Industrial Revolution Study Guide

Ch. 20, 21, and 22

Ch. 20

enclosure – The process of taking over and fencing off public lands.  It was a common practice during the Industrial Revolution in England.

factories (How they worked) – Factories brought together workers and machines to produce large quantities of goods.  They were the cornerstone of Industrialization, and brought about new aspects to economies and societies.

turnpike – Privately built road that charges a fee to travelers who use it.  It was first made in England to provide a faster and more reliable form of transportation to ship goods faster.

urbanization – The movement of people from rural areas to cities.  During the Industrial Revolution, the middle class was mobilized into urban areas and they became key to modern societies.

utalitarianism – The idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.  The term was coined by Jeremy Bentham, who believed in laissez-faire, with a little amount of government intervention.

socialism – The system in which the people as a whole rather than private individuals own all property and operate all businesses.  The idea was invented by Karl Marx, who believed the working class were oppressed by their capitalist overlords.

communism – Form of socialism advocated by Karl Marx; according to Marx, class struggle was inevitable and would lead to the creation of a classless society in which all wealth and property would be owned by the community as a whole.  The communist form of government was first transcribed by Karl Marx in The Communist Manifesto, which described an inevitable world wide communist revolution to occur by the working class.

proletariot – The working class; Marx believed they were the “have-nots” of society.  He believed that the entire course of history was run by the differences between classes, and that the proletariot would eventually rise above.

Michael Faraday – Inventor of the dynamo.  The dynamo was an electric generator that worked by rotating a coil of wire between the poles of a magnet, which created electric current.

John Wesley – Founder of the Methodist Church.  He stressed the need for a personal sense of faith and urged Christians to improve their lot by adopting sober, moral ways.

Karl Marx – A German philosopher and author of The Communist Manifesto.  He despised capitalism and believed that it created prosperity for a few and poverty for many and furthered the difference between the bourgeoisie and proletariat.

Thomas Malthus – Writer who shaped economic thinking on population for generations.  He predicted that population would outpace the food of supply, and the only controls on population growth were war, disease, and famine.

John Stuart Mill – A chief follower of Bentham who argued that actions are right if they promote happiness and wrong if they cause pain.  Mill wanted the government to step in to improve the hard lives of the working class.

James Watt – Inventor of the improved steam engine.  His improved steam engine was four times as efficient as previous engines, and provided power for the early Industrial Revolution.

Abraham Darby – The Darby Family of Coalbrookdale were leaders in developing Britain’s Iron Industry and Abraham Darby was the first to use coal instead of wood for smelting iron.

David Ricardo – An influential British economist who agreed with Malthus that the poor had too many children.  He believed that the government should not help the poor.

Jeremy Bentham – Invented the idea of utilitarianism, and believed that laws or actions should be judged by their utility.  He firmly believed that every action should provide more pleasure than pain.

Robert Owen – A successful mill owner that set up a “utopian” community in New Lanark, Scotland.  The community became an ideal for future reforms for industrialism.

Britain's population growth (why did it happen?) – Britain’s population grew exponentially during the Industrial Revolution for several reasons.  Inventions during the revolution allowed for more food and clothes to be produced more efficiently, and the creation of a stable middle class, which usually had many children and a moderate amount of wealth to support them.

Importance of coal to Industrialization – Coal burned at higher temperatures than the traditional wood.  It was a more efficient fuel that allowed for a cheaper, better quality iron.

Agricultural Revolution – New inventions made agricultural more efficient and productive.  Less manpower was necessary to run a farm, and many families were able to move to the suburbs.

textile industry – The textile industry boomed during the Industrial Revolution.  Production increased exponentially and people could afford to own more than a single pair of clothing.

laissez faire economics (Adam Smith) – The laissez faire economic system was promoted by Adam Smith, a British economist.  The laissez faire economic system was a free market with little or no government intervention, which Adam Smith believed would naturally balance itself out.

Ch. 21

Ideology – Systems of thoughts and beliefs.  Opposing ideologies prevented the Congress of Vienna from having the desired effect of preserving monarchies in Europe.

universal manhood suffrage – Giving all adult men the right to vote.  In the late 1800s, liberals in Europe promoted the idea of universal manhood suffrage.

autonomy – Self-rule.  The Serbs were the first Balkan people to achieve autonomy within the Ottoman Empire, which inspired a sense of Serbian nationalism.

el Grito de Dolores – “The cry of Dolores.”  A famous speech given by Father Hidalgo Dolores calling for Mexican independence.

February Days – Days of rioting within Paris in response to the government taking steps to silence critics and prevent public meetings.  It led to Louis Philippe abdicating from power.

Frankfurt Assembly – An assembly held throughout 1848 to create a constitution for a united Germany.  The assembly offered Frederick William IV the crow, although he rejected it and a united Germany wasn’t established.

Simon Bolivar – An educated creole that led a rebellion to establish an independent Venezuela.  He later led rebellions throughout the rest of South America.

Miguel Hidalgo - A Mexican Father who preached for an independent Mexico.  He was captured and executed before being able to organize an effective rebellion.

Louis Kossuth – A Hungarian nationalist who led a revolt that demanded an independent government.  The nationalists also called for an end to serfdom and a written constitution to protect their rights.

Tupac Amaru – A Native American who claimed to descend from the Incan royal family and led a revolt against the Spanish.  Although the rebellion was crushed, the system of forced labor they opposed was later abolished.

Louis XVIII – The king restored to the French throne after the Congress of Vienna.  He issued a constitution and created a two-house legislature that allowed for limited freedom of the press.

John Stuart Mill – An influential English liberal.  He called for equal rights for women, a rare concept of the time.

Toussaint L' Ouverture – A Haitti revolutionary leader.  His actions eventually led to Haitti becoming an independent republic, and the only nonslave nation in the Western Hemisphere by 1820.

Louis Napoleon – The nephew of Napoleon who was elected president of France.  He declared himself Emperor of France and gained the title Napoleon III, and tried to imitate the actions of his famous Uncle.

Louis Philippe – The king chosen by the French legislature as king.  He became known as the “citizen king” because he got along well with the liberal politicians and was elected by the people.

Clemens Von Metternich – Emperor of Austria who dominated politics for more than 30 years.  He resigned and fled Austria in disguise after being unable to suppress a rebellion.

Pedro – The first emperor of an independent Brazil.  The crown was given to him by his father, and he accepted a constitution and an elected legislature.

Revolts in Austrian empire – After a student rebellion in Austria, many parts of the empire also went into rebellion.  They occurred in Budapest, Prague, although they were later stabilized with the help of the Russians.

goals of nationalists – The goal of nationalists were linked to demands for liberal reforms such as a constitutional government.  Some called for independence and autonomy.

conservative ideology in Europe – In Europe, preserving monarchies and the “old order” was a key conservative ideology.  Throughout the 1800s, many challenges sprang up to the old order, through rebellions and revolts that occurred throughout Europe and South America.

Ch. 22

interchangeable parts – Identical components that could be used in place of one another.  Interchangeable parts simplified both the assembly and repair process.

assembly line – The assembly line made workers in a line add parts to a product that moves along a belt from one work station to the next.  It also made goods faster and cheaper to produce.

corporation – Businesses that are owned by many investors who buy shares of stock.  Stockholders risk only the amount they invest in the company and cannot be held personally responsible for any debts of the corporation.

cartel – An association to fix price, set production quotas, or divide up free markets.  They big businesses crushed the competition by doing this.

women's suffrage – The right for women to vote equally as men.  Groups dedicated to women’s suffrage emerged in the later 1800s.

racism – The belief that one racial group is superior to another.  By the late 1800s, many Europeans and Americans claimed that the success of western civilization was due to the supremacy of the white race.

social gospel – A movement that urged Christians to social service.  They campaigned for reforms in housing, health care, and education.

romanticism – Helped to shape western literature and arts by rebelling against the Enlightenment emphasis on reason.  They used new verse forms, bold colors, or the swelling sounds of the orchestra, and tried to excite strong emotions.

realism – An attempt to represent the world as it was, without the sentiment associated with romanticism.  Realists often looked at the harsher side of life in cities or villages.

Impressionism – Impressionists sought to capture the first fleeting impression made by a scene or object on the viewer’s eye.  The new movement began in Paris, the capital of the western art world.

Social Darwinism – Although Darwin never promoted any social ideas, some thinkers used Darwin’s theories to support their own beliefs about society.  They applied the ideas of survival of the fittest to war and economic competition.

Darwin – British naturalist who published On the Origin of Species.  Darwin argued that all forms of life had evolved into their present state over millions of years and developed the theory of natural selection.

Joseph Lister – English surgeon who discovered how antiseptics prevented infection.  He insisted that surgeons wash their hands before operating and sterilize their instruments.

factory life ( How it changed the lives of workers) – In the early Industrial Revolution, workers faced many hardships; poor working conditions for low pay.  Throughout the Revolution though, many laws and ordinances improved the lives of workers substantially.