Mr. Haskell
W. History
4 October 2006
Chapter 8 Outline
I. The Early Middle Ages
A. A Land of Great Potential
1. Europe was located from Portugal to China.
2. Europe had dense forests covered in rich black earth, which was better to grow crops with.
3. Coastal people fished for food and used the seas as highways for trade and exploration.
B. Germanic Kingdoms
1. The Germanic tribes were farmers and herders that migrated across Europe.
2. They had no cities and no written laws.
3. Between 400 and 700 the Germanic tribes carved up Western Europe into small kingdoms.
C. Islam: A New Mediterranean Power
1. After the Germanic peoples carved up Western Europe Islam swept out of the Middle East and into the Mediterranean world.
2. Christians watched with fear as Muslim armies won victories around the Mediterranean.
3. The Christians had anxiety and anger because of the Muslims.
D. The Age of Charlemagne
1. Charlemagne�s empire reached across France, Germany, and part of Italy.
2. Charlemagne marched south and crushed the rebellious Romans.
3. Charlemagne created a united Christian Europe.
E. A Revival of Learning
1. Charlemagne hoped to make his capital at Aachen.
2. He could read but he could not write.
3. Charlemagne set a Palace school at Aachen.
F. Charlemagne�s Legacy
1. Charlemagne died in 814.
2. After he died his Empire crumpled.
3. Although his Empire crumbled he extended Christian culture into Northern Europe.
G. New Attacks
1. The Muslim conquered Sicily in the late 800�s.
2. The Vikings were the most destructive raiders.
3. The Vikings were fierce warriors, traders, and explorers.
II. Feudalism and the Manor Economy
H. A New System of Rule
1. Peopled needed to defend their homes and lands, which evolved into a new system, called Feudalism.
2. Feudalism is a loosely organized system of rule in which powerful local divided their large land holdings among the lesser lords.
3. The lords and vassals had relationships by customs and traditions.
I. Lords, Vassals, and Knights
1. Everyone had a place in feudal society.
2. The Dukes and counts were the most powerful lords.
3. Vassals had more than one lord and because of that the relationships grew very complex
J. The World of Warriors
1. At the age of seven a boy slated to become a knight was sent away to the castle.
2. During the Middle Ages the powerful lords fortified the homes to with stand attack.
3. Knights adopted a code of conduct called chivalry.
K. The Manor
1. Most of the peasants on a manor were serfs who were bound to the land.
2. Peasants produced almost everything they needed, from food and clothing to simple furniture and tools.
3. A manor included a few dozen one room huts clustered close together in a village.
L. Daily Life
1. In spring and autumn they plowed and harvested
2. In the summer they hayed and weeded, repaired fences and performed chores.
3. The breaks came on Christmas and Easter, when they had a week off form work.
III. The Medieval Church
M. A Spiritual and Worldly Empire
1. After the fall of Rome the Christian church split into eastern and western churches.
2. The pope was the spiritual leader of the Roman Catholic Church.
3. Medieval Christians believed that all the people were sinners.
N. The Church and Daily Life
1. To peasants religion was linked to the routines of daily life.
2. The church required all Christians to pay a tithe.
3. The church taught that men and women were equal before God.
O. Monks and Nuns
1. Monks and nuns took an oath of poverty.
2. Monks and nuns tended to the sick before there were hospitals.
3. Monasteries and converts performed a vital cultural function by preserving the writings of the ancient world.
P. Hildegard of Bingen: Adviser to Popes and Kings
1. Perhaps in response to her visions, Hildegard�s parents placed her in a convert at an early age.
2. Hildegard did not hesitate to speak her mind and encounter or scolded churchmen and rulers alike.
3. Hildegard was not the only nun to raise her voice in the early Middle Ages.
Q. Reform Movements
1. In the 900�s Abbot Berno set out to end abuses.
2. St. Dominic founded a preaching order of friars to work in the larger world.
3. Some women responded to the call of reform by creating groups that were independent of the regular church orders.
R. Jews in Western Europe
1. Medieval Europe was home to numerous Jewish communities.
2. Jews spread in to northern Europe.
3. Christians blamed Jews for all kinds of ills including diseases and famines.
IV. Economic Expansion and Change
S. An Agricultural Revolution
1. Peasants used new iron plows that carved deep into the heavy soil of northern Europe.
2. A new harness allowed faster moving horses to plow more land than oxen in a day.
3. Other changes brought still more land into use and further increased food production.
T. Trade Revives
1. Enterprising traders formed merchant companies that traveled in armed caravans for safety.
2. Traders and customers met at local trade fairs.
3. The fairs closed in the autumn when the weather made roads impassable.
U. A Commercial Revolution
1. Europeans developed new ways of doing business by using partnership.
2. The new ways of business were part of a commercial revolution that transformed the medieval economy.
3. The old social order of nobles, clergy, and peasants gradually changed.
V. Role of Guilds
1. Merchant dominated life in Medieval towns.
2. To become a guild member meant many years of hard work as an apprentice.
3. Women often engaged in the same trade as her father or husband and might inherit workshop if he died.
X. City Life
1. Medieval towns and cities were surrounded by high protective walls.
2. Medieval cites were a jumble of narrow streets lined with tall houses.
3. The streets echoed with the cries of hawkers selling their wares and porters grumbling under heavy loads.
Y. Looking Ahead
1. By 1300 Western Europe was different place from what it had been in the early Middle Ages.
2. New riches revised the social structure.
3. The economic revival of the High Middle Ages was bringing Europeans into contact with civilizations much more advanced than their own.
Chapter 9 Outline
I. Growth of Royal Power in England and France.
A. Monarchs, Nobles, and the Church
1. They ruled their own domains but relied on vassals for military support.
2. Nobles and churches had their own courts, collected their own taxes and fielded their own armies.
3. The monarchs strengthened ties with the middle class.
B. Strong Monarchs in England
1. 1066 Anglo Saxon king Edward died without an heir.
2. William�s successors strengthened two key areas of government.
3. Henry II England also developed an early jury system.
C. Evolving Traditions of Government
1. Henry�s son John was a clever, greedy, cruel, and untrustworthy ruler.
2. The Magna Carta contained two basic ideas that in the long run would shape government traditions in England.
3. 1200�s English rulers often called on the Great Council for advice.
II. The Holy Roman Empire and the Church
D. Royal Successes in France
1. Monarchs in France did not rule over a unified kingdom.
2. Philip II was an outstanding French king and was often called Philip Augustus.
3. Louis took the throne in 1226.
E. The Holy Roman Empire
1. The Holy Roman Empire had the potential to be the strongest monarchy in Europe.
2. The close ties between Otto and the Church held the seeds of conflict.
3. A key conflict between emperors and popes rose over who would control appointments to high Church offices.
F. Two Determined Rulers
1. Pope Gregory�s ban brought an angry response from the Holy Roman emperor Henry IV.
2. In 1076 Gregory excommunicated Henry, freeing his subjects from their allegiance to the emperor.
3. Gregory knew that Henry was only trying to save his throne.
G. New Struggles Between Popes and Emperors
1. Barbarossa did succeed in arranging a marriage between his son Henry and Constance, heiress to Sicily and southern Italy.
2. Sicily, a rich island kingdom in the Mediterranean, had a sophisticated court, where Muslim and Christian influences existed side by side.
3. While Fredrick was embroiled in Italy, he gave in to many demands of his German nobles.
H. The Church Under Innocent III
1. In 1200s the Roman Catholic Church reached its peak of power.
2. Innocent III who took office in 1198 embodied the triumph of the Church.
3. Innocent clashed with all the powerful rulers of his day.
III. Europeans Look Outward
I. The World in 1050
1. In 1050, when Western Europe was barely emerging from isolation, several civilizations in the Middle East and Asia had long been major powers.
2. During Europe�s Middle Ages, Islam had given rise to a brilliant new civilization.
3. Muslim traders and scholars spread goods and ideas even farther afield.
J. The Crusades
1. As the Seljuk threat grew, the Byzantine emperor Alexius I sent an urgent plea to Pope Urban II in Rome.
2. The crusaders divided the captured lands into four small states.
3. Europeans also mounted crusades against other Muslim lands, especially in North Africa.
K. Impact of the Crusades
1. The Crusades failed in their chief goal-the conquest of the Holy Land.
2. The Crusades did have some positive effects.
3. Merchants in Venice and other northern Italian cities built large fleets to carry crusaders to the Holy Land.
L. The Crusading Spirit and the Reconquista
1. The crusading spirit continued long after the European defeat at Acre.
2. Efforts by Christian warriors to expel the Muslims began in the 700s.
3. Isabella of Castile married Ferdinand of Aragon.
IV. Learning, Literature, and the Arts
M. Medieval Universities
1. As economic and political conditions improved in the High Middle Ages, the need for education expanded.
2. By 1100s, schools had sprung up around the great cathedrals to train the clergy.
3. University life offered few comforts.
N. Europeans Acquire �New� Learning
1. By 1100s these new translations were seeping into Western Europe.
2. Christian scholars, known as scholastics tried to resolve the conflict between faith and reason.
3. The writings of these thinkers influenced the scholastic Thomas Aquinas.
O. Education for Women
1. Few women received a good education.
2. De Pizan used her pen to examine the achievements of women.
3. Men continued to look on educated women as oddities.
P. Medieval Literature
1. While Latin was the language of scholars and churchmen, new writings began to appear in the vernacular.
2. Across Europe, people began writing down oral traditions in the vernacular.
3. Spain�s great epic, Poem of the Cid, also involves conflicts with Islam.
Q. Splendors in Stone
1. About 1000, monasteries and town built solid stone churches that reflected Roman influences.
2. These Romanesque churches looked like fortresses with thick walls and towers.
3. About 1140, Abbot Suger wanted to build a new abbey church at St. Denis near Paris.
V. A Time of Crisis
R. The Black Death
1. In 1347, a fleet of Genoese trading ships, loaded with grain, left the Black Sea port of Caffa and sailed for Messina, Sicily.
2. Within months the disease that Europeans called the Black Death was raging through Italy.
3. The disease struck with stunning speed.
S. Upheaval in the Church
1. The late Middle Ages brought spiritual crisis, scandal, and division to the Roman Catholic Church.
2. The church was unable to provide the strong leadership needed in this desperate time.
3. With its moral authority weakened, the church faced still more problems.
T. The Hundred Years� War
1. On top of the disasters of famine, plague, and economic decline came a long, destructive war.
2. As you have read, English rulers had battled for centuries to hold onto the French lands of their Norman ancestors.
3. At first, the English won a string of victories at Crecy in 1346, poitiers 10 years later, and Agincourt in 1415.
U. Looking Ahead
1. The hundred year war brought many changes to the late medieval world.
2. In the 1400s as Europe recovered from the Black Death, other changes occurred.
3. The recovery of the late Middle Ages set the stage for further changes during the Renaissance, reformation, and Age of Exploration.