polish dictator who gained power in 1926.  Eventually, right-wing dictators emerged in every Eastern European country except Czechoslovakia and Finland.

Frank Lloyd Wright – Inventor of the manned airplane.  He flew a legendary flight in Kittyhawk, which would revolutionized the future WWII.

Kellog-Briand Pact – A pact that pushed for international disarmament.  It aimed to prevent future wars and was sponsored by the US.

Fascism – A term used to describe any authoritarian government that is not communist.  Fascist governments began to rise all across Europe in the 1930’s, notably in Germany and Italy.

Adolph Hitler – Leader of the National Socialist German Workers who authored Mein Kampf and made himself dictator.  He turned Germany into a war machine capable of taking on all of Europe.

totalitarian rule – Rule under a one party dictatorship that regulates every aspect of citizens’ lives.  Adolf Hitler and Mussolini practiced totalitarian rule.

Mein Kampf – The “holy book” of Nazi goals and ideology.  It reflected Hitler’s obsessions: extreme nationalism, racism, and anti-Semitism.

campaign against the Jews – Hitler began a campaign against Jews, and in 1935 the Nuremberg Laws placed severe restrictions on Jews.  In November 1938, a German diplomat in Paris was shot by a young Jew whose parents had been mistreated in Germany; Hitler used the incident as an excuse to attack all Jews.

Great Depression – Began in 1929 in the United States.  It quickly spread to the rest of the world, bringing hardship both to urban workers and rural families.

Mussolini – In 1922 Mussolini made himself leader of the new Italian government, and by 1925 he had assumed more power and taken the title Il Duce.  He was a fierce, albeit efficient, leader who corrected many of Italy’s social problems, but ruled with an iron fist.

Weimar Republic – Government set up to rule post WWI Germany.  It was despised by WWI veterans and was highly ineffective.

Kristallnacht – The “Night of the Broken Glass.”  Nazi-led mobs attacked Jewish communities all over Germany, smashing windows, looting shops, and burning synagogues.

List causes of Great Depression – In 1929, the American stock market crashed and banks failed, thousands of businesses closed, and unemployment spread everywhere across the country.  The Depression quickly spread throughout Europe and the rest of the world, which was still recovering from the economic plights of WWI.