Unit 6 -- Renaissance and Reformation in Europe

1. feudalism ? life centered not around states or towns, but rather manors
2. state entities that will eventually come to dominate Europe

1. France ? divine right and absolutism
2. England -- constitutional monarchy, common law and trial by jury
3. Spain and Portugal ? Reconquest in process (we?ll discuss them next unit)
4. Holy Roman Empire
5. Italian city states ? engine that drives the Renaissance with Arab money
6. Byzantium ? fighting Islam ? will lose Constantinople / Istanbul in 1453
7. Russia and Austria ? Conservative Emperors running backward multi-national empires ? no Renaissance or Reformation

1. rediscovery of Greco-Roman legacy of learning, art, literature and humanism
2. Humanism ? idea that man is the center of the universe ? Man controls his own destiny and can learn by observation
3. Renaissance can not happen without three important events

1. crusades bring spices to Europe ? Italian city states will take control of the trade ? money will fund the Renaissance ? powerful families will serve as patrons of the arts and literature
2. Holy Roman Empire ? weak and multi-national

1. German Emperors
2. Italian City States protected by the Alps
3. Italian Popes after return from Avignon ? more interested in money than Religion

1. Power of the Church has been broken, especially by the Bubonic Plague ? the Church had no answers for the Plague, so some people began to look elsewhere for answers to many of their questions.

1. Early Renaissance driven by the Italian city States ? classical Humanism

1. Florence ? Medici family ? strong banking family that controlled the city leaders ? school for sculptors (Donatello, Michelangelo, etc.)
2. Rome ? Popes ? Built St. Peter?s Basilica ? amassed Vatican Library ?
3. Venice ? Eventually the greatest of all Italian City States

1. Artistic Achievements ? still studied today ? Realist Art based in the Church

1. Human beings portrayed in true form ? sense of intense realism
2. Great sculptures and paintings celebrating the human form
3. Painting of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican
4. Leonardo Da Vinci ? great artist and scientist ? some of his inventions were far ahead of his time (flying machines, artillery, etc.)
5. Michelangelo ? Sistine Chapel, David sculpture

1. Later Renaissance ? spread to France and England

1. Bourgeoisie and French Court paid for the scholars and artists
2. Universities began to teach humanist thought, but intermixed it with Christianity ? reformers called for change within the Church, particularly in light of the sinful practices of the popes ? helps lead to Martin Luther
3. English Literature ? Shakespeare ? wrapped around Drama and the Globe theatre

1. Romeo and Juliet ? story of two powerful merchant families
2. Othello ? Moors and Christians in conflict
3. Julius Caesar

1. Martin Luther, Indulgences and Justification by Faith

1. Indulgences ? certificates sold to help finance St. Peter?s Basilica -- Justification by works
2. Tetzel ? Church?s agent for selling indulgences in Northern Europe
3. 1517 ? Martin Luther, a local German monk, nails 95 theses to the church door at Wittenburg ? criticized the sale of Indulgences and other Church abuses
4. Letter of St. Paul to the Romans ? "He who through faith is righteous shall live"
5. Justification by Faith ? can not earn your way into heaven
6. Luther?s followers multiplied quickly all over Northern Germany
7. He was helped by the invention of movable type by Gutenberg years earlier ? Luther?s ideas now able to be spread even before the Church could react.
8. Charles V ? Holy Roman Emperor ? fights Lutheranism ? We?ll see him later as well
9. Lutheranism will eventually cover all of Northern Germany
10. Protestants ? will all split from the Catholic Church ? different denominations
11. Largest Christian Denomination ? Roman Catholic ? no matter what you may or may not have heard ? Catholicism is Christianity

1. John Calvin and Predestination

1. Calvin ? Swiss lawyer who uses reason to develop a separate brand of Protestantism
2. Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536) ?

1. Predestination ? explain logic for the class
2. Idea of the "Elect" ? and a "city of the saints" who would live in harmony and God?s grace
3. "City on a Hill" ? Puritans and Congregationalists in Massachusetts

1. English Reformation

1. Henry VIII -- 1509 to1547 -- "Defender of the Faith" -- Begins English Reformation in the 1530s when he wants to divorce his wife (Catherine of Aragon) -- English Church will still be Catholic but with no allegiance to Rome
2. Edward VI -- 1547 to 1553 -- Strong Lutheran style Protestant -- tries to turn England fully to Protestantism by reforming the Church -- sickly monarch -- dies young
3. Mary I (Bloody Mary) -- 1553 to 1558 -- staunchly Catholic -- executes Protestants
4. Elizabeth I -- 1558 to 1603 -- Break with Rome final -- Spanish Armada Defeated -- Anglican Church (Protestant but Catholic) -- Roanoke Colony (1585) -- English pirates set their eyes on Spanish gold

1. Counter Reformation ? Now called the "Catholic Reformation" ? really a Catholic reform movement in response to the Reformation

1. Inquisition ? process of rooting out heretics ? office closed in 1965
2. The Council of Trent

1. Assembly of bishops and cardinals, addressed matter of doctrine and reform
2. Acknowledged abuses of Roman Catholic church, took steps to reform

1. The Society of Jesus (Jesuits)

1. Founded by Ignatius Loyola, a Basque nobleman, in 1540
2. Required members (Jesuits) to complete a rigorous, advanced education
3. Jesuits became effective missionaries, known for their discipline and determination

1. The split in Christianity profoundly affected the Age of Exploration and Discovery, as we shall see in the Next Unit
2. Thirty Years War and 1648

1. Religious wars

1. Religious war wracked France for 36 years (1562-1598)
2. Religious war between Spain and England, 1588 (Armada)

1. The Thirty Years' War (1618-48)

1. Religious wars culminated in the massive continental conflict
2. Motives were not only religious, but also political and economic
3. The most destructive war before WWI
4. In the end, the two sides will learn to Coexist