A carbunkl is the red gem we see on his forehead and doesn't have any mythological story anywhere in the story of human being.
In the irish mythology,Maduin was raised by nuns because his father was killed by raiders.When he became an adult,he raised an army to kill the raiders and get the revenge his father never had.
A phantom is known to be a dead person that haunted places like a house or seomthing like that.They are wandering near the place they died because they could not find peace when diying.
Palidor is not a bird in reality.It's old english and that means paladin.(see final fantasy vi for more info on paladin).
He is the one responsible for tha death of Odin.He was banished from the Valhalla and is waiting,just like Terrato,for the Ragnarok to begin.That's when he gets ihis revenge on Odin.
Borned from a rose,this bird made of fire dies every 500 years by consuming itself .By doing so,it lays a new egg ,giving birth to another Phoenix.
In fact,the Ragnarok is not a sword but a great war that occured in the sky of the vikings.In this event,the great god of the vikings,Odin,died.It unleashed Terrato and Fenrir at the same time to get revenge on every viking Gods.
The only thing i can tell about this one is that his name means that he's got the power of 3 elements(fire,ice and thunder/lightning).
Little star that shines through the sky at night.Nothing else.
This giant snake lay at the bottom of the ocean.It was meant to raise at the Ragnarok and kill everything and consume the Earth.