- Draft -
Thermionic Converters and Low-Temperature Plasma
Contents
By
F. G. Baksht,
[email protected]G. A. Dyuzhev
A. M. Martsinovskiy
B. Ya. Moyzhes
G. Ye. Pikus
E. B. Sonin
V. G. Yur’yev
Russian Edition edited by:
B. Ya. Moyzhes and G. Ye. Pikus
English Edition edited by:
Lorin K. Hansen, [email protected]
Prepared for:
Division of Power Systems
Office of Fossil Energy Programs
U.S. Department of Energy
1978
Published by:
Technical Information Center/U.S. Department of Energy
Scanning: Gary Owen Fitzpatrick
[email protected]Editing:
Artemy Martsinovski
[email protected]James Luke
[email protected]Momozaki Yoichi
[email protected]1Blink
http://www.1blink.com/
Table of Contents
Chapter l. Thermionic Converters and Low-Temperature Plasma
1. Methods of Direct Conversion of Thermal to Electrical Energy
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Methods%2Bof%2BDirect%2BConversion%2Bof%2BThermal%2Bto%2BElectrical%2BEnergy&t=web2. The Efficiency of Direct Conversion of Thermal to Electrical Energy
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Efficiency%2Bof%2BDirect%2BConversion%2Bof%2BThermal%2Bto%2BElectrical%2BEnergy&t=web3. The Main Operating Modes of Thermionic Converters
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Main%2BOperating%2BModes%2Bof%2BThermionic%2BConverters&t=web4. The Efficiency and Power Density of a Thermionic Converter
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Efficiency%2Band%2BPower%2BDensity%2Bof%2Ba%2BThermionic%2BConverter&t=webEfficiency of a Thermionic Converter
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Efficiency%2Bof%2Ba%2BThermionic%2BConverter&t=webPower Density of a Thermionic Converter
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Power%2BDensity%2Bof%2Ba%2BThermionic%2BConverter&t=web5. Requirements for Electrode Materials and Thermionic Converter Designs
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Requirements%2Bfor%2BElectrode%2BMaterials%2Band%2BThermionic%2BConverter%2BDesigns&t=webRequirements for Electrode Material Design
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Requirements%2Bfor%2BElectrode%2BMaterials%2BDesign&t=webRequirements for Thermionic Converter Designs
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Requirements%2Bfor%2BThermionic%2BConverter%2BDesigns&t=web6. Prospects for Using Thermionic Converters
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Prospects%2Bfor%2BUsing%2BThermionic%2BConverters&t=web7. The Plasma in a Thermionic Converter
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Plasma%2Bin%2Ba%2BThermionic%2BConverter&t=web
Chapter 2. Emission and Adsorption Processes
(Thermionic Converter Electrodes)
Emission and Adsorption Processes
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Emission%2Band%2BAdsorption%2BProcesses&t=webEmission Processes
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Emission%2BProcesses&t=webAdsorption Processes
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Adsorption%2BProcesses&t=webThermionic Converter Electrodes
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Thermionic%2BConverter%2BElectrodes&t=web1. Thermionic Emission
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Thermionic%2BEmission&t=web2. Thermal Effects during Thermionic Emission
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Thermal%2BEffects%2Bduring%2BThermionic%2BEmission&t=web3. The Contact Potential Difference
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Contact%2BPotential%2BDifference&t=web4. Thermionic Emission in an Accelerating Field
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Thermionic%2BEmission%2Bin%2Ban%2BAccelerating%2BField&t=web5. Evaporation
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Evaporation&t=web6. Surface Energy
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Surface%2BEnergy&t=web7. Adsorption and Its Effect on the Work Function
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Adsorption%2Band%2BIts%2BEffect%2Bon%2Bthe%2BWork%2BFunction&t=webAdsorption on the Work Function
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Adsorption%2Bon%2Bthe%2BWork%2BFunction&t=webEffect on the Work Function
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Effect%2Bon%2Bthe%2BWork%2BFunction&t=webWork Function
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Work%2BFunction&t=web8. Surface Ionization
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Surface%2BIonization&t=web9. Adsorption of Cesium on Refractory Metals
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Adsorption%2Bof%2BCesium%2Bon%2BRefractory%2BMetals&t=web10. Electropositive Additives in Thermionic Converters
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=10.+Electropositive%2BAdditives%2Bin%2BThermionic%2BConverters&t=web http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Electropositive%2BAdditives%2Bin%2BThermionic%2BConverters&t=webElectropositive Additives
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Electropositive%2BAdditives&t=web11. Electronegative Additives in Thermionic Converters
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Electronegative%2BAdditives%2Bin%2BThermionic%2BConverters&t=webElectronegative Additives
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Electronegative%2BAdditives&t=web12. The Vacuum Mode of Thermionic Converter Operation
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Vacuum%2BMode%2Bof%2BThermionic%2BConverter%2BOperation&t=webVacuum Mode of Thermionic Converter
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Vacuum%2BMode%2Bof%2BThermionic%2BConverter&t=web
Chapter 3. Elementary Processes in a Plasma
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Elementary%2BProcesses%2Bin%2Ba%2BPlasma&t=webPlasma
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Plasma&t=web1. Elastic Collisions
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Elastic%2BCollisions&t=web2. Coulomb Collisions
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Coulomb%2BCollisions&t=web3. Elastic Electron-Atom Collisions
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Elastic%2BElectron-Atom%2BCollisions&t=web4. Ion-Atom Collisions
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Ion-Atom%2BCollisions&t=web5. Inelastic Electron-Atom Collisions
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Inelastic%2BElectron-Atom%2BCollisions&t=web6. Classification of the Levels in the Atoms of Alkali Metals
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Classification%2Bof%2Bthe%2BLevels%2Bin%2Bthe%2BAtoms%2Bof%2BAlkali%2BMetals&t=web7. Radiation and Absorption of Light
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Radiation%2Band%2BAbsorption%2Bof%2BLight&t=webRadiation of Light
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Radiation%2Bof%2BLight&t=webAbsorption of Light
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Absorption%2Bof%2BLight&t=web8. Spectral Broadening
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Spectral%2BBroadening&t=web
Chapter 4. Kinetic Phenomena in the Plasma
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Kinetic%2BPhenomena%2Bin%2Bthe%2BPlasma&t=web1. The Kinetic Equation
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Kinetic%2BEquation&t=web2. Solution of the Kinetic Equation in the Relaxation Time Approximation
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Solution%2Bof%2Bthe%2BKinetic%2BEquation%2Bin%2Bthe%2BRelaxation%2BTime%2BApproximation&t=webKinetic Equation in the Relaxation Time Approximation
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Kinetic%2BEquation%2Bin%2Bthe%2BRelaxation%2BTime%2BApproximation&t=web3. Transport Equations and Kinetic Coefficients in the Relaxation Time Approximation. Electron Current and Electron Energy Flux in a Weakly Ionized Plasma
Transport Equations in the Relaxation Time Approximation
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Transport%2BEquations%2Bin%2Bthe%2BRelaxation%2BTime%2BApproximation&t=webKinetic Coefficients in the Relaxation Time Approximation
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Kinetic%2BCoefficients%2Bin%2Bthe%2BRelaxation%2BTime%2BApproximation&t=webElectron Current in a Weakly Ionized Plasma
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Electron%2BCurrent%2Bin%2Ba%2BWeakly%2BIonized%2BPlasma&t=webElectron Energy Flux in a Weakly Ionized Plasma
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Electron%2BEnergy%2BFlux%2Bin%2Ba%2BWeakly%2BIonized%2BPlasma&t=web4. The Effect of a Magnetic Field on Transport Phenomenon
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Effect%2Bof%2Ba%2BMagnetic%2BField%2Bon%2BTransport%2BPhenomenon&t=webMagnetic Field on Transport Phenomenon
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Magnetic%2BField%2Bon%2BTransport%2BPhenomenon&t=web5. The Effect of Interelectrode Collisions and Ion Scattering on the Kinetic Coefficients for Electrons
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Effect%2Bof%2BInterelectrode%2BCollisions%2Band%2BIon%2BScattering%2Bon%2Bthe%2BKinetic%2BCoefficients%2Bfor%2BElectrons&t=webInterelectrode Collisions on the Kinetic Coefficients for Electrons
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Interelectrode%2BCollisions%2Bon%2Bthe%2BKinetic%2BCoefficients%2Bfor%2BElectrons&t=webIon Scattering on the Kinetic Coefficients for Electrons
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Ion%2BScattering%2Bon%2Bthe%2BKinetic%2BCoefficients%2Bfor%2BElectrons&t=web6. Exchange of Energy and Momentum between Electrons and the Heavy Components of a Plasma
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=+Exchange%2Bof%2BEnergy%2Band%2BMomentum%2Bbetween%2BElectrons%2Band%2Bthe%2BHeavy%2BComponents%2Bof%2Ba%2BPlasma&t=webExchange of Energy between Electrons and the Heavy Components of a Plasma
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=+Exchange%2Bof%2BEnergy%2Bbetween%2BElectrons%2Band%2Bthe%2BHeavy%2BComponents%2Bof%2Ba%2BPlasma&t=webExchange of Momentum between Electrons and the Heavy Components of a Plasma
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=+Exchange%2Bof%2BMomentum%2Bbetween%2BElectrons%2Band%2Bthe%2BHeavy%2BComponents%2Bof%2Ba%2BPlasma&t=web7. The Kinetic Coefficients for Ions in a Weakly Ionized Plasma
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=+Kinetic%2BCoefficients%2Bfor%2BIons%2Bin%2Ba%2BWeakly%2BIonized%2BPlasma&t=web
Chapter 5. Ionization and Recombination in a Low-Temperature Plasma
1. A Plasma in Thermodynamic Equilibrium
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Plasma%2Bin%2BThermodynamic%2BEquilibrium&t=web2. Ionization and Recombination in a Low-Temperature Plasma
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Ionization%2Band%2BRecombination%2Bin%2Ba%2BLow-Temperature%2BPlasma&t=webIonization in a Low-Temperature Plasma
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Ionization%2Bin%2Ba%2BLow-Temperature%2BPlasma&t=webRecombination in a Low-Temperature Plasma
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Recombination%2Bin%2Ba%2BLow-Temperature%2BPlasma&t=web3. Calculating the Rate of Ionization-Recombination by Solving the Equations of Particle Balance for the Excited Levels Ionization in a Cesium Plasma
Equations of Particle Balance for the Excited Levels Ionization in a Cesium Plasma
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Equations%2Bof%2BParticle%2BBalance%2Bfor%2Bthe%2BExcited%2BLevels%2BIonization%2Bin%2Ba%2BCesium%2BPlasma&t=web4. Calculating the Radiation from the Plasma. The Effect of Radiation on the Rate of Ionization-Recombination in an Optically Dense Plasma. The Diffusion of Excited Atoms
Radiation from the Plasma
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Radiation%2Bfrom%2Bthe%2BPlasma&t=webEffect of Radiation on the Rate of Ionization-Recombination in an Optically Dense Plasma
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Effect%2Bof%2BRadiation%2Bon%2Bthe%2BRate%2Bof%2BIonization-Recombination%2Bin%2Ban%2BOptically%2BDense%2BPlasma&t=webDiffusion of Excited Atoms
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Diffusion%2Bof%2BExcited%2BAtoms&t=web5. The Effect of Inelastic Processes on the Free-Electron Distribution Function
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Effect%2Bof%2BInelastic%2BProcesses%2Bon%2Bthe%2BFree-Electron%2BDistribution%2BFunction&t=webFree-Electron Distribution Function
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Free-Electron%2BDistribution%2BFunction&t=web
Chapter 6. Pre-Electrode Phenomena in a Thermionic Converter Plasma
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Pre-Electrode%2BPhenomena%2Bin%2Ba%2BThermionic%2BConverter%2BPlasma&t=web1. The Pre-Electrode Sheaths for a Plasma in Thermodynamic Equilibrium
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Pre-Electrode%2BSheaths%2Bfor%2Ba%2BPlasma%2Bin%2BThermodynamic%2BEquilibrium&t=webPre-Electrode Sheath
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Pre-Electrode%2BSheath&t=web2. Ion Flow from a Plasma and the Potential Distribution in the Pre-Electrode Sheath with Negative Voltage on the Electrode
Ion Flow from a Plasma in the Pre-Electrode Sheath with Negative Voltage on the Electrode
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Ion%2BFlow%2Bfrom%2Ba%2BPlasma%2Bin%2Bthe%2BPre-Electrode%2BSheath%2Bwith%2BNegative%2BVoltage%2Bon%2Bthe%2BElectrode&t=webIon Flow from a Plasma in the Pre-Electrode Sheath
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Ion%2BFlow%2Bfrom%2Ba%2BPlasma%2Bin%2Bthe%2BPre-Electrode%2BSheath&t=webPotential Distribution in the Pre-Electrode Sheath with Negative Voltage on the Electrode
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Potential%2BDistribution%2Bin%2Bthe%2BPre-Electrode%2BSheath%2Bwith%2BNegative%2BVoltage%2Bon%2Bthe%2BElectrode&t=webPotential Distribution in the Pre-Electrode Sheath
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Potential%2BDistribution%2Bin%2Bthe%2BPre-Electrode%2BSheath&t=web3. Electron Flow at the Contact of the Plasma with a Negatively Biased Electrode
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Electron%2BFlow%2Bat%2Bthe%2BContact%2Bof%2Bthe%2BPlasma%2Bwith%2Ba%2BNegatively%2BBiased%2BElectrode&t=web4. Cathode Beam Relaxation in the Pre-Electrode Sheath of a Weakly Ionized Plasma
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Cathode%2BBeam%2BRelaxation%2Bin%2Bthe%2BPre-Electrode%2BSheath%2Bof%2Ba%2BWeakly%2BIonized%2BPlasma&t=web5. The Effect of a Non-Equilibrium Electron Distribution Function on the Rate of Atomic Ionization in the Pre-Electrode Sheath
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Effect%2Bof%2Ba%2BNon-Equilibrium%2BElectron%2BDistribution%2BFunction%2Bon%2Bthe%2BRate%2Bof%2BAtomic%2BIonization%2Bin%2Bthe%2BPre-Electrode%2BSheath&t=webEffect of a Non-Equilibrium Electron Distribution Function on the Rate of Atomic Ionization
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Effect%2Bof%2Ba%2BNon-Equilibrium%2BElectron%2BDistribution%2BFunction%2Bon%2Bthe%2BRate%2Bof%2BAtomic%2BIonization&t=web6. Electron Flow from the Plasma and Potential Distribution with a Positive Potential Applied to the Electrode
Electron Flow from the Plasma with a Positive Potential Applied to the Electrode
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Electron%2BFlow%2Bfrom%2Bthe%2BPlasma%2Bwith%2Ba%2BPositive%2BPotential%2BApplied%2Bto%2Bthe%2BElectrode&t=webPotential Distribution with a Positive Potential Applied to the Electrode
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Potential%2BDistribution%2Bwith%2Ba%2BPositive%2BPotential%2BApplied%2Bto%2Bthe%2BElectrode&t=web7. Approximate Boundary Conditions for the Transport Equations in a Thermionic Converter
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Approximate%2BBoundary%2BConditions%2Bfor%2Bthe%2BTransport%2BEquations%2Bin%2Ba%2BThermionic%2BConverter&t=web
Chapter 7. Experimental Methods for Investigating Low-Temperature Plasmas
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Experimental%2BMethods%2Bfor%2BInvestigating%2BLow-Temperature%2BPlasmas&t=web1. Probe Diagnostics of Plasmas
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Probe%2BDiagnostics%2Bof%2BPlasmas&t=web2. The Use of Probes in Thermionic Converters
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Use%2Bof%2BProbes%2Bin%2BThermionic%2BConverters&t=webUse of Probes
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Use%2Bof%2BProbes&t=web3. Optical Methods for Determining the Plasma Parameters of a Thermionic Converter
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Optica%2BMethods%2Bfor%2BDetermining%2Bthe%2BPlasma%2BParameters%2Bof%2Ba%2BThermionic%2BConverter&t=webOptical Methods for Determining the Plasma Parameters
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Optica%2BMethods%2Bfor%2BDetermining%2Bthe%2BPlasma%2BParameters&t=web4. Comparison of the Probe and Spectral Methods
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Comparison%2Bof%2Bthe%2BProbe%2Band%2BSpectral%2BMethods&t=webSpectral Methods
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Spectral%2BMethods&t=web5. Design of Experimental Devices. Boundary Effects
Design of Experimental Devices
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Design%2Bof%2BExperimental%2BDevices&t=webBoundary Effects
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Boundary%2BEffects&t=web
Chapter 8. The Diffusion Mode of Thermionic Converters
1. The Theory of the Diffusion Mode
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Theory%2Bof%2Bthe%2BDiffusion%2BMode&t=web2. The Characteristics and Properties of a Diffusion Plasmas
Characteristics of a Diffusion Plasmas
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Characteristics%2Bof%2Ba%2BDiffusion%2BPlasmas&t=webProperties of a Diffusion Plasmas
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Properties%2Bof%2Ba%2BDiffusion%2BPlasmas&t=web3. The Effect of Magnetic Fields on the Diffusion Mode
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Effect%2Bof%2BMagnetic%2BFields%2Bon%2Bthe%2BDiffusion%2BPlasmas&t=web
Chapter 9. The Low-Voltage Arc in a Thermionic Converter
1. The Main Equations which Describe the State of the Arc Plasma of a Thermionic Converter
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Main%2BEquations%2Bwhich%2BDescribe%2Bthe%2BState%2Bof%2Bthe%2BArc%2BPlasma%2Bof%2Ba%2BThermionic%2BConverter&t=webEquations of the Arc Plasma of a Thermionic Converter
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Equations%2Bof%2Bthe%2BArc%2BPlasma%2Bof%2Ba%2BThermionic%2BConverter&t=webArc Plasma
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Arc%2BPlasma&t=web2. Boundary Conditions
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Boundary%2BConditions&t=web3. Methods for Calculating the State of the Plasma and the Current-Voltage Characteristic
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Methods%2Bfor%2BCalculating%2Bthe%2BState%2Bof%2Bthe%2BPlasma%2Band%2Bthe%2BCurrent-Voltage%2BCharacteristic&t=webCalculating the State of the Plasma
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Calculating%2Bthe%2BState%2Bof%2Bthe%2BPlasma&t=webState of the Plasma
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=State%2Bof%2Bthe%2BPlasma&t=webCalculating the Current-Voltage Characteristic
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Calculating%2Bthe%2BCurrent-Voltage%2BCharacteristic&t=webCurrent-Voltage Characteristic
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Current-Voltage%2BCharacteristic&t=web4. Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Local%2BThermodynamic%2BEquilibrium&t=web5. Deviation of the Electron Distribution Function near the Cathode from a Maxwellian Distribution. Non-Equilibrium Ionization
Deviation of the Electron Distribution Function near the Cathode from a Maxwellian Distribution
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Deviation%2Bof%2Bthe%2BElectron%2BDistribution%2BFunction%2BNear%2Bthe%2BCathode%2Bfrom%2Ba%2BMaxwellian%2BDistribution&t=webElectron Distribution Function near the Cathode from a Maxwellian Distribution
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Electron%2BDistribution%2BFunction%2Bnear%2Bthe%2BCathode%2Bfrom%2Ba%2BMaxwellian%2BDistribution&t=webNon-Equilibrium Ionization
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Non-Equilibrium%2BIonization&t=web6. Characteristics of the Low-Voltage Arc in a Thermionic Converter
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Characteristics%2Bof%2Bthe%2BLow-Voltage%2BArc%2Bin%2Ba%2BThermionic%2BConverter&t=webLow-Voltage Arc in a Thermionic Converter
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Low-Voltage%2BArc%2Bin%2Ba%2BThermionic%2BConverter&t=webCharacteristics of the Low-Voltage Arc
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Characteristics%2Bof%2Bthe%2BLow-Voltage%2BArc&t=webLow-Voltage Arc
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Low-Voltage%2BArc&t=web7. Transition from a Diffusion to an Arc Mode
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Transition%2Bfrom%2Ba%2BDiffusion%2Bto%2Ban%2BArc%2BMode&t=web8. The Mode with Cathode Emission Limited by Space Charge (The Virtual Cathode)
Mode with Cathode Emission Limited by Space Charge
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Mode%2Bwith%2BCathode%2BEmission%2BLimited%2Bby%2BSpace%2BCharge&t=webCathode Emission Limited by Space Charge
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Cathode%2BEmission%2BLimited%2Bby%2BSpace%2BCharge&t=webSpace Charge
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Space%2BCharge&t=webVirtual Cathode
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Virtual%2BCathode&t=web9. The Increase of Current in the Developed Arc
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Increase%2Bof%2BCurrent%2Bin%2Bthe%2BDeveloped%2BArc&t=webCurrent in the Developed Arc
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Current%2Bin%2Bthe%2BDeveloped%2BArc&t=webDeveloped Arc
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Developed%2BArc&t=webArc
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Arc&t=web10. The Effect of External Parameters on the Arc Mode
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Effect%2Bof%2BExternal%2BParameters%2Bon%2Bthe%2BArc%2BMode&t=webParameters on the Arc Mode
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Parameters%2Bon%2Bthe%2BArc%2BMode&t=webArc Mode
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Arc%2BMode&t=web11. The Arc Mode with a Strongly Ionized Plasma
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Arc%2BMode%2Bwith%2Ba%2BStrongly%2BIonized%2BPlasma&t=web12. Variation of Atom and Ion Flow to the Cathode in the Arc Mode
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Variation%2Bof%2BAtom%2Band%2BIon%2BFlow%2Bto%2Bthe%2BCathode%2Bin%2Bthe%2BArc%2BMode&t=webVariation of Atom to the Cathode in the Arc Mode
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Variation%2Bof%2BAtom%2Bto%2Bthe%2BCathode%2Bin%2Bthe%2BArc%2BMode&t=webAtom to the Cathode in the Arc Mode
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Atom%2Bto%2Bthe%2BCathode%2Bin%2Bthe%2BArc%2BMode&t=webVariation of Ion Flow to the Cathode in the Arc Mode
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Variation%2Bof%2BIon%2BFlow%2Bto%2Bthe%2BCathode%2Bin%2Bthe%2BArc%2BMode&t=webIon Flow to the Cathode in the Arc Mode
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Ion%2BFlow%2Bto%2Bthe%2BCathode%2Bin%2Bthe%2BArc%2BMode&t=web13. The Effect of Inert Gases on the Current-Voltage Characteristics
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Effect%2Bof%2BInert%2BGases%2Bon%2Bthe%2BCurrent-Voltage%2BCharacteristics&t=webInert Gases on the Current-Voltage Characteristics
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Inert%2BGases%2Bon%2Bthe%2BCurrent-Voltage%2BCharacteristics&t=web14. The Effect of Magnetic Field on Thermionic Converter Operation in the Arc Mode
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Effect%2Bof%2BMagnetic%2BField%2Bon%2BThermionic%2BConverter%2BOperation%2Bin%2Bthe%2BArc%2BMode&t=webMagnetic Field on Thermionic Converter Operation in the Arc Mode
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Magnetic%2BField%2Bon%2BThermionic%2BConverter%2BOperation%2Bin%2Bthe%2BArc%2BMode&t=webMagnetic Field on Thermionic Converter Operation
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Magnetic%2BField%2Bon%2BThermionic%2BConverter%2BOperation&t=web15. Transient Processes in the Thermionic Converter Arc Mode
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Transient%2BProcesses%2Bin%2Bthe%2BThermionic%2BConverter%2BArc%2BMode&t=webTransient Processes in the Thermionic Converter
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Transient%2BProcesses%2Bin%2Bthe%2BThermionic%2BConverter&t=web
Chapter 10. The Direct-Flight (Knudsen) Mode of Thermionic Converter Operation
Direct-Flight Mode of Thermionic Converter Operation
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Direct-Flight%2BMode%2Bof%2BThermionic%2BConverter%2BOperation&t=webKnudsen Mode of Thermionic Converter Operation
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Knudsen%2BMode%2Bof%2BThermionic%2BConverter%2BOperation&t=webKnudsen Mode of Thermionic Converter
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Knudsen%2BMode%2Bof%2BThermionic%2BConverter&t=web1. The Knudsen Mode Thermionic Converter Operation with a Monotonic Potential Distribution in the Gap
Monotonic Potential Distribution in the Gap
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Monotonic%2BPotential%2BDistribution%2Bin%2Bthe%2BGap&t=webMonotonic Potential Distribution
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Monotonic%2BPotential%2BDistribution&t=web2. The Knudsen Mode of Thermionic Converter Operation with a Non-Monotonic Potential Distribution in the Gap
Non-Monotonic Potential Distribution in the Gap
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Non-Monotonic%2BPotential%2BDistribution%2Bin%2Bthe%2BGap&t=webNon-Monotonic Potential Distribution
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Non-Monotonic%2BPotential%2BDistribution&t=web3. Experimental Investigation of a Knudsen Plasma in a Thermionic Converter
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Experimental%2BInvestigation%2Bof%2Ba%2BKnudsen%2BPlasma%2Bin%2Ba%2BThermionic%2BConverter&t=webExperimental Investigation of a Knudsen Plasma
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Experimental%2BInvestigation%2Bof%2Ba%2BKnudsen%2BPlasma&t=webKnudsen Plasma
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Knudsen%2BPlasma&t=web4. The Effect of a Magnetic Field on Thermionic Converter Operation in the Direct-Flight Mode
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Effect%2Bof%2Ba%2BMagnetic%2BField%2Bon%2BThermionic%2BConverter%2BOperation%2Bin%2Bthe%2BDirect-Flight%2BMode&t=webMagnetic Field on Thermionic Converter Operation in the Direct-Flight Mode
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Magnetic%2BField%2Bon%2BThermionic%2BConverter%2BOperation%2Bin%2Bthe%2BDirect-Flight%2BMode&t=webMagnetic Field on Thermionic Converter
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Magnetic%2BField%2Bon%2BThermionic%2BConverter&t=web5. The Knudsen Arc
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Knudsen%2BArc&t=web
Chapter 11. Some Engineering Problems of Thermionic Converter
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Engineering%2BProblems%2Bof%2BThermionic%2BConverter&t=web1. Current-Voltage Characteristics
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Current-Voltage%2BCharacteristics&t=web2. Prospects for Increasing Thermionic Converter Output Parameters
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Prospects%2Bfor%2BIncreasing%2BThermionic%2BConverter%2BOutput%2BParameters&t=webIncreasing Thermionic Converter Output Parameters
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Increasing%2BThermionic%2BConverter%2BOutput%2BParameters&t=webThermionic Converter Output Parameters
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Thermionic%2BConverter%2BOutput%2BParameters&t=webThermionic Converter Output
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Thermionic%2BConverter%2BOutput&t=web3. The Reactor Converter
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Reactor%2BConverter&t=web4. Use of Heat Pipes
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Use%2Bof%2BHeat%2BPipes&t=webHeat Pipe
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Heat%2BPipe&t=web5. Materials for a Reactor Thermionic Converter
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Materials%2Bfor%2Ba%2BReactor%2BThermionic%2BConverter&t=webReactor Thermionic Converter
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Reactor%2BThermionic%2BConverter&t=web6. Reactor Tests for Thermionic Converters
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Reactor%2BTests%2Bfor%2BThermionic%2BConverters&t=web7. Thermionic Converters with Isotopic Heat Sources
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Thermionic%2BConverters%2Bwith%2BIsotopic%2BHeat%2BSources&t=webIsotopic Heat Sources
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Isotopic%2BHeat%2BSources&t=web8. The Use of the Thermionic Converter in Central Power Plant Engineering
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Use%2Bof%2Bthe%2BThermionic%2BConverter%2Bin%2BCentral%2BPower%2BPlant%2BEngineering&t=webThermionic Converter in Central Power Plant Engineering
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Thermionic%2BConverter%2Bin%2BCentral%2BPower%2BPlant%2BEngineering&t=webThermionic Converter in Central Power Plant
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Thermionic%2BConverter%2Bin%2BCentral%2BPower%2BPlant&t=webThermionic Converter in Power Plant
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Thermionic%2BConverter%2Bin%2BPower%2BPlant&t=web
Appendices
1. Some Physical Constants
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Physical%2BConstants&t=web2. Correlation of Some Physical Quantities for a Cesium Plasma
Correlation of Physical Quantities for a Cesium Plasma
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Correlation%2Bof%2BPhysical%2BQuantities%2Bfor%2Ba%2BCesium%2BPlasma&t=webPhysical Quantities for a Cesium Plasma
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Physical%2BQuantities%2Bfor%2Ba%2BCesium%2BPlasma&t=webCesium Plasma
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Cesium%2BPlasma&t=web3. Some Emission Parameters
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Emission%2BParameters&t=web4. Temperature Dependence of Thermionic Emission at Different Emitter Work Functions
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Temperature%2BDependence%2Bof%2BThermionic%2BEmission%2Bat%2BDifferent%2BEmitter%2BWork%2BFunctions&t=webTemperature Dependence of Emission at Different Work Functions
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Temperature%2BDependence%2Bof%2BEmission%2Bat%2BDifferent%2BWork%2BFunctions&t=webWork Function
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Work%2BFunction&t=web5. Temperature Dependence of Equilibrium Electron Density at Different Cesium Vapor Pressures
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Temperature%2BDependence%2Bof%2BEquilibrium%2BElectron%2BDensity%2Bat%2BDifferent%2BCesium%2BVapor%2BPressures&t=webEquilibrium Electron Density at Different Cesium Vapor Pressures
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Equilibrium%2BElectron%2BDensity%2Bat%2BDifferent%2BCesium%2BVapor%2BPressures&t=webEquilibrium Electron Density at Cesium Vapor Pressures
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Equilibrium%2BElectron%2BDensity%2Bat%2BCesium%2BVapor%2BPressures&t=web6. Temperature Dependence of Chemical Potential at Different Cesium Vapor Pressures
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Temperature%2BDependence%2Bof%2BChemical%2BPotential%2Bat%2BDifferent%2BCesium%2BVapor%2BPressures&t=webChemical Potential at Different Cesium Vapor Pressures
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Chemical%2BPotential%2Bat%2BDifferent%2BCesium%2BVapor%2BPressures&t=webChemical Potential at Cesium Vapor Pressures
http://www.1blink.com/search.cgi?q=Chemical%2BPotential%2Bat%2BCesium%2BVapor%2BPressures&t=web