essay questions:  first lecture exam

1. 	Homeostasis in the body:  definition, coordination, major controlled variables.
2. 	The major categories of functions/processes controlled by hormones.
3. 	The main classes of chemical messengers:  categories based on the relation between the site of production and site of the action.
4. 	List the main hormone-producing tissues and organs.
5. 	List the hypothalamic hormones.
6. 	List the hormones of the adenohypophysis.
7. 	List the hormones of the neurohypophysis.
8. 	List the thyroid and parathyroid hormones.
9. 	List the hormones of the adrenal medulla.
10. 	List the hormones of the adrenal cortex.
11. 	List the hormones of the ovary and testis.
12. 	List the hormones of the pancreas.
13. 	List the hormones of the pineal gland, thymus, and skin.
14. 	List the major hormones of the gastrointestinal tract.
15. 	List the hormones of the liver and kidney.
16. 	List the hormones formed in the blood plasma, heart, lung, and adipose tissue.
17. 	List at least three growth factors.
18. 	List at least four cytokines.

19. 	The general characteristics of peptide hormones (structure, solubility, synthesis, storage, secretion, transport, receptor site and postreceptor actions).
20. 	The general characteristics of catecholamines (structure, solubility, synthesis, storage, secretion, transport, receptor site and postreceptor actions).
21. 	The general characteristics of thyroid hormones (structure, solubility, synthesis, storage, secretion, transport, receptor site and postreceptor actions).
22. 	The general characteristics of steroid hormones (structure, solubility, synthesis, storage, secretion, transport, receptor site and postreceptor actions).
23. 	The definition of tropic and nontropic hormones.

24. 	List the major steps at which the action of hormones is regulated.
25. 	The general structure of the gene.
26. 	Transcription factors (definition, function and 2 examples).
27. 	Give a brief definition for the term “the regulation of gene expression”.
28. 	Splicing and alternative splicing.
29. 	Transcription and posttranscriptional processing.
30. 	Describe the major steps in the synthesis of a peptide hormone.
31. 	Translation and posttranslational processing of peptide hormones.
32. 	The function of various subcellular structures in the secretion of peptide hormones.

33. 	The characteristics and function of hormone carrier proteins
34. 	The importance of specialized local circulations in the transport of hormones to the site of action (with examples)
35. 	Definition of binding capacity, affinity and intrinsic activity at the receptor.
36. 	Definition of receptor agonists and antagonists.
37. 	Definition and characteristics of non-specific hormone binding.
38. 	What is receptor upregulation and downregulation?
39. 	What is positive and negative cooperativity?
40. 	What is permissiveness, synergism, and antagonism?
41. 	What are the possible effects of the receptor activation in the cell?
42. 	The structure and function of ion channel-linked and enzyme-linked hormone receptors.
43. 	The function of G proteins.
44. 	The cAMP and cGMP second messenger system.
45. 	The IP3/DAG and the arachidonic acid second messenger system.
46. 	The structure and function of intracellular hormone receptors.
47. 	The mechanisms of signal elimination in the endocrine system

48. 	The structure and major functions of the hypothalamus.
49. 	The anatomical divisions and histology of the pituitary.
50. 	Blood supply to the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary.
51. 	The hypothalamo-hypophysial tract
52. 	TRH
53. 	Somatostatin
54. 	GHRH
55. 	GnRH
56. 	CRH
57. 	PIH and PRF 
58. 	The feedback regulation of hormone secretion.
59. 	Endogenous biological rhythms.

60. 	Growth hormone:  chemical structure, source, and plasma levels.
61. 	The GH receptor and the second messenger mechanisms activated by GH receptor.
62. 	The metabolic effects of GH.
63. 	The growth-promoting effects of GH on soft tissues and bones.
64. 	Insulin-like growth factors:  forms, receptors, source and actions.
65. 	The regulation of GH secretion.
66. 	The endocrine control of growth.
67. 	The hypofunction of the GHRH-GH-IGF axis.
68. 	The excess production of GH.
69. 	Prolactin:  structure, source, plasma levels, receptors.
70. 	The biologic actions of prolactin.
71. 	The regulation of prolactin secretion.
72. 	Hyperprolactinemia:  etiology, symptoms, and therapy.

73. 	TSH:  chemical structure, source, plasma levels, and receptors.
74. 	TSH:  the effects of TSH and the regulation of TSH secretion.
75. 	FSH:  chemical structure, source, plasma levels, and receptors.
76. 	FSH:  the effects of FSH and the regulation of FSH secretion.
77. 	LH:  chemical structure, source, plasma levels, and receptors.
78. 	LH:  The effects of LH and the regulation of LH secretion.
79. 	ACTH:  chemical structure, source, plasma levels, and receptors.
80. 	ACTH:  the effects of ACTH and the regulation of ACTH secretion.
81. 	MSH:  chemical structure, source, plasma levels, receptors, and its effects.