Section 4

Anabaptists – A group of protestant reformers that taught against infant baptism.  Other groups preached more radical teachings.

Henry VIII – Broke England from the Catholic church and founded the Anglican church and placed it under his control.

Mary Tudor – Catholic Daughter of Henry VIII who placed her sister Elizabeth in the Tower of London.

Book of Common Prayer – Book of Protestant prayers that were revised to be more Catholic-friendly under Queen Elizabeth.

Elizabeth I – Queen that was locked up for several years before ascending to the throne.  She promoted religious compromise and reunited England religiously.

Catholic Reformation – Spearheaded by Pope Paul III to revive the moral authority of the Church and roll back the Protestant tide.

Council of Trent – Called in 1545 to reaffirm traditional catholic views and took steps to end abuses in the Church.

Inquisition – Restrengthened under Pope Paul III, it used secret testimony, torture, and execution to stamp out heresy and established the Index of Forbidden Books.

Jesuits – The Jesuit order was determined to combat heresy and spread the Catholic church.

St. Teresa of Avila – Set up her own order of Camelite nuns who lived in isolation, easting and sleeping very little and dedicating themselves to prayer and meditation.

Section 5

Nicolaus Copernicus – Proposed a heliocentric universe that was rejected by many experts of the time, but is today held as common knowledge.

Tycho Brahe – Danish astronomer who provided evidence that supported Copernicus’s theory of a heliocentric universe.

Johannes Kepler – German astronomer and mathematician who used Brahe’s data to calculate the orbits of the planets revolving around the sun.

Galileo Galilei – An Italian scientist who developed an astronomical telescope who was the first human to view the planets with a telescope.

Andreas Vesalius – Published the book On the Structure of the Human Body, the first accurate and detailed study of human anatomy.

William Harvey – An English scholar who described the circulation of the blood for the first time and showed how the heart serves as a pump to force blood through veins and arteries.

Rene Descartes – Frenchman who devoted himself to the problem of knowledge and argued that truth is not known at the beginning of the inquiry but at the end, after a long process of investigation.