Unit 7 -- Exploration and Discovery

A) Portugal – completes it first
Prince Henry – navigation school for exploration
Wants to get in on the spice trade
Crusaders
Sail around the Arabs
Explore the west coast of Africa (Brazil)
Plantation agriculture on Canary and Madeira and sugar
Eventually will find the slave kingdoms of West Africa
Slaves, Salt, Gold
Slave trade to feed sugar plantations
Will become Europe’s slave traders
1498 – Vasco da Gama sails around the Cape of Good Hope and to India – Spice trade begins
Portugal will make its money via trade (slaves, salt, gold and spices)
B) Spain – 1492
? Columbus, a crazy Italian
? Conquistadors
? Go west, young man, to find the east
? Spices turn to sugar and gold
? Three Gs: God, Gold and Glory
? 1519 – Hernando Cortes and the Aztecs (Gold)
? 1522 – Pizzaro and the Incas (Silver)
? stolen gold and silver will make the Spanish the richest civilization in Europe
? Money = Power
? Spain the envy of all in Europe
? Nuevo Espana and culture

1493 -- Treaty of Tortessillas -- Spain and Portugal divide the world -- Brazil to Portugal
Colombian Exchange – movement of goods, food, disease, people between the Old World and New World

An important fact to remember: Europe in two distinct camps after the Reformation
A) Protestant -- English, Dutch Reformed, French Huguenots, Prussia
B) Catholic -- French, Spanish, Portuguese, Austria
Overall, it's important to remember that by this time nations are solidifying their power with respect to the church, whatever the institution. Even in Catholic countries, the Church is losing some power Vis a Vis the state

Quebec -- French speaking even today
Louisiana -- Strong French influence, combined with Creole from the islands
Champlain -- 1497 -- Explores the St. Lawrence River Valley.
Big reason for colonization -- MONEY FROM FUR TRADERS
Small settlements in Canada -- Montreal and Quebec City centered on trade with the Indians
Big missionary effort -- French will use the Indians as allies against the English -- this effort will be largely unsuccessful, but the French will try
NO legacy of constitutional law or representation -- we'll deal with French Absolutism later
French trappers will eventually make it to the Great Lakes area and down the Mississippi
Louisiana will be explored in the late 17th century, and New Orleans colonized by Arcadians from Nova Scotia after the English take over in the 18th century
1763 -- After a series of wars with England, the French lose all of their colonial North American possessions. This angers the French crown. His majesty will be ready to strike back when we come calling in 1777.
Important to remember -- French colonies founded over money and TRADE. THEY'RE REALLY THE ONLY EUROPEAN POWER THAT TREATS THE INDIANS AS ALLIES
Religious Exception -- French Huguenots -- Protestants who come to the English colonies looking for religious freedom -- they settle in the backcountry and become an integral part of the Continental Army during the revolution.

1. small but adventurous merchant class
2. society racked by internal religious divisions
3. agricultural revolution and enclosure laws lead to excess population on the island and a mass of unemployed people

C) Halycut advocates to Queen Elizabeth the establishment of a colonial base north of Florida -- can raid Spanish and would be a place to send surplus population
D) 1585 -- Roanoke Island, NC -- 1st English colony in the New World -- bad experience -- colony disappears -- probably all killed by natives
E) 1607 -- Virginia Company settles Virginia -- Joint Stock Venture -- risk spread out -- really a business -- settlers mostly young sons of aristocracy -- colony starves until John Smith decllares Martial law and puts everyone to work -- eventually the Crown will take over the colony
F) Important aspect of southern colonies -- all except Georgia started for Money. They quickly turn to crops and Mercantilism (tobacco, Rice, indigo)
G) DEFINE MERCANTILISM AND TRIANGLE TRADE ON THE BOARD (Sugar -- Rum -- Slaves)
H) 1619 -- Dutch ship blown off course by a storm lands in Jamestown. They trade Black Africans for supplies. The Africans are not slaves, but rather indentured servants -- slavery will not come to Virginia in full force until the 1640s.

1) Religious descent -- Puritans unhappy with the Church of England -- it's too Catholic
2) 1620 -- Pilgrims (separatists) settle Plymouth after crossing on the Mayflower --
3) 1629 -- John Winthrop leads a group of Puritans to the shores of Massachusetts Bay. Winthrop and his flock believe that they are creating a "city on a hill" -- God's heaven on earth -- a beacon of light cutting through the fog -- charter is in Massachusetts and all church freedmen vote
4) imagery important -- they're God's chosen people
5) Calvinist Predestination -- members of the elect -- equality for Church members -- God is all knowing, so he knows who will be among the chosen
6) Important facts to remember

A) New England Puritans (not Pilgrims) had little use for natives (savages)
B) No religious freedom -- Quakers were hung or exiled
C) New England towns become the center of colonial life -- important for spreading information
D) Thriving trade system takes hold -- only substance agriculture, but fishing and shipping create wealth

MERCANTILISM AND THE RELATIONSHIP OF COLONIES TO THE MOTHER COUNTRY – DEFINE FOR THE CLASS