I Minoan Civilization
a. The palace at Knossos has rooms for the royal family, religious shrines, banquet halls, and working areas for artisans.
b. A sudden volcanic eruption on a nearby island may have rained flaming death on Knossos or an earthquake
c. The Mycenaean�s invaded the Minoan.
II Rulers of Mycenae
a. The Mycenaean�s conquered the Greek mainland before overrunning Crete.
b. The Mycenaean�s are sea traders.
c. The Mycenaean�s were the best remembered in the Trojan War.
III The age of Homer
a. The Dorian�s invaded the north and took the Mycenaean�s power.
b. Homer is a blind poet that would wonder from village to village.
c. The Iliad and odyssey reveal much about the values that the Ancient Greeks had.
IV Looking Ahead
a. After the Dorian invasions the Greeks lived in small isolated villages.
b. From the unpromising start the Greeks developed a civilization that influenced many parts of the world.
c. The stories that were told about the Crete and Mycenae became part of the Greek heritage.
V Geography: The Greek Homeland
a. The Greeks strongest rulers were organized to make irrigation works for the farmers so they can produce food.
b. Greeks that farmed in the valleys or settled on the scattered islands didn�t create a large empire as the Egyptians and Mesopotamians did.
c. The Greek coast line had hundreds of bays that provided safe harbors for ships.
VI The Polis
a. The unique version of the city-state was called the polis.
b. The acropolis or high city was made to dedicate the gods and goddesses.
c. The changed military tech increased the power of the middle class.
VII Sparta: A Nation of Soldiers
a. The beginning a child�s life they were prepared to be part of the military state.
b. The women were expected to produce healthy sons for the army.
c. The Spartan�s suffered by there rigorous way of life.
VIII Athens: A Limited Democracy
a. The Athenians wealth and power grew under the aristocracy.
b. There were tyrants that arose over the reforms that ensured greater fairness and justice to some groups.
c. The Athenian tyrant Pisistratus seized power and then took land from the nobles to help the farmers.
IX Forces for Unity
a. The Greeks shared the same language, participated in common festivals, and honored the same ancient heroes.
b. The Greeks were polytheistic.
c. The Greeks called the people that didn�t speak there language barbarians.
X The Persian War
a. The Persians defeated the rebel cities at Marathon.
b. The Athens had convinced Sparta and other city-states to the fight.
c. The Persian Wars increased the Greeks sense of their own uniqueness.
XI Athens in the Age of Pericles
a. Pericles believed that know made the wealth or social class, they should take part in the government.
b. Pericles gave a speech at the funeral of Athenians slain in battle.
c. Pericles hired the best to rebuild the Acropolis that the Persians destroyed.
XII Greek Against Greek
a. There was the Delian league and the Peloponnsian league.
b. The Athens where faced with a problem because they couldn�t attack from the sea.
c. The Athenians lost the war against the Spartans.
XIII Lovers of Wisdom
a. The Greeks called people that observe and reason to find causes for what happened philosophers.
b. The philosophers explored many subjects like; mathematics and physics to music and logic.
c. Some philosophers we into more interested ethics or moral behavior.
XIV Death of a Philosopher
a. The Socratic used a questioning process that came to be called the Socratic method.
b. Socratic was accused of corrupting the city�s youth and failing to respect the gods.
c. Socratic accepted the death penalty and drank a cup of deadly poison.
XV Ideas About Government
a. Plato was like Socratic and emphasized the important reasons.
b. Plato thought that women could rank among the ruling elite of his republic.
c. Plato taught Aristotle and he analyzed all kinds of the government.
XVI The Search for Beauty and Order
a. Parthenon is the most famous Greek temple and was dedicated to the goddess Athena.
b. There was once a gold and ivory covered figure of Athena in the temple.
c. The only Greek paintings to survive were the paintings on the vases and other pottery.
XVII Poetry and Drama
a. The first Greek plays evolved from the religious festivals that took place.
b. All three famous Athenian playwrights were tragedies.
c. Some other playwrights were comedies.
XVIII The Writing of History
a. Herodotus is often called the father of history.
b. Thucydides wrote about the Peloponnesian War.
c. Both writers set standards for future historians.
XIX Macedonian Ambitions
a. Philip gained the Macedonian throne in 359 B.C.
b. Philip built a superb army and hired foreign captains to train his troops.
c. Philip forced the Macedonians and the Greeks to conquer the Persian empire.
XX A Mighty Conqueror
a. Alexander was only 20 years old when he was already an experienced soldier.
b. Alexander was like is father and wanted to invade Persia.
c. Alexander died of a sudden fever.
XXI The Legacy of Alexander
a. Alexander found many new cities, most of them named after him.
b. Alexander founded the city Alexandria which is located in the center of trade between Europe and Asia, which was Egypt.
c. When women had more opportunities they started to learn how to read and write.
XXII Hellenistic Civilization
a. The Hellenistic age contributed to making schools of Philosophy.
b. The Hellenistic age also advanced in the science and mathematics.
c. Hippocrates studied the cause of illnesses and looked for cures.
XXIII Looking Ahead
a. During the Hellenistic age Rome came and dominated the Mediterranean world.
b. The ideas about law, freedom, justice, and government is used to this day.
c. Greek legacy influenced the civilizations of Rome and Western Europe.
Chapter 8
I. The Early Middle Ages
A. A Land of Great Potential
1. Europe was located from Portugal to China.
2. Europe had dense forests covered in rich black earth, which was better to grow crops with.
3. Coastal people fished for food and used the seas as highways for trade and exploration.
B. Germanic Kingdoms
1. The Germanic tribes were farmers and herders that migrated across Europe.
2. They had no cities and no written laws.
3. Between 400 and 700 the Germanic tribes carved up Western Europe into small kingdoms.
C. Islam: A New Mediterranean Power
1. After the Germanic peoples carved up Western Europe Islam swept out of the Middle East and into the Mediterranean world.
2. Christians watched with fear as Muslim armies won victories around the Mediterranean.
3. The Christians had anxiety and anger because of the Muslims.
D. The Age of Charlemagne
1. Charlemagne�s empire reached across France, Germany, and part of Italy.
2. Charlemagne marched south and crushed the rebellious Romans.
3. Charlemagne created a united Christian Europe.
E. A Revival of Learning
1. Charlemagne hoped to make his capital at Aachen.
2. He could read but he could not write.
3. Charlemagne set a Palace school at Aachen.
F. Charlemagne�s Legacy
1. Charlemagne died in 814.
2. After he died his Empire crumpled.
3. Although his Empire crumbled he extended Christian culture into Northern Europe.
G. New Attacks
1. The Muslim conquered Sicily in the late 800�s.
2. The Vikings were the most destructive raiders.
3. The Vikings were fierce warriors, traders, and explorers.
II. Feudalism and the Manor Economy
H. A New System of Rule
1. Peopled needed to defend their homes and lands, which evolved into a new system, called Feudalism.
2. Feudalism is a loosely organized system of rule in which powerful local divided their large land holdings among the lesser lords.
3. The lords and vassals had relationships by customs and traditions.
I. Lords, Vassals, and Knights
1. Everyone had a place in feudal society.
2. The Dukes and counts were the most powerful lords.
3. Vassals had more than one lord and because of that the relationships grew very complex
J. The World of Warriors
1. At the age of seven a boy slated to become a knight was sent away to the castle.
2. During the Middle Ages the powerful lords fortified the homes to with stand attack.
3. Knights adopted a code of conduct called chivalry.
K. The Manor
1. Most of the peasants on a manor were serfs who were bound to the land.
2. Peasants produced almost everything they needed, from food and clothing to simple furniture and tools.
3. A manor included a few dozen one room huts clustered close together in a village.
L. Daily Life
1. In spring and autumn they plowed and harvested
2. In the summer they hayed and weeded, repaired fences and performed chores.
3. The breaks came on Christmas and Easter, when they had a week off form work.
III. The Medieval Church
M. A Spiritual and Worldly Empire
1. After the fall of Rome the Christian church split into eastern and western churches.
2. The pope was the spiritual leader of the Roman Catholic Church.
3. Medieval Christians believed that all the people were sinners.
N. The Church and Daily Life
1. To peasants religion was linked to the routines of daily life.
2. The church required all Christians to pay a tithe.
3. The church taught that men and women were equal before God.
O. Monks and Nuns
1. Monks and nuns took an oath of poverty.
2. Monks and nuns tended to the sick before there were hospitals.
3. Monasteries and converts performed a vital cultural function by preserving the writings of the ancient world.
P. Hildegard of Bingen: Adviser to Popes and Kings
1. Perhaps in response to her visions, Hildegard�s parents placed her in a convert at an early age.
2. Hildegard did not hesitate to speak her mind and encounter or scolded churchmen and rulers alike.
3. Hildegard was not the only nun to raise her voice in the early Middle Ages.
Q. Reform Movements
1. In the 900�s Abbot Berno set out to end abuses.
2. St. Dominic founded a preaching order of friars to work in the larger world.
3. Some women responded to the call of reform by creating groups that were independent of the regular church orders.
R. Jews in Western Europe
1. Medieval Europe was home to numerous Jewish communities.
2. Jews spread in to northern Europe.
3. Christians blamed Jews for all kinds of ills including diseases and famines.
IV. Economic Expansion and Change
S. An Agricultural Revolution
1. Peasants used new iron plows that carved deep into the heavy soil of northern Europe.
2. A new harness allowed faster moving horses to plow more land than oxen in a day.
3. Other changes brought still more land into use and further increased food production.
T. Trade Revives
1. Enterprising traders formed merchant companies that traveled in armed caravans for safety.
2. Traders and customers met at local trade fairs.
3. The fairs closed in the autumn when the weather made roads impassable.
U. A Commercial Revolution
1. Europeans developed new ways of doing business by using partnership.
2. The new ways of business were part of a commercial revolution that transformed the medieval economy.
3. The old social order of nobles, clergy, and peasants gradually changed.
V. Role of Guilds
1. Merchant dominated life in Medieval towns.
2. To become a guild member meant many years of hard work as an apprentice.
3. Women often engaged in the same trade as her father or husband and might inherit workshop if he died.
X. City Life
1. Medieval towns and cities were surrounded by high protective walls.
2. Medieval cites were a jumble of narrow streets lined with tall houses.
3. The streets echoed with the cries of hawkers selling their wares and porters grumbling under heavy loads.
Y. Looking Ahead
1. By 1300 Western Europe was different place from what it had been in the early Middle Ages.
2. New riches revised the social structure.
3. The economic revival of the High Middle Ages was bringing Europeans into contact with civilizations much more advanced than their own.
Chapter 9
I. Growth of Royal Power in England and France.
A. Monarchs, Nobles, and the Church
1. They ruled their own domains but relied on vassals for military support.
2. Nobles and churches had their own courts, collected their own taxes and fielded their own armies.
3. The monarchs strengthened ties with the middle class.
B. Strong Monarchs in England
1. 1066 Anglo Saxon king Edward died without an heir.
2. William�s successors strengthened two key areas of government.
3. Henry II England also developed an early jury system.
C. Evolving Traditions of Government
1. Henry�s son John was a clever, greedy, cruel, and untrustworthy ruler.
2. The Magna Carta contained two basic ideas that in the long run would shape government traditions in England.
3. 1200�s English rulers often called on the Great Council for advice.
II. The Holy Roman Empire and the Church
D. Royal Successes in France
1. Monarchs in France did not rule over a unified kingdom.
2. Philip II was an outstanding French king and was often called Philip Augustus.
3. Louis took the throne in 1226.
E. The Holy Roman Empire
1. The Holy Roman Empire had the potential to be the strongest monarchy in Europe.
2. The close ties between Otto and the Church held the seeds of conflict.
3. A key conflict between emperors and popes rose over who would control appointments to high Church offices.
F. Two Determined Rulers
1. Pope Gregory�s ban brought an angry response from the Holy Roman emperor Henry IV.
2. In 1076 Gregory excommunicated Henry, freeing his subjects from their allegiance to the emperor.
3. Gregory knew that Henry was only trying to save his throne.
G. New Struggles Between Popes and Emperors
1. Barbarossa did succeed in arranging a marriage between his son Henry and Constance, heiress to Sicily and southern Italy.
2. Sicily, a rich island kingdom in the Mediterranean, had a sophisticated court, where Muslim and Christian influences existed side by side.
3. While Fredrick was embroiled in Italy, he gave in to many demands of his German nobles.
H. The Church Under Innocent III
1. In 1200s the Roman Catholic Church reached its peak of power.
2. Innocent III who took office in 1198 embodied the triumph of the Church.
3. Innocent clashed with all the powerful rulers of his day.
III. Europeans Look Outward
I. The World in 1050
1. In 1050, when Western Europe was barely emerging from isolation, several civilizations in the Middle East and Asia had long been major powers.
2. During Europe�s Middle Ages, Islam had given rise to a brilliant new civilization.
3. Muslim traders and scholars spread goods and ideas even farther afield.
J. The Crusades
1. As the Seljuk threat grew, the Byzantine emperor Alexius I sent an urgent plea to Pope Urban II in Rome.
2. The crusaders divided the captured lands into four small states.
3. Europeans also mounted crusades against other Muslim lands, especially in North Africa.
K. Impact of the Crusades
1. The Crusades failed in their chief goal-the conquest of the Holy Land.
2. The Crusades did have some positive effects.
3. Merchants in Venice and other northern Italian cities built large fleets to carry crusaders to the Holy Land.
L. The Crusading Spirit and the Reconquista
1. The crusading spirit continued long after the European defeat at Acre.
2. Efforts by Christian warriors to expel the Muslims began in the 700s.
3. Isabella of Castile married Ferdinand of Aragon.
IV. Learning, Literature, and the Arts
M. Medieval Universities
1. As economic and political conditions improved in the High Middle Ages, the need for education expanded.
2. By 1100s, schools had sprung up around the great cathedrals to train the clergy.
3. University life offered few comforts.
N. Europeans Acquire �New� Learning
1. By 1100s these new translations were seeping into Western Europe.
2. Christian scholars, known as scholastics tried to resolve the conflict between faith and reason.
3. The writings of these thinkers influenced the scholastic Thomas Aquinas.
O. Education for Women
1. Few women received a good education.
2. De Pizan used her pen to examine the achievements of women.
3. Men continued to look on educated women as oddities.
P. Medieval Literature
1. While Latin was the language of scholars and churchmen, new writings began to appear in the vernacular.
2. Across Europe, people began writing down oral traditions in the vernacular.
3. Spain�s great epic, Poem of the Cid, also involves conflicts with Islam.
Q. Splendors in Stone
1. About 1000, monasteries and town built solid stone churches that reflected Roman influences.
2. These Romanesque churches looked like fortresses with thick walls and towers.
3. About 1140, Abbot Suger wanted to build a new abbey church at St. Denis near Paris.
V. A Time of Crisis
R. The Black Death
1. In 1347, a fleet of Genoese trading ships, loaded with grain, left the Black Sea port of Caffa and sailed for Messina, Sicily.
2. Within months the disease that Europeans called the Black Death was raging through Italy.
3. The disease struck with stunning speed.
S. Upheaval in the Church
1. The late Middle Ages brought spiritual crisis, scandal, and division to the Roman Catholic Church.
2. The church was unable to provide the strong leadership needed in this desperate time.
3. With its moral authority weakened, the church faced still more problems.
T. The Hundred Years� War
1. On top of the disasters of famine, plague, and economic decline came a long, destructive war.
2. As you have read, English rulers had battled for centuries to hold onto the French lands of their Norman ancestors.
3. At first, the English won a string of victories at Crecy in 1346, poitiers 10 years later, and Agincourt in 1415.
U. Looking Ahead
1. The hundred year war brought many changes to the late medieval world.
2. In the 1400s as Europe recovered from the Black Death, other changes occurred.
3. The recovery of the late Middle Ages set the stage for further changes during the Renaissance, reformation, and Age of Exploration.
Chapter 14
I. The Renaissance in Italy
A. What was the Renaissance?
1. The Renaissance was a time of creativity and change in many areas, such as political, social, economic and cultural.
2. Renaissance Europe didn�t completely break from the medieval past.
3. The Renaissance produced new attitudes toward culture and learning.
B. Italian Beginnings
1. The Renaissance began in Italy in the 1300�s and spread north to the rest of Europe.
2. A wealthy and powerful merchants class in there city-states further promoted the cultural rebirth.
3. Florence, perhaps more than any other city, came to symbolize the Italian Renaissance.
C. Humanism
1. The heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism.
2. Humanists believed that education should stimulate the individual�s creative powers.
3. In monasteries and churches, Petrarch hunted down and assembled a library of Greek and Roman manuscripts.
D. A Golden Age in the Arts
1. The Renaissance reached its most glorious expression in its painting, sculpture, and architecture.
2. Roman art had been very realistic, and Renaissance painters developed new techniques for representing both humans and landscapes in a realistic way.
3. Leonardo made sketches of nature and of models in his studio.
E. Writings for the New Age
1. Poets, artists, and scholars mingled with politicians at the courts of Renaissance rulers.
2. The ideal man wrote Castiglione, is athletic but not overactive.
3. Machiavelli combined his personal experience of politics with his knowledge of the past to offer a guide to rulers on how to gain and maintain power.
II. The Renaissance Moves North
F. Artists of the Northern Renaissance
1. The Northern Renaissance began in the 1400s in the prosperous cities of Flanders, a region that included parts of what is today Northern France, Belgium, and the Netherlands.
2. Albrecht Durer traveled to Italy in 1494 to study the techniques of the Italian masters.
3. Durer had a keen and inquiring mind and that is because of his wide-ranging interests.
G. Northern Humanists
1. Northern European humanist scholars stressed education and a revival of classical learning.
2. Erasmus used his pen to call for reforms in the Church.
3. Erasmus�s friend the English humanist Sir Thomas More also used his pen to press for social and economic reform.
H. Literature of the Northern Renaissance
1. The French humanist Francois Rabelais had a varied career as a monk, physician and author.
2. The towering figure of Renaissance literature was the English poet and playwright William Shakespeare.
3. Shakespeare loved words that enriched the English language.
I. The Printing Revolution
1. The great woks of Renaissance literature reached a large audience.
2. The Chinese had learned to make paper and had printed books centuries earlier.
3. Printing presses sprang up in Italy, Germany, the Netherlands, and England.
III The Protestant Reformation
J. Abuses in the Church
1. Beginning in the late Middle Ages, the church had become increasingly caught up in worldly affairs.
2. During the Renaissance, popes, like other Renaissance rulers, maintained a lavish lifestyle.
3. To finance such projects, the church increased fees for religious services like marriages and baptisms.
K. Luther�s Protest
1. Protests against church abuses continued to grow.
2. The son of a middle-class German family, Luther had been slated by his father for a career as a lawyer.
3. To a pious man like Martin Luther, Tetzel was the final insult.
L. Spread of Lutheran Ideas
1. Luther�s ideas found a fertile field in northern Germany and Scandinavia.
2. Many of the clergy saw Luther�s reforms as the answer to corruption in the Roman Catholic Church.
3. The peasants also took up Luther�s banner.
M. John Calvin
1. The most important reformer to follow Martin Luther was John Calvin.
2. Calvin was born in France and trained as a priest and lawyer.
3. Calvin taught that God was all powerful and that humans were by nature sinful.
IV Reformation Ideas Spread
N. Radical Reformers
1. As the Reformation continued, hundreds of new protestant sects sprang up.
2. Some Anabaptists sought radical social change.
3. Most Anabaptists were peaceful women and men.
O. The English Reformation
1. In England, religious leaders such as John Wycliffe had called for church reform as early as the 1300�s.
2. At first, Henry VIII stood firmly against the protestant revolt.
3. After 18 years of marriage, Henry and his wife, Catherine of Aragon, had only one surviving child, a daughter named Mary Tudor.
P. Elizabeth I Restores Unity to England
1. Mary Tudor was 17 years old when Elizabeth I was born.
2. Mary became queen and kindness was replaced by fear.
3. Elizabeth waited in terror for two months because the plot against her was uncovered.
Q. The Catholic Reformation
1. As the protestant reformation swept across northern Europe, a vigorous reform movement took hold within the Catholic Church.
2. To establish the direction that reform should take, the pope called the Council of Trent in 1545.
3. The council also took also took steps to end abuses in the Church.
R. Widespread Persecution
1. During this period of heightened religious passion, persecution was widespread.
2. Almost certainly, the religious fervor of the times contributed to a wave of witch hunting.
3. Scholars have offered various reasons for this savage persecution.
S. Looking Ahead
1. The upheavals of the Catholic and protestant reformations sparked wars of religion in Europe until the mid-1600s.
2. Issues of religion began to give way to issues of national power.
3. Catholic and protestant rulers of the mid-1600s often made decisions based on political interests rather than for purely religious reasons.
V. The Scientific Revolution
T. Changing Views of the World
1. European scholars accepted the idea of the ancient Greek astronomer Ptolemy that the Earth was the center of the universe.
2. Most experts rejected his revolutionary theory, which contradicted both Church teaching and the teaching of Ptolemy.
3. The Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe provided evidence that supported Copernicus�s theory.
U. Newton Ties It All Together
1. As a student as Cambridge University in England, Isaac Newton devoured the works of the leading scientists of his day.
2. Newton perfected his theory over the next 20 years.
3. Newton published Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, explained the law of gravity and other working of the universe.
V. More Scientific Advances
1. The 1500s and 1600s saw change in areas other than astronomy.
2. Chemistry slowly freed itself from the magical notions of alchemy.
3. Robert Boyle distinguished between individual elements and chemical compounds.
W. Bacon and Descartes
1. The new scientific method was really a revolution in thought.
2. Both Bacon and Descartes rejected Aristotle�s scientific assumptions.
3. Bacon and Descartes differed in their methods and Bacon stressed experiment and observation.
Chapter 18
A world of progress and reason
1. The Enlightenment grew out of the scientific Revolution of the 1500�s and 1600�s, with its amazing discoveries by the thinkers like Copernicus and Newton.
2. Scientific success created great confidence in the power of reason.
Two views of social contract
1. In the 1600�s, two English thinkers, Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, set forth ideas that were to become key to the enlightenment.
2. Thomas Hobbes set out his ideas in a work-tilted leviathan.
Montesquieu�s spirit of the laws
1. In the 1700�s, France saw a flowering of enlightenment thought.
2. In 1748, Montesquieu published The spirit of the laws.
The world of the philosophers
1. In France, a group of Enlightenment thinkers applied the methods of science to better understand and improve society.
2. Probably the most famous philosophe was Francois-Marie Arouet, who took the name Voltaire.
Rousseau: a controversial figure
1. The most controversial philosophe was Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
2. In 1762, Rousseau set forth his ideas about government and society in The social Contract.
Limited �natural rights� for women
1. The Enlightenment slogan �free and equal� did not apply to women.
2. By the mid 1700�s, a small but growing number of women protested this view.
New economic thinking
1. Other thinkers, the physiocrtaes focused on economic reforms.
2. Philosophers rejected mercantilism, which required government requirements to achieve a favorable balance of trade.
The challenge of new ideas
1. The ideas of the Enlightenment spread quickly through many levels of society.
2. As enlightenment ideas spread, people began to challenge the old ways.
Salons
1. The new literature, the arts, science, and philosophy were regular topics of the discussion in salons, informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophers, and others exchanged ideas.
2. By the 1700�s, some of the middle-class women began holding salons.
The salon in the Rue saint Honore
1. In 1713, a 14-year-old Marie-Therese Rodet was wed to Francois Geoffrin, he was 48 years old.
2. The Geoffrins settled into a house on the Rue saint Honore in Paris.
Enlightened despots
1. Discussions of enlightenment theories also enlivened the courts of Europe.
2. Catherine II of Russia read the works of the philosophes and exchanged letters with Voltaire and Diderot.
The arts and literature
1. In the 1600�s and 1700�s, the arts evolved to meet changing tastes.
2. By the mid-1700�s, architects and designers developed the rococo style.
Lives of majority
1. Most Europeans were untouched by either courtly or middle-class culture.
2. Peasant life varied across Europe.
Global expansion
1. England�s location made it well placed to control trade during the Renaissance.
2. In the 1700�s, Britain was generally on the winning side in the European conflicts.
Growth of the constitutional government
1. In the century after the Glorious Revolution, three new political institutions arose in Britain: political parties, the cabinet, and the office of the prime minister.
2. Two political parties emerged in England in the late 1600�s, Tories and whigs.
Politics and society
1. The age of Walpole was a time of peace and prosperity.
2. The lives of most people contrasted sharply with those of the ruling elite.
George III Reasserts royal power
1. In 1760, George III embarked on a 60-year reign.
2. Gradually, George found seats in Parliament for �the king�s friends.�
The 13 English colonies
1. By 1750, a string of 13 prosperous colonies stretched along the eastern coast of North America.
2. Britain applied mercantilist policies to its colonies.
Growing discontent
1. After 1763, relations between Britain and the 13 colonies grew strained.
2. In April 1775, the crisis exploded into war.
The American Revolution
1. At first, the American cause looked bleak.
2. The continental congress had few military resources and little money to pay its soldiers.
A new constitution
1. A national government set up by a document that Americans called the Articles of Confederation.
2. The constitution created a federal republic, with power divided between the federal, or national, government.
Chapter 20
I. A Turning Point in History
A. The rural way of life began to disappear for growing numbers of people after the Industrial Revolution
B. Industrial-age travelers moved rapidly by train or steamship.
C. Elias Howe made the first sewing machine
II. A New Agricultural Revolution
A. The Dutch led the way in the new agricultural revolution during improved methods of farming
B. Rich landowners pushed ahead with enclosure
C. Enclosure is the process of taking over and fencing off land formerly shared by peasant farmers
III. The Population Explosion
A. The agricultural revolution showed a rapid growth of population
B. Britain�s population soared from around 5 million in the year 1700 to almost 9 million in 1800
C. The population boom of the 1700s was caused by the declining death rates than to rising birthrates
IV. An Energy Revolution
A. An �Energy Revolution� was the third factor that helped trigger the Industrial Revolution
B. In the 1700s, people found ways to use water power more efficiently such as using giant water wheels that powered machines in the first factories
C. The inventor Thomas Newcomen developed a steam engine powered by coal to pump water out of mines
V. Why Britain?
A. Britain had large supplies of coal to power steam engines even though they were a relatively small nation
B. A large number of workers were needed to mine the coal and iron, build the factories, and run the machines
C. Britain had been a center of the Scientific Revolution. The scientific revolution focused attention on the physical world and developed new devices to help it
VI. The Age of Iron and Coal
A. New technologies in the iron industry were key to the Industrial Revolution
B. The Darby family of Coalbrookdale were leaders in developing Britain�s iron industry
C. Abraham Darby began to use coal instead of wood for smelting iron which is separating iron from its ore
VII. Revolutionary Changes in the Textile Industry
A. In the 1600�s, cotton cloth imported from India had become increasingly popular
B. Weavers could work so fast that they soon outpaced spinners because they could now use John Kay�s invention of the flying shuttle
C. Richard Arkwright invented to water frame which used water power to speed up spinning still further
VIII. Revolution in Transportation
A. Some capitalists invested in turnpikes
B. Turnpikes were privately built roads that charged a fee to travelers who used them
C. Other inventors applied steam power to improve shipping. Scottish builders made the first paddle wheel steamboats to pull barges along canals
IX. Looking Ahead
A. As the Ind. Revolution got under way, it triggered a chain reaction
B. Inventors developed machines that could produce large quantities in response to growing demand
C. The Ind. Revolution did more than change the way goods were made. It also affected people�s whole way of life. This was shown after industrializing nations of the world were hit by economic and social changes
X. The New Industrial City
A. The Industrial Revolution brought rapid urbanization and caused changes in farming and made greater population growth
B. Urbanization was a movement of people to the cities
C. The wealthy and the middle class lived in pleasant neighborhoods and the vast numbers of poor struggled to survive in slums when a gulf started to divide the urban population
XI. The Factory System
A. In rural villages, people worked hard, but their work varied according to the season
B. Women made up much of the new industrial work force because employers thought women could adapt more easily to machines and were easier to manage than men
C. Factories and mines hired many boys and girls to do work
XII. Patience Kershaw�s Life Underground
A. Child that were stuck under child labor were working in factories and were stunted in growth or had twisted limbs and most likely remained uneducated
B. Kershaw said that the men she worked with beat her if she did not work quickly enough
C. She had entered the mines as a small child and probably never saw the Mines Commission report
XIII. The Working Class
A. As the Ind. Revolution began, weavers and other skilled artisans resisted the new �labor-saving� machines that were costing them their jobs
B. Many working class people found comfort in a new religious movement
C. Methodist meetings featured hymns and sermons promising forgiveness of sin and a better life to come
XIV. The New Middle Class
A. Middle class families lived in solid, well furnished homes and dressed well and ate large meals
B. As a sign of their new standard of living, middle class women were encouraged to become �ladies�
C. The new middle class valued hard work and the determination to �get ahead�
XV. Benefits and Problems
A. Reformers pressed for laws to improve working conditions
B. Despite the social problems created by the Industrial Revolution- low pay, unemployment, dismal living conditions- the industrial age did bring material benefits
C. Industrialization continues to spread around the world today
XVI. Laissez-Faire Economics
A. The prophet of laissez-faire economics was Adam Smith
B. Smith said that the free market would produce more goods at lower prices, making them affordable by everyone
C. Both Malthus and Ricardo opposed any government help for the poor eve though they were not cruel men
XVII. The Utilitarian
A. Utilitarianism is the idea that the goal of society should be �the greatest happiness for the greatest number�
B. Although he believed strongly in individual freedom, Mill wanted the government to step in to improve the hard lives of the working class
C. Most middle class people rejected Mill�s ideas
XVIII. Emergence of Socialism
A. Socialism was the solution to end poverty and injustice
B. Socialism grew out of the Enlightenment faith in progress, its belief in the basic goodness of human nature
C. Owen insisted that the conditions in which people lived shaped their character
XIX. The �Scientific Socialism� of Karl Marx
A. Communism is a form of socialism that sees class struggle between employers and employees as inevitable
B. The proletariat was another word for the working class
C. Marx claimed his ideas were based on scientific law
Chapter 21
I. Preserving the Old Order
A. Conservatives included monarchs and members of their government, noble landowners, and church leaders
B. The conservatives in 1815 had very different goals from conservatives in the United States today
C. Conservatives believed that talk about natural rights and constitutional government could lead only to chaos
II. The Liberal Challenge
A. Challenging the conservatives at every turn were the liberals
B. The principle of universal manhood suffrage was giving all adult men the right to vote
C. Liberals strongly supported the laissez-faire economics of Adam Smith and David Ricardo
III. Nationalist Stirrings
A. The Balkans, in southeastern Europe were home to many ethnic groups
B. Autonomy is another word that means self-rule
C. Leaders of the rebellion justified their struggle as �a national war, a holy war, a war the object of which is to re conquer the rights of individual liberty�
IV. Challenges to the Old Order
A. Several other challenges to the Vienna settlement erupted in the 1820�s
B. Metternich urged conservative rulers to crush the uprisings
C. Troops dampened the fires of liberalism and nationalism in western and southern areas of Europe
V. France After the Restoration
A. When the Congress of Vienna restored Louis XVIII to the French throne, he prudently issued a constitution
B. Louis�s efforts at compromise satisfied few people
C. The ultras faced bitter opposition from other factions
VI. The French Revolution of 1848
A. In the 1840�s, discontent grew
B. At the turmoil spread, Louis Philippe abdicated
C. The fighting of the �June Days� left a bitter legacy. The middle class both feared and distrusted the left, while the working class nursed a deep hatred for the bourgeoisie
VII. Europe Catches Cold
A. The one notable success for Europe�s revolutionaries in 1830 took place in Belgium
B Belgium became an independent state wit ha liberal constitution
C. Polish students, army officers, and landowners rose in revolt
VIII. The Springtime of the Peoples
A. Unrest came from many sources such as Middle class liberals and they wanted a greater share of political power for themselves
B. In the Austrian empire, revolt first broke out in Vienna , taking the government by surprise
C. Revolution quickly spread to other parts of the empire
IX. Looking Ahead
A. By 1850, the flickering light of rebellion faded, ending the age of liberal revolution that had begun 70 years ago
B. By mid-century, Metternich was gone from the European scene
C. His conservatives system still remained in force however
X. Climate of Discontent
A. Spanish born peninsulares dominated Latin American political and social life
B. Meanwhile, a growing population of Mestizo and mulattoes were angry at being denied the status, wealth, and power that were available to whites
C. The spark that finally ignited widespread revolt in Latin America was Napoleon�s invasion of Spain in 1808
XI. Haiti�s Struggle
A. Even before Spanish colonists hoisted the flag of freedom, revolution had erupted elsewhere in Latin America
B. In Haiti, French planters owned great sugar plantations worked by nearly a half million enslaved Africans
C. Revolutionaries soon were debating ways to abolish slavery in the West Indies when they were in France
XII. Toussaint L�Ouverture
A. He was born into slavery in Haiti
B. He learned to speak both French and the African language of his ancestors
C. He read the works of the French philosophes and was impressed
XIII. A Call to Freedom in Mexico
A. Father Hidalgo presided over the poor rural parish of Dolores
B. His speech became known as �el Grito de Dolores�
C. After some early successes, the rebels faced growing opposition
XIV. New Republics in Central America
A. Spanish ruled lands in Central America declared independence in the early 1820�s
B. The union was short lived
C. It soon fragmented into the separate republics of Guatemala, Nicaragua and Honduras
XV. Independence for Brazil
A. No revolution or military campaigns were needed to win independence for Brazil
B. When the king returned to Portuagl, he left his son Dom Pedro to rule Brazil
C. Pedro soon followed his father�s advice and became emperor of an independent Brazil
Chapter 22
I. New Industrial Powers
A. In the early Industrial Revolution, Britain stood alone as the world�s industrial giant
B. 2 countries in particular thrust their way to industrial leadership
C. Other nations industrialized more slowly, especially those in eastern and southern Europe
II. New Methods of Production
A. Interchangeable parts were identical components that could be used in place of one another
B. The assembly line were workers on an assembly that added parts to a product that moved along a belt from one work station to another
C. The assembly line made production faster and cheaper which lowered the price of goods
III. Technology and Industry
A. The marriage of science and industry spurred economic growth
B. British engineer Henry Bessemer developed a process to purify iron ore and produce a new substance which was steel
C. Chemists created hundreds of new products such as medicines like aspirins
IV. The Shrinking World
A. During the second Industrial Revolution, transportation and communications were transformed by technology
B. The transportation revolution took a new turn when a German engineer, Nikolaus Otto, invented a gasoline powered internal combustion engine
C. The French nosed out the Germans as early automakers
V. New Directions for Business
A. Corporations were businesses that were owned by many investors who buy shares of stock
B. A cartel was an association to fix prices, set production quotas, or divide up markets
C. The rise of big business created a stormy debate
VI. Medicine and Population
A. The population explosion that had begun in 1700s continued
B. Since the 1600s, scientists had known of microscopic organisms, or microbes
C. A Boston dentist, William Morton, introduced anesthesia to relieve pain during surgery
VII. The Life of the Cities
A. As industrialization progressed, cities came to dominate the West
B. The most extensive urban renewal took place in Paris in the 1850s
C. Despite urban improvements, city life remained harsh for the poor
VIII. Working-Class Struggles
A. Workers tried to improve the harsh conditions of industrial life
B. Most western countries had granted all men the vote by the 1800s
C. Wages varied across the industrialized world and unskilled laborers earned much less than skilled workers
IX. A Shifting Social Order
A. The Industrial Revolution slowly changed the old social order in the Western world
B. Western Europe�s new upper class included superrich industrial and business families as well as the old nobility
C. At the base of the social ladder were workers and peasants
X. Middle-Class Values
A. By mid-century, the modern middle class had evolved its own way of life
B. A strict code of etiquette governed social behavior and rules dictated how to dress for every occasion
C. Within the family circle, the division of labor between wife and husband soon changed
XI. Rights for Women
A. Some individual women and women�s groups protested restrictions on women
B. Some women had become leaders in the union movement
C. Women suffrage were votes for women that emerged in the late 1800s
XII. The Growth of Schools
A. Reformers convinced governments to set up public schools and require basic education for all children
B. At first, elementary schools were primitive
C. In general, only middle class families could afford to have their sons attend these schools
XIII. The Challenge of Science
A. A crucial breakthrough came in the early 1800s when the English Quaker schoolteacher John Dalton developed modern atomic theory
B. The new science of geology opened disturbing avenues of debate
C. Archaeology added other pieces to an emerging debate about the origins of life on Earth
XIV. The Darwin Furor
A. The most disturbing new idea came from the british naturalist Charles Darwin
B. Darwin adopted Malthus�s idea that all plants and animals produced more offspring than the food supply could support
C. Darwin never promoted any social ideas but some thinkers used his theories to support their own beliefs about society
XV. Christianity in the Industrial Age
A. Despite the challenge of new ideas, Christianity continued to be a major force in western society
B. The grim realities of industrial life stimulated feelings of compassion and charity in many Christians
C. Social gospel was a movement that urged Christians to social services
XVI. The Revolt Against Reason
A. Romanticism was a movement that shaped western literature and arts
B. Like Goethe, British and French writers combed history, legend, and folklore
C. Painters, too, broke free from the discipline and strict rules of the Enlightenment
XVII. A tortured Musical Genius
A. It was Ferdinand Ries who brought the bad news to Beethoven
B. He was a brilliant composer that had recently dedicated a new symphony to Napoleon Bonaparte
C. After the Eroica, Beethoven went from masterpiece to masterpiece
XVIII. The Call to Realism
A. Realism was an attempt to represent the world as it was, without the sentiment associated with romanticism
B. Victor Hugo moved from romantic to realistic novels
C. The Norwegian dramatist Henrik Ibsen brought realism to the state
XIX. Women Writers Win Recognition
A. A growing number of women were getting their works into print
B. Charlotte Bronte�s novel Jane Eyre follows the sufferings of an orphaned governess and her love for Mr. Rochester
C. In the U.S. Harriet Beecher Stowe created a sensation with her first novel named Uncle Tom�s Cabin
XX. New Directions in the Visual Arts
A. A new art, photography, was emerging by the late 1840s
B. Impressionism took root in Paris and was the new movement that was the capital of the western art world
C. Later painters, called post-impressionists, developed a variety of styles