Chapter 29 Outline
I. Struggle for Change in Latin America
A. The Mexican Revolution
1. By 1910, the dictator Porfirio Diaz had ruled Mexico for almost 35 years, winning re-election as president again and again.
2. Discontent rippled through Mexico in the early 1900s, as peasant land hunger could not be stifled, and factory workers and miners earned meager wages.
3. Several radical new leaders emerged after the assassination of Madero, who usually ruled for short periods of time as the country entered into turmoil.
B. Reforms
1. In 1917, Venustiano Carranza, a conservative, was elected president of Mexico, and that year approved a new constitution.
2. Nationalization, or government takeover of natural resources, was permitted under this new constitution.
3. By the 1920s, as the government finally restored order after years of civil war, began to carry out reforms.
C. Rising Tide of Nationalism
1. After World War I, trade fell off with Europe between Latin American countries, and new independent Latin American economies began to emerge.
2. Cultural nationalism began to rise by the 1920s, and Latin American countries began to take pride in their unique blend of western and Indian traditions.
3. During this time, several famous artists painted great works of art in the form of murals, and they remain a great source of national pride to this day.
D. The “Good Neighbor” Policy
1. During and after World War I, investments by the United States in the nations of Latin America soared, especially as British influence declined.
2. U.S. intervention to protect their interests in Latin American countries stirred up violent anti-Yankee sentiment.
3. In the 1930s, President Franklin Roosevelt abandoned the Roosevelt Corollary and pledged to follow “the policy of the good neighbor.”
II. Nationalist Movements in Africa and the Middle East
A. Movements for Change in Africa
1. Many protests began in Africa of the oppression and discrimination they suffered under white settlers.
2. Apartheid is an imposed system of racial segregation that’s goal was to ensure white economic power.
3. Blacks were evicted from the best land, pushed into low-paid, less-skilled work, and some were forced to carry passes.
B. Growing Self-Confidence
1. During the 1920s, a movement known as Pan-Africanism began to nourish the nationalist spirit; Pan-Africanism emphasized the unity of Africans and people of African descent around the world.
2. W.E.B. Dubois organized the first Pan-African congress in 1919, where delegates from African colonies, the West Indies, and the United States called on the Paris peacemakers to approve a charter of rights for Africans.
3. In 1922, after years of resistance to British rule, the British finally agreed to declare Egypt independent.
C. Modernization in Turkey and Iran
1. Led by the determined and energetic Mustafa Kemal, Turkish nationalists overthrew the sultan, defeated western occupation forces, declared Turkey a republic, and modernized Turkey along western lines and created a secular state that separated religion from government.
2. Ataturk replaced Islamic law with a new law code based on European models and discarded the Muslim calendar in favor of the western calendar and moved the day of rest from Friday to Sunday.
3. Ataturk’s reforms inspired nationalists in neighboring Iran, where Reza Khan modernized and made Iran independent similar to Ataturk.
D. Arab Nationalism and European Mandates
1. Pan-Arabism built on the shared heritage of Arabs who lived in lands from the Arabian Peninsula through North Africa.
2. The mandates, territories administered by European nations, set up by the Paris Peace Conference outraged Arabs, who felt betrayed by the Allies for not receiving lands promised to them during WWI.
3. In the 1930s, anti-Semitism in Germany and Eastern Europe forced many Jews to seek safety in Palestine, and tension developed between the Arabs and Jews.
III. India Seeks Self-Rule
A. Moves Toward Independence
1. During WWI, more than a million Indians had served overseas, suffering heavy casualties.
2. Indians became increasingly upset that they had to die for England, but still had no freedom.
3. In the 1920s, a new leader emerged in Mohandas Gandhi, who united all Indians behind the drive for independence.
B. Mohandas Gandhi
1. By using the power of love, Gandhi believed, people could convert even the worst wrongdoer to the right course of action.
2. Gandhi embraced the ideas of civil disobedience, previously outlined by Henry David Thoreau.
3. During the 1920s and 1930s, Gandhi launched a series of nonviolent actions against British rule.
C. The Salt March
1. On March 12, Gandhi set out on a 240 mile march to the sea, and by the team they reached the sea the protest had grown to thousands; they harvested natural salt from the sea, which was against the law by the British.
2. International disappointment towards British actions regarding the Indian occupation began to grow by means of international press.
3. Gandhi’s campaign of nonviolence and the self-sacrifice of his followers slowly forced Britain to agree to hand over some powers to Indians and to meet other demands of the Congress party.
D. Looking Ahead
1. As India came closer to independence, Muslim fears of the Hindu majority increased.
2. During the 1930s, the idea of an independent Muslim state separate from India began to form in the Congress party.
3. When independence was granted in 1945, the question began to rise as to whether or not the Indian Muslim and Hindus would remain a united country.
IV. Upheavals in China
A. The Chinese Republic
1. After the Qing dynasty collapsed in 1911, Sun Yixian hoped to rebuild it on the Three Principles of the People.
2. On May 4, 1919, student protests erupted in Beijing and later spread to cities across China-a startling event in those days; they protested foreign domination of China.
3. Some Chinese turned to the revolutionary ideas of Marx and Lenin to solve China’s problems.
B. Leaders for a New China
1. In 1921, Sun Yixian and his Guomindang party established a government in south China to raise an army, defeat the warlords, and spread his government’s rule over all of China.
2. After Sun’s death in 1925, Jian Jieshi took over the Guomindang and was determined to reunite China.
3. In 1934, Mao Zedong led an epic retreate known as the Long March with about 100,000 of his followers to flee the Guomindang.
C. Japanese Invasion
1. In 1931, Japan invaded Manchuria in northeastern China, adding it to the growing Japanese empire.
2. The Japanese set up their puppet government in Nanjing, the former Nationalist capital.
3. From 1937 to 1945, the Guomindang, the Communists, and the Japanese were locked in a three-sided struggle.
V. Empire of the Rising Sun
A. Liberal Changes of the 1920s
1. During World War I, the Japanese economy enjoyed phenomenal growth.
2. In the cities, the younger generation was in revolt against tradition.
3. During the 1920s, tensions between the government and the military simmered not far below the surface, and conservatives, especially military officers, blasted government corruption, and they also condemned western influences for undermining basic Japanese values of obedience and respect for authority.
B. The Nationalist Reaction
1. In 1929, the Great Depression rippled across the Pacific and into Japan with devastating force.
2. Economic disaster fed the discontent of the military and extreme nationalists, or ultranationalists, who condemned politicians for agreeing to western demands to stop overseas expansion.
3. In 1931, a group of Japanese army officers blew up tracks on a Japanese owned railroad line and claimed the Chinese had done it and the Japanese began to attack China.
C. Militarists in Power
1. By the early 1930s, ultranationalists were winning popular support for foreign conquests and a tough stand against the western powers.
2. Civilian government survived, but by 1937 it was forced to accept military domination.
3. During the 1930s, Japan took advantage of China’s civil war to increase its influence there, and in 1937 the Japanese armies invaded China.