3/25
6. Our Course will seem to bloody , Caius Cassius (Act III Scene 1, Line 162)

a. Brutus says, "Let's be sacrifices, but nor butchers, Caius." Collect together the expressions used by Brutus which are appropriate to butchery.
-"To cut the head off and then hack tthe limbs."
-"Let's carve him as a dish fit for tthe gods."
-"But, alas, Caesar must bleed for itt."

b. Brutus says that ideally they should be killing Caesar's spirit, not his body. Look up the words of Caesar's ghost in Act IV Scene 3, lines 281, 282, and 284, and comment on the irony.  Caesar's ghost appearing after his death is ironic because the goal of Brutus and the conpsirators was to destroy Caesar's soul, not his body, and they accomplished exactly the opposite.

c. Brutus turns harsh words and phrases into softer ones, to make a savage act seem like a civilized one. How does he choose his words to achieve this?  He uses words phrases such as, "Let's be sacrificers, but not butchers, Caius." and "We all stand up against the spirit of Caesar, and in the spirit of men there is no blood." to make it appear as if they are acting justly and out of necessity.

d. How is Brutus's dismissal of Antony consistent in expression with his earlier imagery?  Brutus's dismissal of Antony is consistent in expression with his earlier imagery because he wants it to appear as if he is doing what is right and just, and that killing Antony would be unnecessary and cruel.

3/31

1. "Romans, countrymen, and lovers! hear me for my
cause, and be silent, that you may hear"
Apposition - The phrase "that you may hear" reinforces the phrase "hear me for my cause, and be silent,".

2. "If then that friend demand
why Brutus rose against Caesar, this is my answer:
--Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved
Rome more."
Antimetabote - The phrase "that I loved" is repeated twice in the successive clauses, in reverse grammatical order.

3. "As Caesar loved me, I weep for him;
as he was fortunate, I rejoice at it; as he was
valiant, I honour him: but, as he was ambitious, I
slew him."
Antithesis - For each initial statement Brutus makes, he then contrasts it with his reaction to the initial statement.

4. "If any, speak; for him have I offended.
Who is here so rude that would not be a Roman? If
any, speak; for him have I offended. Who is here so
vile that will not love his country? If any, speak;
for him have I offended."
Epistrophe - The phrase "him have I offended" is repeated at the end of each clause.

5. "For Brutus is an honourable man;
So are they all, all honourable men--
Come I to speak in Caesar's funeral.
He was my friend, faithful and just to me:
But Brutus says he was ambitious;
And Brutus is an honourable man.
He hath brought many captives home to Rome
Whose ransoms did the general coffers fill:
Did this in Caesar seem ambitious?
When that the poor have cried, Caesar hath wept:
Ambition should be made of sterner stuff:
Yet Brutus says he was ambitious;
And Brutus is an honourable man.
You all did see that on the Lupercal
I thrice presented him a kingly crown,
Which he did thrice refuse: was this ambition?
Yet Brutus says he was ambitious;
And, sure, he is an honourable man."
Parenthesis - Antony notes that Brutus is an honorable man several times, using commas to insert the phrase at sporadic moments to contradict his previous statements and make Brutus appear foolish.

p. 222, #15; p. 225, # 9; p. 229, #6; p. 238 #4 a-d, g,

222 #15
15. a. "But I am as constant as the northern star, of f whose true-fix'd and resting quality there is no fellow in the firmament.
b. "I could be well mov'd if I were as you; If I could pray to move, prayers would move me."
c. "To think that Caesar bears such rebel blood that will be thaw'd from te true quality with that which melteth fools - I mean sweet words, low-crooked curtsies, and base spaniel fawning."
d. "Know, Caesar doth not wrong, nor without cause will he be satisfied."
e. "Yet in the number I do know but one that unassailable holds on his rank, unshak'd of motion; and that I am he".
Yes, Shakespeare had a dramatic purpose in showing Caesar at his worst immediately before the assassination to show that the conspirators honestly thought they were doing a good deed.

225 #9
a. "Romans, countrymen, and lovers! hear me for my
cause, and be silent, that you may hear: believe me
for mine honour, and have respect to mine honour, that
you may believe: censure me in your wisdom, and
awake your senses, that you may the better judge."
b. "censure me in your wisdom, and
awake your senses, that you may the better judge."
c. "Had you rather Caesar were living and
die all slaves, than that Caesar were dead, to live
all free men?"
d. "With this I depart,--that, as I slew my best lover for the
good of Rome, I have the same dagger for myself,
when it shall please my country to need my death."
e. "As Caesar loved me, I weep for him;
as he was fortunate, I rejoice at it; as he was
valiant, I honour him: but, as he was ambitious, I
slew him. There is tears for his love; joy for his
fortune; honour for his valour; and death for his
ambition. Who is here so base that would be a
bondman? If any, speak; for him have I offended.
Who is here so rude that would not be a Roman? If
any, speak; for him have I offended. Who is here so
vile that will not love his country? If any, speak;
for him have I offended. I pause for a reply."
It is reasonable to describe him as politically naive, as he offers no evidence to support his statements.

229 #6
a. "Yes, every man of them, and no man here
But honours you; and every one doth wish
You had but that opinion of yourself
Which every noble Roman bears of you."
b. "And, friends, disperse yourselves; but all remember
What you have said, and show yourselves true Romans."
c. "But what of Cicero? shall we sound him?
I think he will stand very strong with us."
"Then leave him out."

238 #4, a-d, g
a. "Caesar's better parts
Shall be crown'd in Brutus."
b. They react by believing strongly in what he says.
c. Antony's oratorical approach shows a greater understanding of crowd psychology, because he knows that if the crowd is complimented and appealed to through emotion, they will be easily swayed.
d. He declines to read the will at first to build suspense and anticipation for what it says.
g. It tells that the crowd is very unfocused and believe what they are told, when they are told.

4/5

p. 223 #17:
a. The praise is not consistent with the earlier reference to Caesar’s characteristics, because before his assassination Brutus and the conspirators claimed that Caesar was a power hungry monster, but in this argument they praise him as a true Roman.
b. The new criticism is a major event and should have been mentioned earlier because if Brutus had thought for himself and not followed the other men then he would have realized that Rome might have been better off with Caesar.

p. 226 #10:

a. Brutus is unrealistic in expecting his allies to always act honorably.
b. Brutus is properly firm and uncompromising.
c. Brutus refuses to be browbeaten by him.
d. Brutus is admirably forthright.
e. Brutus is armed so strongly in honesty, which he will not compromise.

p. 228 #6:

a. In act 2 Cassius’ tact wins over Brutus by playing to the “every man” part of Brutus. He warns him of Caesar’s tyrannical rule that will take away some of his rights and other things that the men of Rome enjoy. 
b. Cassius’ ability to strike the right note when making his approach is vital to swaying Brutus to the Conspirator’s side because when Brutus questions their purpose, Cassius seems to be prepared for it and follies back with a convincing argument in response.
c. Cassius’ ability to take second place makes Brutus feels like he is important and that his opinion matters. If Cassius had said things that always made Brutus and his thoughts seem wrong then his cause would not be as correct.

Hamartia: Brutus decides to join the conspirators and kill Caesar, leading to his downfall.
Peripeteia: Brutus falls from a highly respected member of society to social outcast after killing Caesar.
Anagnorisis: Brutus realizes that killing Caesar was wrong and that Caesar may have been a good ruler.
Catharsis: In Brutus’ final minutes he feels pity for killing Caesar and is afraid of losing the battle and being looked upon dishonorably by the Roman people.