JAPAN.INF Version 1.1

ELECTRONIC TRANSFER OF JAPANESE

August 19, 1991

Ken R. Lunde ($B>.NS(B $B7u(B)
Adobe Systems Incorporated
1585 Charleston Road
P.O. Box 7900
Mountain View, CA 94039-7900
(415)361-1702 (home)
(415)962-3866 (office)
(415)960-0886 (fax)
lunde@adobe.com

     This article is a description of how to send and receive *real* Japanese 
text (i.e., kana and kanji) using electronic mail. I am absolutely delighted 
to share this information with others, and I would appreciate any comments on 
its content. Since some of the information contained within changes on a 
monthly, even weekly basis, I keep the current copy in electronic form. The 
current version of this article will be made available at two places: by 
anonymous FTP at ucdavis.edu (128.120.2.1) in the pub/JIS directory under the 
name japan.inf; and by contacting me directly through electronic mail to 
request a copy -- my electronic mail address is given above.


TABLE OF CONTENTS:
  WHAT'S NEW
  INTRODUCTION
  PART 0: THE JAPANESE CHARACTER SET
  PART 1: 7-BIT JAPANESE CODES
  PART 2: 8-BIT JAPANESE CODES
  PART 3: SENDING JAPANESE
  PART 4: RECEIVING JAPANESE
  PART 5: CONVERSION OF JAPANESE CODES
  PART 6: JAPANESE E-MAIL NETWORKS AND ADDRESSING TEMPLATES
  PART 7: ACTIVE JUNET DOMAINS
  PART 8: JUNET NEWS
  PART 9: HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
  A FINAL NOTE
  ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  BIBLIOGRAPHY
  APPENDIX 1: BITNET NODES IN JAPAN
  APPENDIX 2: JUNET DOMAINS
  APPENDIX 3: JUNET NEWS NEWSGROUPS


WHAT'S NEW
     This version has added material under the UNIX and NeXT sections in PART 
9. I have also added a paragraph in PART 6 which describes how to access 
NiftyServe from within CompuServe. In addition, the entire document, in 
general, was completely updated.
     Also new is the fact that as of July 1, 1991 I have been working at Adobe 
Systems Incorporated in the area of Japanese font production. Although I list 
my address here at Adobe Systems for contact purposes, Adobe Systems does not 
endorse this file which I have created, and have continued (and will continue) 
to update on a regular basis. This file is a personal endeavor to inform 
people of how Japanese can be handled on a variety of platforms.


INTRODUCTION
     Electronic mail has become a very efficient means of communicating both 
locally and world-wide. While it is very simple to send text which uses only 
the 94 printable ASCII characters, character sets which contains more than 
these ASCII characters pose special problems. In this article, I will describe 
how Japanese characters can be sent using electronic mail.
     This report contains actual Japanese text throughout, so don't be alarmed 
if strange sequences of ASCII characters appear. All Japanese contained in 
this file is in the New-JIS code.


PART 0: THE JAPANESE CHARACTER SET
     The Japanese character set as specified in the document JIS X 0208-1990 
(see Bibliography) currently includes 6,879 standard characters; 6,355 kanji 
in 2 levels (level 1: 2,965 kanji arranged by ON reading (the Chinese-based 
pronunciation); level 2: 3,390 kanji arranged by radical), 86 katakana, 83 
hiragana, 10 numerals, 52 English characters, 147 symbols, 66 Russian 
characters, 48 Greek characters, and 32 line elements (for making charts). 
This standard was first established in 1978, modified for the first time in 
1983 (4 kanji were appended to JIS level 2), and just modified again in 1990 
(2 kanji were appended to JIS level 2). This character set is widely 
implemented on a variety of machines. Encoding methods for JIS X 0208-1990 
include Shift-JIS, EUC, and JIS.
     Late in 1990 a new Japanese standard called JIS X 0212-1990 was published 
by Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) which specified an additional 5,801 
kanji plus 21 symbols/diacritical marks and 245 Latin-based characters with 
diacritical marks. This means that there are now 12,156 standard kanji in 
Japanese. A future version of JAPAN.INF will go more into detail about the 
encoding methods for JIS X 0212-1990 (i.e., how it will be implemented, and 
when).


PART 1: 7-BIT JAPANESE CODES
     All of these 7-bit codes share a common character coding system, but 
their kanji-in (KI) and kanji-out (KO) escape sequences differ. We can use 
these in the United States, and are the most commonly used in Japan. The names 
in the parentheses below are other names for the same code (i.e., New-JIS is 
also called JIS). The most common of these codes is New-JIS.

EXAMPLES:
  New-JIS (JIS)
  Old-JIS
  NEC-JIS (NEC Kanji and NEC Code)

     The following is a table listing the kanji-in and kanji-out escape 
sequences for each of the three codes listed above (note the two types of 
kanji-out).

                    KI       KO (JIS-Roman)  KO (ASCII)
                    ^^       ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^  ^^^^^^^^^^
  New-JIS  (1983)   <ESC>$B  <ESC>(J         <ESC>(B
  Old-JIS  (1978)   <ESC>$@  <ESC>(J         <ESC>(B
  NEC-JIS  (1978)   <ESC>K   <ESC>H          n/a

     The difference between KO (JIS-Roman) and KO (ASCII) is very minor, and 
lies in only two characters. Their 8-bit extension do differ greatly, though. 
The 8-bit extension of the JIS-Roman character set contains half-size 
katakana. Also, most terminal software can emulate only one of the KO 
character sets no matter which one it receives. For example, NinjaTerm (to be 
described in PART 9) only emulates KO-ASCII.
     The difference between New-JIS and Old-JIS is minor. The reason for the 
existence of these two codes is due to the introduction of JOUYOU kanji ($B>oMQ(B
$B4A;z(B) in 1981. Previous to this, the standard in education were the 1850 kanji 
in TOUYOU kanji ($BEvMQ4A;z(B); JOUYOU kanji added an additional 95 kanji to 
TOUYOU kanji bringing the total to 1945. The JIS standard contains two levels 
of kanji, and the folks at JIS wanted to be sure that all JOUYOU kanji were 
included in the first level. So, in 1983, a new JIS standard was released. The 
people at JIS simply juggled positions of old and new forms of kanji (JIS 
level 1 contains the common forms of kanji, and their respective older forms 
are located in JIS level 2), and added 4 additional kanji to the second level. 
In 1990, the JIS standard was again modified due to the addition of 118 kanji 
to the JINMEI-YOU kanji ($B?ML>MQ4A;z(B) list -- 2 of these 118 kanji were not 
found in the JIS standard, so they were appended to the end of JIS Level 2 
kanji. The character set used for NEC-JIS is identical to that of Old-JIS -- 
they only differ in their escape sequences.
     There are two types of New-JIS; one based on the 1983 standard, and one 
based on the 1990 standard. The only difference between them is that the 1990 
standard includes 2 additional kanji appended to JIS level 2. For all 
practical purposes they can be treated as the same.
     The KI escape sequence tells Japanese terminals to treat what follows as 
two-bytes per character. KO, on the other hand, tells Japanese terminals to 
treat what follows as one-byte per character (back to JIS-Roman or ASCII).
     A two-byte per character coding system using 7-bit bytes (ASCII) can 
encode up to 16,384 characters (128 by 128); however, the Japanese only use 
the 94 printable ASCII codes in their matrix, so it can only encode a maximum 
of 8,836 characters (94 by 94).
     Japanese text is represented as follows. A romanized version is given so 
that those who cannot view Japanese text can benefit, too.

  Japanese Text:                   $B$3$l$OF|K\8l$NJ8>O$G$9!#(B
  (Romanized):               KO RE HA NI HON GO NO BUN SHOU DE SU .
  Raw Code (NO ESCAPE CODES)       $3$l$OF|K\8l$NJ8>O$G$9!#
  New-JIS:                  <ESC>$B$3$l$OF|K\8l$NJ8>O$G$9!#<ESC>(J
  Old-JIS:                  <ESC>$@$3$l$OF|K\8l$NJ8>O$G$9!#<ESC>(J
  NEC-JIS:                   <ESC>K$3$l$OF|K\8l$NJ8>O$G$9!#<ESC>H

Note the correspondence between the ASCII characters and Japanese characters, 
namely that two ASCII characters represent one Japanese character; hence, 
Japanese characters consist of two bytes. For example, the hiragana symbol for 
"RE" ($B$l(B) is represented by the two ASCII characters "$" and "l."
     The following paragraph is a sample Japanese text in the New-JIS Japanese 
code. If you are using a Japanese terminal, then you can view this Japanese 
text on-line using the procedures found in later sections of this report.

  New-JIS: (kanji-in: "<ESC>$B"; kanji-out: "<ESC>(J")
  $B!!F|K\8l$N0lJ8;z$r(B7$B%S%C%H(Bx2$B%P%$%H$N%3!<%I$GI=8=$9$kJ}K!$K$O?7(BJIS$B!"5l(BJIS$B!"(B
  $BF|EE4A;zEy$N;0<oN`$,$"$j$^$9!#$3$l$i$N%3!<%I$rMQ$$$?J8>O$G$OF|K\8l$NA08e(B
  $B$K4A;z%$%s!"4A;z%"%&%H$H$$$&Fs$D$N%(%9%1!<%W!&%7!<%1%s%9$r;HMQ$9$k$3$H$K(B
  $B$h$j!"$=$NCf$,F|K\8l$G$"$k$3$H$r<($7$^$9!#(B

     The following table lists the code specifications for the 7-bit codes and 
their respective escape sequences. This information is most useful to 
programmers.

                 DECIMAL            OCTAL              HEXADECIMAL
  first byte     033-126            041-176            21-7E
  second byte    033-126            041-176            21-7E

  New-JIS (1983):
   kanji-in      027 + 036 + 066    033 + 044 + 102    1B + 24 + 42
   kanji-out     027 + 040 + 074    033 + 050 + 112    1B + 28 + 4A
  Old-JIS (1978):
   kanji-in      027 + 036 + 064    033 + 044 + 100    1B + 24 + 40
   kanji-out     027 + 040 + 074    033 + 050 + 112    1B + 28 + 4A
  NEC-JIS:
   kanji-in      027 + 075          033 + 113          1B + 4B
   kanji-out     027 + 072          033 + 110          1B + 48


PART 2: 8-BIT JAPANESE CODES
     These codes cannot be used reliably through electronic mail networks 
since 7-bit paths will strip off the 8th bit leaving garbage. These codes are 
used primarily for internal processing of Japanese. For example, the Japanese 
system software for the Macintosh uses Shift-JIS code internally. The names in 
the parentheses below are other names for the same code (i.e., Shift-JIS is 
also called MS KANJI).

EXAMPLES:
  Shift-JIS (MS KANJI)
  EUC (AT&T JIS)

Shift-JIS:
     The Shift-JIS implementation is quite unlike that of the 7-bit code as 
described above. The two-byte-per-character mode is initiated when a Japanese 
terminal receives a character with a decimal value ranging between 129-159 or 
224-239. This character will subsequently be treated as the first byte of an 
expected two-byte sequence. The following character (the second byte) must be 
a character with a decimal value ranging between 64-158 (but not 127 -- the 
DEL character) or 159-252. Note that the first byte's range falls entirely in 
the extended ASCII character set -- true 8-bit characters. The second byte 
does not share the same limitation, though. Note that Shift-JIS includes half-
size katakana. Historically, this is how Shift-JIS got its name: the encoding 
for 2-byte kanji had to *shift* around the code positions for half-size 
katakana -- the half-size katakana existed first.
     The following table lists the code specifications for Shift-JIS. Note 
that all five types together make up Shift-JIS. This information is most 
useful to programmers.

                 DECIMAL            OCTAL              HEXADECIMAL
  TYPE 1:
   first byte    129-159            201-237            81-9F
   second byte   064-158 (not 127)  100-236 (not 177)  40-9E (not 7F)
  TYPE 2:
   first byte    224-239            340-357            E0-EF
   second byte   064-158 (not 127)  100-236 (not 177)  40-9E (not 7F)
  TYPE 3:
   first byte    129-159            201-237            81-9F
   second byte   159-252            237-374            9F-FC
  TYPE 4:
   first byte    224-239            340-357            E0-EF
   second byte   159-252            237-374            9F-FC
  Half-size katakana:
   first byte    161-223            241-337            A1-DF

     The following is a sample Japanese text in Shift-JIS code which has been 
uuencoded (so that it does not get corrupted on the nets). You can view this 
Japanese text by copying it, then uudecoding it.

begin 0700 "jis.sjs"
MhbbapioZEGNlZHklBnJuMHZz@O`W@WjcxHmG>cjc{Xmc@V>bShmr@uNczhke
MEuRlNXjW@NFu^Yy`@LFbSyavrDEs@tfkCdIitXeacr`@D_JsyhJ_CIJsFxkl
MCD^n[y?>@JJbHhkH@MRbMXeb@KfbZHkG@LRctHe{@VBb\i}P@JjbOyvVC\Vb
MQxkmD_Jv>XSJ@LRqsXSCcr`@@LFjOXZz@TncDXeaBK^nFHma@TvcyXkf@Jjb
MIioQ@LjbShmg@UBcthe{@Wzaqxmv@uNcthns@UBb\hYGEWbbMXkI@KfbQHki
Mcr`@@NzbZhea@KNbSijf@JJs^Iy[CnJbQxj@@NFbLxkf@ObnIHjU@MRbMXeb
`
end

EUC (Extended UNIX Code):
     EUC consists of 4 code sets, the primary code set (code set 0) which is 
the ASCII 7-bit character set, and 3 supplementary code sets (code sets 1, 2, 
and 3) which can be specified by the user, and are usually used for non-
English characters.
     The following table lists the code specifications for code set 1 of EUC. 
This information is most useful to programmers.

                 DECIMAL            OCTAL              HEXADECIMAL
  first byte     161-254            241-376            A1-FE
  second byte    161-254            241-376            A1-FE

     Code set 2 is used for half-size katakana, and code set 3 is used for 
GAIJI ($B30;z(B = external characters). Below are the code specifications for code 
sets 2 and 3; note that code set 3 uses three bytes per character.

                 DECIMAL            OCTAL              HEXADECIMAL
  Half-size katakana:
    first byte   142                216                8E
    second byte  161-223            241-337            A1-DF

  GAIJI:
    first byte   143                217                8F
    second byte  161-254            241-376            A1-FE
    third byte   161-254            241-376            A1-FE

     There will be no further discussion of the 8-bit Japanese codes. The 
important thing is that they exist, and can be manipulated electronically.
     The following is a sample Japanese text in EUC code which has been 
uuencoded (so that it does not get corrupted on the nets). You can view this 
Japanese text by copying the entire text, and uudecoding it.

begin 0700 "jis.euc"
MhbbAH|{\R]RX[jsnLnSjNkOZIohWI}nEPZwh>cjETjvDI|BDSJvSH{RERzsg
MR{VXOzrYInOj_|NAIlNDS[^WrDEsHzjU[dIitZfBcr`@QOSeQ{saN_Ke^zsn
MN[b\[\[@IjRDHJsJImZDNzfCIknD[jsIIlZELZf\I|FD\LWqIjrDO\JXOL^D
MQZsoQOSkWkCLIl[aLkCEcr`@IlNTP{OZIzrE\ZfBMlf[^JvBIzzERjshIjrD
MIL{SIlrDSJvHI{FELzf\I}>AIJvWH{RELzwSI{FD\KOhS}fDNzsKIknDRjsk
Mcr`@InBDZJfBIkVDSLoFIjSf_lO|NnRDQZrBInNDLZshIoj\JjrWImZDNzfC
`
end


PART 3: SENDING JAPANESE
     There are different environments under which one can send Japanese text 
from their computer to a mainframe computer for transmission through 
electronic mail. Many of these environments are specific to particular types 
of mainframe computers or electronic services.

PART 3.1: SENDING JAPANESE UNDER UNIX
     I have some experience in sending Japanese from UNIX mainframe computers. 
One method I know of is to upload the Japanese file using a standard file 
transfer protocol (like XModem or Kermit), then send it as an electronic mail 
message. The file's kanji code can be converted to New- or Old-JIS either 
before sending to the UNIX mainframe, or after it is there. One can also 
create Japanese text on-line if the user has such software.

PART 3.2: SENDING JAPANESE UNDER VMS
     VMS Vax machines can use a program which is executed with the command 
KANJI at the system prompt ($). This program simply allows the unprintable 
ASCII control character <ESC> (escape) to be accepted by VMS Vax machines. The 
output of the program is a file which is called OUTPUT.DAT. I can supply the 
code to users of VMS Vax machines upon request.

  STEP 1: $ [KANJI<CR>]
          (opens VMS Vax for Japanese input)
  STEP 2: (transfer text from paste buffer or from disc file)
  STEP 3: [<CR>.<CR>]
          (exits 'KANJI' and creates file OUTPUT.DAT)
  STEP 4: $ [EMAIL<CR>]
          (enters electronic mail system)
  STEP 5: EMail> [SEND OUTPUT.DAT<CR>]
          To: [address<CR>]
          Subject: [header<CR>]
          (file named OUTPUT.DAT is sent to the addressee)

     Another method is to use the Kermit file transfer protocol to transfer 
the file to the VMS mainframe. Japanese code conversion programs can 
subsequently convert the file's code to one which is more suitable for 
transmission by electronic mail. These programs, which can run on a mainframe 
or personal computer, are described in PART 5.

PART 3.3: SENDING JAPANESE UNDER COMPUSERVE
     CompuServe users can use an option in the MAIL system which allows one to 
upload a file from their personal computer to be sent as an electronic mail 
message. Since one cannot run their own programs on CompuServe, the user must 
convert their Japanese file to New-JIS (or Old-JIS) before transferring the 
file to CompuServe. Note that the Japanese text won't appear properly in the 
editor, but is readable if sent -- try to send Japanese text to yourself as an 
experiment. One can also upload a file to the PER area (personal file area for 
storing textfiles).
     Note that CompuServe users can send electronic mail to Internet 
addresses, and Internet users can send electronic mail to CompuServe 
addresses. CompuServe users must use the following template for sending to an 
Internet address:

Internet address:                     lunde@adobe.com
Addressing template on CompuServe:    >INTERNET:lunde@adobe.com

Internet users must use the following template for sending to a CompuServe 
address:

CompuServe user ID:                   00000,0000
Addressing template on the Internet:  00000.0000@compuserve.com

Note the use of the comma in the CompuServe user ID, and the use of the period 
in the Internet address. Be aware that the maximum file size which CompuServe 
users can receive is 50K. If you send anything larger, it must be segmented.
     The following does not pertain to CompuServe, but may still be useful 
information. AppleLink, another electronic service, has special email 
addressing requirements. For example, if someone on the Internet wishes to 
send email to someone on Applelink, the following pattern is used:

Applelink user ID:                    username
Addressing template on the Internet:  username@applelink.apple.com

The reverse pattern is as follows:

Internet address:                     lunde@adobe.com
Addressing template on AppleLink:     lunde@adobe.com@INTERNET#

Note that "INTERNET#" must be in all caps, and that two @'s are used in the 
addressing template. Be aware that AppleLink users cannot receive files more 
than 32K in size, and such files should be segmented before sending.


PART 4: RECEIVING JAPANESE
     Receiving Japanese text is a bit easier than sending it as you will find 
out below. Whether Japanese text will be displayed on-line depends on whether 
you computer and/or communication software has the ability to display 
Japanese. The mainframe computer simply stores the electronic codes, and your 
computer acting as a terminal will interpret them accordingly.

PART 4.1: RECEIVING JAPANESE UNDER VMS
     There are two methods for viewing Japanese text on VMS mainframe 
computers: the first method allows one to view Japanese while in the EMail 
subprogram; the second method allows one to view Japanese at the system 
prompt.

METHOD 1:

  STEP 1: open message containing Japanese
          (only ASCII characters can appear at this stage)
  STEP 2: EMail> [EXTRACT tt:<CR>]
          (converts message to textfile format and prints it on the screen)
          (Japanese text will now appear on-line)

METHOD 2:

  STEP 1: open message containing Japanese
          (only ASCII characters can appear at this stage)
  STEP 2: EMail> [EXTRACT filename<CR>]
          (converts message to textfile format)
  STEP 3: EMail> [EXIT<CR>]
          (exits electronic mail system)
  STEP 4: $ [TYPE filename.TXT<CR>]
          (Japanese text will appear on-line)

     The reason for this elaborate scheme is due to the VMS Vax mail sub- 
system's feature which does not permit control characters (like <ESC>) to 
perform their function; they are there, but only appear as a white space. Once 
the message is in textfile format, the control characters can function 
properly.

PART 4.2: RECEIVING JAPANESE UNDER UNIX/COMPUSERVE
     CompuServe and the UNIX mail system allows escape characters to function 
properly, so these users can read Japanese text on-line just like normal 
English text as long as their terminal allows Japanese to be displayed.

     For those who must view Japanese text off-line due to hardware/software 
limitations, then some sort of file transfer protocol (XModem or Kermit) must 
be used to get the file to where it can be viewed. If your viewer requires the 
file to be in Shift-JIS format, then the programs which are described in the 
following part will become important. Step 4 in the above scheme should be 
ignored, and is replaced with the downloading of the file to your computer. 
CompuServe users will need to save the message as a file in their PER area, 
then download it to their computer.


PART 5: CONVERSION OF JAPANESE CODES
     I have written a program in both C and Pascal which allows a user to 
change the Japanese codes within a textfile. They can handle Shift-JIS and EUC 
(both 8-bit Japanese codes), and all three 7-bit Japanese codes (New-JIS, Old-
JIS, and NEC-JIS).
     There are two Pascal versions of the program available: one for 
compilation on MS-DOS machines (Turbo Pascal), and another for compilation on 
VMS Vax machines (Vax Pascal). The source code along with a help file is 
available for downloading from the following anonymous FTP site:

  ucdavis.edu (128.120.2.1) (in the pub/JIS/PASCAL directory)

  jis.pas      <- source code for Vax Pascal
  jis_pc.pas   <- source code for Turbo Pascal
  jis.hlp      <- help file

I find this program to be a very useful tool. It was a standard piece of 
software running on the WIRCS cluster (VMS) at this university, but now the C 
version is being used. I have provided the source code so that other 
programmers may benefit from the algorithms to convert between the various 
Japanese codes. The Pascal version of this program has not been modified for 
over a year-and-a-half.
     This program has been recently rewritten in ANSI C, and should compile 
with no changes on any C compiler as long as it complies with the ANSI C 
standard. My intent is to make this program very portable across various 
platforms. I have also made significant changes in this version: improved 
error checking, the ability to automatically detect the input file's kanji 
code, selective conversion of half-size katakana to their full-size 
equivalents, and command-line argument support. The most current version as of 
this writing is JIS.C V2.1. This program is available at the same FTP site as 
the Pascal versions (above).

  ucdavis.edu (128.120.2.1) (in the pub/JIS/C directory)

  jis.c        <- source code for ANSI C compilers (instructions in header)

     If you have problems obtaining these programs, please feel free to 
contact me directly for a copy. I will be constantly upgrading the C version 
(jis.c), so simply check the FTP site periodically to see if a newer version 
is there (check the date posted column), or ask me directly.
     I was made aware of a program written by Mr. Itaru Ichikawa of Fujitsu 
(ichikawa%flab.fujitsu.co.jp@uunet.uu.net) called NKF (Network Kanji Filter). 
This program is very similar to the above programs, and is written in C. It 
was written to run under UNIX, but I also heard that an MS-DOS port of the 
program exists. I have obtained a copy of this program, and I have put a copy 
of it in the same directory as my jis.c program.

  ucdavis.edu (128.120.2.1) (in the pub/JIS/C directory)

  nkf.src       <- source code for NKF
  nkf.patch     <- patch for NKF

     For those who wish to convert Japanese files on the Macintosh, there are 
three programs available, each of which can be requested by email through me. 
One is called MacKc 0.93. It is an application written by Mr. Masato Hirose 
(hirose%sws.cpd.mei.co.jp@uunet.uu.net), and is available at the FTP site 
given below. MacKc 0.93 is much like ASL KConvert (below), but it can *
automatically* detect the input file's Japanese code (it supports Shift-JIS, 
EUC, 2 types of New-JIS, and 2 types of Old-JIS), and allows one to rename the 
output file. It has many other nice features built-in. It also allows one to 
modify how lines break. Unlike ASL KConvert, it uses a Finder-like interface. 
This program is FreeWare.
     The second is called ASL KConvert 1.0/a3 (in both application and desk 
accessory (DA) form). This program was written by Mr. Hiroo Yamada 
(76414.372@compuserve.com), and is available at FTP at the site given below. 
The file must be debinhexed and unstuffed. It handles New-JIS (does not 
recognize <ESC>(B, though), Old-JIS (two types), Shift-JIS, EUC, and another 
code called DEC. This program also allows one to change how lines break, 
namely by carriage return, line feed, or a combination of both. This program 
is FreeWare.
	The third is a Macintosh port of my JIS.C program described above. This 
program, of course, is FreeWare, and includes the source code. Please write to 
me to request a copy.


PART 6: JAPANESE ELECTRONIC MAIL NETWORKS AND ADDRESSING TEMPLATES
     There are two electronic mail networks which are used in Japan: JUNET 
(Japan UNIX Network) and BITNET (also called CREN).
     JUNET addresses are rather complicated, and will differ depending on 
whether the address is a corporation or not. Here is a typical Japanese 
address as used in Japan:

  tomita@keio.ac.jp

     Since this address is for an academic institution (ac), it will use the 
following addressing template (note the use of % and @):

  tomita%keio.ac.jp@relay.cs.net

     An address such as tomita@canon.co.jp is a corporation, so its addressing 
template is as follows (again, note the use of % and @):

  tomita%canon.co.jp@uunet.uu.net

     The rule of thumb is that you should use the ...%...@uunet.uu.net 
addressing template when sending to a corporation, but otherwise you should 
use ...%...@relay.cs.net. The use of % and @ indicates use of relays.

NOTE: It is no longer necessary to use relays (relay.cs.net or uunet.uu.net) 
to get electronic mail from the United States to Japan. You may, however, 
notice that encoded Japanese text will become scrambled if the relay is 
omitted from the address. I think this is caused by the mail somehow getting 
onto Bitnet along the way, and then the escape characters are removed. In any 
case, if you experience problems with sending Japanese text without using a 
relay in the address, you will find that using the relay should solve the 
problem.

     There are currently 93 BITNET nodes in Japan. Besides JUNET and the now 
developing Japanese Internet (WIDE), there is still an increasing demand for 
membership in BITNET.
     I have experienced problems when sending or receiving Japanese text to 
BITNET addresses. Sending to JUNET addresses is much more reliable. The 
problem with BITNET lies in the fact that those unprintable ASCII escape 
characters are removed far too often. I have, however, found out that escape 
codes do survive when sent as network files (network files are not considered 
to be electronic mail messages since there is no header; it is simply sending 
a file from site to site by electronic means). To send a Japanese network file 
to a bitnet host, use the following format:

  SEND/FILE/BINARY/TRANSLATE/PRINTER filename address

/PRINTER is usually required when sending files whose lines are longer than 80 
characters. Escape sequences add data to a line although they are invisible 
when printed; lines may wrap at unexpected places if this part is omitted from 
the command.
     I have noticed that BITNET seems to handle 8-bit codes in electronic mail 
messages much better than Internet (or JUNET) does. One simply needs to 
experiment with the site they wish to contact.
     BITNET addresses are the same as in the US, namely that the following 
addressing template can be used:

  username@JPN*****

Note that Japanese BITNET sites begin with the three letters JPN.

SEE APPENDIX 1 FOR BITNET NODES IN JAPAN

     Although there is no direct way to send email from the Internet to 
NiftyServe, a very popular Japanese Bulletin Board Service (BBS), there exists 
a gateway between NiftyServe and CompuServe. CompuServe users can enter GO 
NIFTY at any ! prompt to connect to NiftyServe. There are several things to 
note before doing this: 1) CompuServe charges about $12 per hour on-line costs 
-- accessing NiftyServe through this gateway, I am told, increases the charge 
to about $35 per hour; and 2) CompuServe requires 7E1 for communications 
settings -- NiftyServe requires 8N1 -- this means one must be able to change 
their communications settings while still connected. I hope to include more 
such information on accessing Japanese electronic services in future versions 
of JAPAN.INF.


PART 7: ACTIVE JUNET DOMAINS
     JUNET is by far the most active electronic mail network in Japan. There 
are 5 domains within JUNET: AC, GO, OR, AD, and CO. These correspond to 
Academic Institution (AC), Government (GO), Organization (OR), Administration 
(AD), and Corporation (CO), respectively.
     The basic addressing method works like described in Part 6, but each 
domain must be specified within the address. For example, "hokudai", which is 
in the AC domain, is addressed as "hokudai.ac.jp". The JP domain, which is 
JUNET itself, is much simpler; for example, "ntt" would be "ntt.jp".

SEE APPENDIX 2 FOR JUNET DOMAINS


PART 8: JUNET NEWS
     JUNET News is the Japanese equivalent to the Usenet NEWS. Each newsgroup 
name is prefixed with fj, which means "From Japan."
     JUNET News is an information service which contains many newsgroups. It 
acts much like a bulletin board in Japan, but is distributed in the United 
States using electronic mail (not all newsgroups are available in this 
electronic mail distribution, though). The articles posted to JUNET News are 
in Japanese, and are in either Old-JIS or New-JIS code.
     To subscribe to the JUNET News mailing list, simply send a request to Mr. 
Hisao Nojima at nojima%nttlab.ntt.jp@relay.cs.net or to Stanford University at 
junet-news-request@russell.stanford.edu. You will then receive a *grab bag* of 
articles from a limited list of newsgroup.
     If you only wish to receive a select few newsgroups, please send a 
request to Jason Molenda at molenda@s1.msi.umn.edu instead. Please do not ask 
Jason Molenda to send you several newsgroups as this will clog the mailers -- 
I am currently receiving only fj.sys.mac and fj.lang.postscript from him. The 
following is information about receiving JUNET News articles (written by Jason 
Molenda):

1)   With rrn (remote rn), you can read the newsgroups from my systems via 
NNTP (Network News Transmission Protocol or some such thing) right on our 
system. This is usually the easiest way; any user can do it, you don't need 
root-access on your system to set this up.
     There are also remote news readers that use GNU Emacs. There are also 
remote news readers for just about any computer in the known Universe out 
there; Mac, VAX, I think even PC's.

2)   Physically telnet into the NNTP port and interact with the nntp daemon 
directly. This can be done but it's not very fun.... A sample session would 
look like

group fj.general
article
next
article
group fj.kanji

etc. It's all pretty gross; not really meant for humans to do. I wouldn't 
recommend it unless you're desperate.

3)   Get a newsfeed of the fj.* newsgroups. This is by far the easiest from my 
point of view. Although there are about 150 or so fj.* newsgroups, the volume 
is pretty low (compared to comp and rec), so if you're not the news admin at 
your site, it may be easy to convince him/her to set up the newsfeed for them. 
Then you would be able to read the newsgroups locally on your own machine and 
post messages, etc.

4)   I can also have my news system mail you the articles fairly painlessly. 
This isn't too great because you'll end up with 200-300 articles per day in 
your mailbox.

SEE APPENDIX 3 FOR JUNET NEWS NEWSGROUPS


PART 9: HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
     The basic necessity for sending and receiving Japanese text using 
electronic mail is a Japanese terminal. A mainframe computer itself does not 
give you the ability to display Japanese text, but only stores the raw code 
along with its escape sequences. Below are some suggestions for obtaining a 
Japanese terminal. I am sure there are others, and I will include them once I 
find them.

GENERAL MAINFRAMES
     There is an interesting piece of software called KanjiBanner with which 
one can display Japanese on any terminal, if your mainframe host computer has 
the file called k14.bdf or k16.bdf installed. The author's name is Koichi 
Yasuoka ($B0B2,9'0l(B), and his email address is yasuoka%kudpc.kyoto-
u.ac.jp@relay.cs.net. I have not tried this program, though.


NeXT
     The following is a message from Mr. Izumi Ohzawa directed toward NeXT 
users:

--- BEGIN ---
Dear NeXT users --
  who use Japanese at work
  who are studying or learning Japanese
  who teach Japanese
  who are native Japanese working/studying abroad, and internationally-minded 
NeXT developers who want to plan ahead product development for Japanese, 
Chinese, and Korean markets.
     I have volunteered to set up a mailing list "next-nihongo" to exchange 
information and ideas on using Japanese on the NeXT computer.
     If you wish to be added to, or removed from this mailing list, send e-
mail to: "next-nihongo-request@pinoko.berkeley.edu".
     If you wish to send mails to *everyone* on the mailing list, send e-mail 
to: "next-nihongo@pinoko.berkeley.edu". [Please, please, DO NOT send requests 
to the mailing-list manager, namely "next-nihongo."]
     The installed user base of the NeXT computer is still quite small, and 
the number of users who are interested in using Japanese on NeXT is even 
smaller. I am hoping that this list will help us at the initial stage of the 
development of the NeXT user community. Additionally, we should be able to 
lobby NeXT and Canon (the NeXT distributor for Asia) so that they provide us 
with the Japanese version of the NeXT OS at a reasonable cost outside of Japan 
as soon as possible.
     The Japanese version of the NeXT OS (2.1J) apparently started shipping in 
Japan just a few weeks ago (July 91). Although I have not played with it 
myself, it appears to offer the best Japanese language environment of all 
workstation-class computers. The educational price of the NeXT even compares 
favorably with Macs when the cost of Kanji PostScript printer is included (and 
if the OS is offered at a reasonable price).

---
Izumi Ohzawa             [ $BBg_78^=;(B ]
USMail: University of California, 360 Minor Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720
Telephone: (415) 642-6440     Fax:  (415) 642-3323
Standard mail: izumi@violet.berkeley.edu
NeXTmail:      izumi@pinoko.berkeley.edu
--- END ---

UNIX
     For those of you who are using UNIX, there are options open for you, too. 
kterm is used by UNIX, and works under the X WINDOW system. There is also a 
Japanese Front-End Processor called Wnn. Nemacs (written by Ken'ichi Handa of 
ETL) and nepoch at site scslwide.sony.co.jp (133.138.199.1) are Japanese text 
editors. Some people prefer jstevie. For printing purposes, jTeX (ASCII and 
NTT versions) and kanjips are useful.
     Wnn is a Japanese front-end processor which runs under UNIX (a Macintosh 
version is due out soon). The name Wnn is from the project objective to make a 
good Kana-to-Kanji conversion program which can convert "Watashino Namae ha 
Nakano desu" into correct Japanese on the first try. Wnn version 4.0.3 is 
available at the utsun.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp (133.11.11.11) FTP archive in the fj/
wnn4.0.3 directory. The following article (in English) gives an overview of 
Wnn: KABA Software Research Group: Overview of GMW+Wnn System, 2nd IEEE 
Conference on Computer Workstations (1988), pp. 170-177.
     There is a public domain vi-based editor named JSTEVIE which supports 
most vi and ex commands, Japanese kanji input, tag stack, etc. It runs mainly 
on UNIX and MS-DOS systems, and should be easy to port to other platforms. As 
you can tell from its name, it is based on the STEVIE 3.69 sources by Tony 
Andrews. Hopefully, these two threads will be merged someday into a single 
distribution.

Features of JSTEVIE include:
  - Japanese kanji support - works with JIS, EUC, SJIS codes and with most
    MS-DOS front-end processors
  - shiftwidth, autowrite, and fepcontrol settings
  - tag stack (cf. Sun's vi) for returning to previous context after using
    :ta or ^[ commands
  - :map, :map!, :ab, :unmap, :unmap!, and :unab are supported
  - uses TERMCAP file for terminal settings

The latest version of JSTEVIE (J1.2) is available by anonymous FTP at site 
utsun.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp (133.11.7.250). It is also available at site 
mindseye.berkely.edu (128.32.232.19) in the pub/kanji directory under the name 
jstevie.tar.Z. Any questions about JSTEVIE should be sent to its author, Jun 
Ohta, at ohta%src.ricoh.co.jp@uunet.uu.net.
     Nemacs (Nihongo Emacs) is a Japanese language editor based on GNU Emacs. 
It runs under a system in which GNU Emacs runs, and distributed in the form of 
patches to GNU Emacs or the previous version of Nemacs. Nemacs can handle 
kanji and kana characters in a buffer, and displays them on the screen. File 
I/O, interprocess communication, screen display, and keyboard input are all 
specially designed for handling Japanese character codes: JIS, Shift-JIS, and 
EUC. TAMAGO supplies the Japanese text environment for Nemacs. TAMAGO requires 
the kana-to-kanji conversion server Wnn V3.3 or later. The latest version is 
TAMAGO Ver.3.0.0. TAMAGO enables one to input Japanese characters, and edit 
Japanese text in a Nemacs buffer. By default, roman characters are used to 
input kana, and then the kana are converted into kanji, but you can customize 
TAMAGO to accept direct kana or kanji input. TAMAGO also extends Emacs' text 
editing functions for fill/justify and search/replace, or adds new ones to fit 
the Japanese writing system. TAMAGO (means "egg" in Japanese) is an 
abbreviation of TAKUSAN MATASETE GOMEN NASAI ($BBt;3BT$?$;$F$4$a$s$J$5$$(B), 
"sorry to have kept you waiting so long." The latest version of Nemacs and 
TAMAGO is available by anonymous FTP at several sites: clover.ucdavis.edu 
(128.120.57.1), cs.washington.edu or june.cs.washington.edu (128.95.1.4), 
sauna.hut.fi (130.233.192.1), russell.stanford.edu (36.9.0.9), mtfuji.gw.u-
tokyo.ac.jp (128.167.64.2), utsun.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp (133.11.11.11), and 
ftp.cs.titech.ac.jp (131.112.16.39). Any questions or suggestions about nemacs 
or TAMAGO should be sent to nemacs@etl.go.jp or tamago@etl.go.jp.
     Kanji printing programs are now available via anonymous ftp from /usr/
masui/ftp at site a.nl.cs.cmu.edu (128.2.250.143). The kit consists of 3 
programs: 1) kanjips - converts a PostScript program including JIS Kanji text 
into normal PostScript text by expanding each Kanji character into a dot 
pattern; 2) jenscript - convert a plain text including Kanji into a Kanji 
Postscript file; and 3) mp - convert a mail/news article into a Kanji 
PostScript file. Kanjips can handle many kinds of Kanji pattern files, such as 
1) Pxl/pk files used in JTeX (jisjka24, etc.); 2) X11 bdf files (k14, k24, 
etc.); 3) GMW pattern files; and 4) Plain dot-matrix pattern files. Sample 
usage:

% jenscript kanjifile | kanjips | lpr -Plw
-- prints a Japanese textfile

% show | mp | kanjips | lpr -Plw
-- prints mail containing Japanese

     The following is a description of kterm. A new version of kterm is now 
available from the following anonymous ftp sites: crl.nmsu.edu (128.123.1.14) 
as pub/misc/kterm-4.1.2.tar.Z; expo.lcs.mit.edu (18.30.0.212) as contrib/
kterm-4.1.2.tar.Z; and kum.kaist.ac.kr (137.68.1.65) as pub/x/kterm-
4.1.2.tar.Z. Version 4.1.2 supports Chinese (GuoBiao (7 && 8-bit), Big5 , and 
Shift-GuoBiao text), Japanese (EUC, Shift-JIS, and JIS text), Korean (KS 
C5601-1987 Hangul and n-byte Hangul text), ISO 6429 color text sequences, and 
X11 Compound Text character set sequences (Not all of the character sets are 
supported, but the sequences are recognized.) The README file mentions 
anonymous ftp locations for Chinese, Japanese, and Korean Hangul BDF fonts. 
Please send bug reports, fixes, enhancements, etc. to Mark Leisher at 
mleisher@nmsu.edu.
     The following is a description of using Japanese on UNIX written by Frank 
Sheeran. Some of the material is slightly repeated from above paragraphs, 
though. There are several pieces of software that allow use of Japanese at 
various levels under UNIX, if you are using X11 windowing environment. If you 
are not using X11, you are probably out of luck. In short, X11 allows programs 
("clients") on any internet computer to be used much like a MacIntosh or a 
Windows program, right on your screen, with graphics. Xterm is the standard 
terminal emulation program. If you know xterm, kterm the same, only it uses 
JIS fonts. It automatically follows shifts between ASCII and JIS formats, and 
is fine by itself for reading mail. Many sizes of fonts are available. Since X 
terminals usually have big screens and high resolution, a 16 point font is 
fine for general use, if you only want to use one. Kterm also displays Korean 
and Chinese, if you have the requisite Hangul/Hanzi fonts. Kinput captures 
input, uses Wnn (like a meat grinder - ASCII in, JIS out) to convert to kanji, 
then sends the JIS codes on their merry way. Depending on your task, then, 
your X11 system will need:

                     JIS fonts   jtex   kterm   kinput   wnn   nemacs/jstevie
                     ^^^^^^^^^   ^^^^   ^^^^^   ^^^^^^   ^^^   ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Viewing:             yes                yes
Printing:                        yes
Terminal emulation:  yes                yes     yes      yes
Editing:             yes                        maybe    yes   yes


IBM/IBM Compatibles (MS-DOS)
     There is a program which allows any IBM or clone (USA type) to read (but 
not to send) incoming Japanese text. I have tried it, and it works fairly 
well. It does require some sort of graphics, the basic necessary being 
Hercules. To obtain a copy, contact Mr. Seiichi Nomura (b470ssn@utarlvm1).
     MOKE (Mark's Own Kanji Editor) version 2.0 is a Japanese editor written 
by Mr. Mark Edwards. It allows one to create Japanese text for sending by 
electronic mail. It can also be used for displaying Japanese text. I recommend 
it highly for MS-DOS users; the only alternative is EW+, which costs $850.00. 
MOKE 2.0 costs $49.95 plus $5.00 for shipping and handling (an additional 
$5.00 for foreign addresses). MOKE 2.0 can be used in conjunction with 
communication software, such as PROCOMM or Kermit, for sending/receiving 
Japanese text. MOKE 2.0 can be ordered from the following address (specify 
either 3.5" or 5.25" disks):
 
  KiCompWare
  Attn: J.J.
  1812 N. Erb St.
  Appleton, WI 54911

In case personal contact with the author is required, his address in Japan is 
as follows (DO NOT use this address for ordering MOKE 2.0!):

Mark Edwards
#405 Konya manshon 4-12-6 Gono kami
Hamura-cho, Nishitamagun
Tokyo 190
JAPAN
Phone: (0425)79-3910

Mr. Edwards can also be contacted at 101015.206@compuserve.com.
     KD (Kanji Driver) is a program written by Mr. Izumi Ohzawa of University 
of California-Berkeley. He can be contacted at izumi@violet.berkeley.edu. KD 
is available through anonymous FTP at mindseye.berkeley.edu (128.32.232.19) 
(in the pub/kanji directory). KD supports both JIS levels (6,355 kanji), and 
Japanese files may be displayed on-line (one does not have to download a file 
for viewing off-line). KD is written in Turbo C and runs on all graphic 
adapters. KD, which comes with dmore, can also be run using the Kermit 
terminal program.
     There is also a Japanese terminal program called hterm (version 2.6.0.0), 
available free for non-military use at FTP site azabu.tkl.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp 
(130.69.16.7) in the hterm/hterm2.6.0.0 directory. It is a full fledged 
terminal program that allows one to view Japanese on line on American-made 
IBM/PC's with EGA or VGA. It emulates VT220. It also contains a program called 
hemacs, with which one can read Shift-JIS Japanese files up to 800 lines long, 
and can edit the file a bit (no FEP support, though). It comes in a huge 
package (500K+), and the source code is available at the same site. I was told 
that this version may be corrupted, and that version 2.6.0.-2, one which 
works, is available at terminator.cc.umich.edu (141.211.164.8).
     The newest arrival for the MS-DOS world is called IBM DOS J4.0/V. It is a 
Japanese operating system for MS-DOS computers, and is IBM's answer to 
KanjiTalk for the Macintosh. It is similar to KanjiTalk in that its Japanese 
fonts are stored in RAM rather than in ROM. This allows non-Japanese MS-DOS 
machines (i.e., those sold in the US) to implement Japanese. The following are 
the hardware requirements to run IBM DOS J4.0/V:

  - AT/PS2 compatible with VGA graphics
  - 80286 or above CPU
  - At least 256K of extended memory (NOT expanded memory 'EMS')
  - Extended keyboard with at least 101 keys
  - 3.5 inch 1.44MB floppy disk drive

The operating system costs 40,000 Yen (the manuals are extra!). I hear that it 
is available in Japan right now, and that there are plans to market it in the 
US early in 1991. Note that the Paradise VGA professional and the 
ProDesignerII VGA cards do not work with this operating system.
     Shouichi Matsui of the Central Research Institute of Electric Power 
Industry wrote a utility program to print Japanese text from the IBM PC to the 
HP Laserjet series printers. It uses 24x24 JIS fonts which you can download 
from the utsun server (133.11.11.11) and comes with C source code. The output 
is reasonable and fast. This program is available to the public and it will be 
uploaded to appropriate FTP servers. In the meantime, if you want a copy (not 
the JIS 24x24 fonts, which are about 500K), send Seiichi Nomura 
(b460nom@utarlg.uta.edu) or Shouichi Matsui (matsui%denken.or.jp@relay.cs.net) 
a message and you will get the uuencoded file.


MACINTOSH ($B%^%C%-%s%H%C%7%e(B)
     The Macintosh is probably the best computer you can buy (at least in the 
US) if you wish to use Japanese in the things you do.
     NinjaTerm, a public domain Japanese communications program written by Mr. 
Michiharu Ariza of Adobe Japan, used to be available from sumex-
aim.stanford.edu (36.44.0.6) by anonymous FTP. It was recently removed to free 
up disk space there. I will gladly send a copy to anyone who wants it. 
NinjaTerm can send and receive text in New-JIS and Old-JIS; it also supports 
Shift-JIS and EUC for other applications. NinjaTerm requires KanjiTalk version 
1.0 or higher (the most current version is 6.0.7).
     For Macintoshes with TCP/IP, FastPath, GatorBox, etc., NCSA TelnetJ works 
fine as a Japanese terminal emulator. It is located at the FTP site utsun.s.u-
tokyo.ac.jp (133.11.11.11) in the Mac/telnetJ directory. This is the Japanese 
version of NCSA Telnet. ASLTelnet, from the author of ASLEdit+, also works 
very well, and can be used for the same purposes. I can send copies by 
request.
     KanjiTalk version 6.0.7 can be obtained through APDA (800-282-2732 or 
APDA@applelink.apple.com) for $70 (plus $20 for one-year membership) in the 
near future. It will come with 9 disks, and its stock number is M0008J/C. You 
will need at least 2MB RAM and a hard disk to make this system work properly. 
Unfortunately, APDA currently sells only KanjiTalk 6.0.4. Note that APDA 
members are eligible to subscribe to a quarterly journal called "develop," and 
that each issue of "develop" includes a CD-ROM on which is the most current 
version of KanjiTalk, namely KanjiTalk 6.0.7. A one-year subscription to 
"develop" is $30, and sample issues are sold for $10 each.
     In order to input (create) Japanese text on a Macintosh, you will need to 
be running Japanese system software, namely KanjiTalk (see above). You will 
also need a front-end processor (FEP) as well as an editor or word processor. 
An FEP is the tool which performs the so-called kana-to-kanji conversion, and 
an editor or word processor is simply the "blackboard" on which you write. Be 
aware that some blackboards are "smarter" than others -- MicroSoft Word does 
not handle Japanese properly, but Nisus does extremely well.
     An FEP called HENKAN 2.1 (2.0 for versions of KanjiTalk before 6.0.7) is 
included with KanjiTalk. There are other, more powerful, FEP's available, some 
of which are EGBridge 5.0, TurboJIP 2.0, Wnn, and MacVJE 2.1. I personally use 
MacVJE 2.1, and find it very powerful and flexible.
     There is a text editor called miniWRITER 1.7 which handles Japanese 
remarkably well. It is a DA (Desk Accessory), so it is accessible everywhere 
on the Macintosh. It handles Japanese beautifully, and is ShareWare ($12.00 
fee). It is available through anonymous FTP at the same site as NinjaTerm. You 
can find it as mini-writer-17.hqx in the info-mac/da directory. There is also 
another editor called ASLEdit+ 1.0/a12 written by Mr. Hiroo Yamada 
(76414.372@compuserve.com), but does not have a word wrap feature (it was 
designed to be an editor for source code). This program can be used as either 
a DA or application. This is also available at the sumex-aim.stanford.edu FTP 
archive in the info-mac/app directory under the name asledit-plus-10a12.hqx, 
is FreeWare, and has a very robust search/replace feature. The last text 
editor I would like to mention is YooEdit 0.95 written by Mr. Yooichi Tagawa. 
This program is much like ASLEdit+ above (it can be used as either a DA or 
application), but sports a word wrap feature which works best with Japanese, 
not English (it splits words randomly at the end of lines). It is FreeWare, 
and is available at the sumex-aim.stanford.edu FTP site (36.44.0.6) in the 
info-mac/app directory under the name yooedit-095.hqx. If any of these 
programs are not where I said they are, they can be requested directly from 
me.
     There are several Japanese word processors for the Macintosh: $B%^%C%/%i%$(B
$B%H(BII-J (MacWriteII-J), EGWord, TurboWriter, MacWord, zeroByWord, ByWord, $B$K$P(B
$B$$$o!<$I(B (2ByWord), and Solo Writer. There are also Japanese DeskTop 
Publishing programs for the Macintosh: QuarkXPress 2.0J, Aldus PageMaker 3.5J, 
and EGBook. I use PageMaker 3.5J. There are US sources for these programs. 
Another Japanese word processor called BlueHawk is due out very soon. It is 
very cheap (3800 Yen!), and claims to support in-line conversion with any FEP. 
It will be marketed in Japan by Akiba Pascal, and I know of no US source.
     A localized Japanese version of Nisus (called Solo Writer) was released 
in May 1991. Its price in Japan is 68,000 Yen, and in the US is $495.00. 
Paragon Concepts, who wrote the program (Mercury Software markets it in Japan) 
tells me that registered users of Nisus can purchase Solo Writer for only 
$250.00. Educational discounts of $250 are also available for Solo Writer (USA 
only) as well as site licenses. Paragon Concepts and Mercury Software offer a 
demo disk for Solo Writer available free for the asking. Paragon Concepts can 
be reached by phone at 800-922-2993 or by email at d0405@applelink.apple.com 
for more information.
     A good source for Japanese-related products for the Macintosh is Qualitas 
Trading Company (6907 Norfolk Road, Berkeley, CA 94705, 415-848-8080). There 
is also an outfit called Japanese Language Services (186 Lincoln Street, 
Boston, MA 02111, PHONE: 617-338-2211, FAX: 617-338-4611) which markets 
Japanese software for the Macintosh. The Green Signal Factory in San 
Francisco, California (800-722-7795) also sells Japanese software for the 
Macintosh.
     KanjiTalk, of course, includes Japanese fonts. There are two basic types 
of Japanese fonts: Ming- ($BL@D+(B) and Gothic- ($B%4%7%C%/(B) style. Included in the 
package are PostScript screen fonts (requires the use of the LaserWriterII 
NTX-J for PostScript output) and ImageWriterII fonts. The following chart 
lists the fonts included with KanjiTalk 6.0.7:

PostScript Screen: $B:YL@D+BN(B (Ming), $BEyI}L@D+(B (mono-spaced Ming), $BCf%4%7%C%/BN(B
                   (Gothic), $BEyI}%4%7%C%/(B (mono-spaced Gothic)
ImageWriterII:     Kyoto (Ming), Osaka (Gothic)

Individuals in Japan have also designed their own fonts. All of these are 
ImageWriterII fonts, and have special characteristics. They are as follows:

ASLFont+    (9/12-point, Japanese is Osaka, English is Monaco, included with
             ASLEdit+, mono-spaced font)
Tokyo       (12/24-point, Japanese is Osaka, English is Chicago, no half-
             size katakana support, meant to be System font using
             SystemFontINIT)
Koshigaya   (9/12/18/24-point, Japanese is Osaka, English is Geneva, no
             half-size katakana support, meant to be Application font using
             SysFontINIT)
Yoshinogari (9/12-point, Japanese is Osaka, English is Geneva)
K2!         (9/12-point, Japanese is Osaka, English is Chicago, meant to be
             System and application font by using a utility such as
             KTCustomizer)

I use Tokyo as my System font, Koshigaya as my Application font, and ASLFont+ 
for most editing purposes. I have placed a file called japan-fonts.hqx on the 
sumex-aim.stanford.edu FTP site (36.44.0.6) in the info-mac/font directory. It 
includes the five Japanese fonts mentioned above (ASLFont+, Tokyo, Koshigaya, 
Yoshinogari, and K2!) along with an INIT called SysFontINIT which requires the 
use of the Tokyo and Koshigaya fonts.
     There are also third-party Japanese font vendors. Canon markets high-
resolution Japanese fonts in both Ming and Gothic styles, and in a wide 
variety of sizes ranging from 24- to 56-dots. The Ming style is available in 
32-, 40-, 48-, and 56-dot sizes, and the Gothic style is available in 24-, 
32-, 40-, 48-, and 56-dot sizes. 24- through 40-dot sizes cost 8,800 Yen each, 
and 48- through 56-dot sizes costs 9,800 Yen each. Japanese Language Services 
(address and phone number above) sells the Canon fonts in the US. Dynaware 
(the maker of MacVJE and MacWord) also markets scalable Japanese fonts 
(includes both Ming and Gothic fonts) called MacFont which sells for 20,000 
Yen. Both of the included fonts are designed to be used with LaserWriter-
series laser printers without the Japanese PostScript feature. This means that 
if you do not have a LaserWriterII NTX-J, and want 300 dpi (dots-per-inch) 
resolution, these fonts are for you. Ain Technology markets a product called 
Parametric Font  which costs 18,900 Yen ($150 through the Green Signal Factory 
in San Francisco, California -- phone number listed above). This product 
offers scalable screen fonts at a reasonable price, and allows the user to 
adjust their relative weight for both Ming- and Gothic-styles. This product 
requires the use of the 2 PostScript screen fonts included with KanjiTalk 
6.0.7.
     Adobe Systems Incorporated has just released 3 new Japanese PostScript 
typefaces: FutoMin (bold Ming), FutoGo (bold Gothic), and Jun (thin-rounded 
Gothic). They are downloadable, and will cost 99,000 Yen each.


DEDICATED JAPANESE WORD PROCESSORS ($BF|K\8l%o!<%W%m@lMQ5!(B)
     Many dedicated Japanese word processors are available with built-in 
modems, built-in communication software, or both.
     I once used an NEC $BJ89k%_%K(B7H (BUNGOU mini7H) with a built-in 1200 baud 
modem and communication software. I was able to send and receive text only in 
NEC-JIS, but by using my Japanese code conversion program described in PART 5, 
I was able to convert incoming codes and to convert outgoing codes to New-JIS 
with absolutely no difficulty. Other newer dedicated Japanese word processors 
handle New-JIS and other codes. Some of these machines can be purchased for as 
little as $500, but only in Japan.
     Be aware that these machines are not computers, have limited memory 
capacity, and cannot be serviced in the US. If you only use a computer as a 
word processor, then one of these machines may be an inexpensive alternative.
     I will try to include as part of the next version of JAPAN.INF a report 
on the current state-of-the-art of dedicated Japanese word processors. I am 
currently gathering the data I need to do so. Anyone with experience with such 
machines should send me their comments as soon as possible.


A FINAL NOTE
     I hope that the information presented here will prove useful. I would 
like to keep the electronic version of this article as up-to-date as possible, 
and through readers' input, I am able to do so.
     Most readers should notice that I am very heavy into the Macintosh. If 
anyone has information on Japanese interfaces for UNIX, VMS, or any other 
machine, please feel free to send me the information, and I will be sure to 
include it in the next version of JAPAN.INF. Your name, of course, will be 
mentioned in the ACKNOWLEDGMENTS section. Please include sources for the 
software/documentation by giving addresses, phone numbers, FTP sites (with 
their IP numbers!), etc.
     Please do not hesitate to ask me further question concerning any subject 
presented in this text.


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
     I would like to express my deepest thanks to Kazumasa Kayo Utashiro of 
Software Research Associates (SRA) for being my "SENSEI" approximately 2.5 
years ago. He taught to me how to send and receive Japanese text using the 7-
bit codes. With his help I was able to write this article in order to inform 
others about what he has taught me plus more.
     I would also like to express special thanks to Hisao Nojima for 
introducing me to JUNET News. I read the Japanese articles every day, and have 
benefitted much from them.
     I would also like to thank the countless people who carefully read 
through previous versions of this article in electronic form and offered 
numerous suggestions on how to improve it. I would personally like to thank 
Seiichi Nomura, Haruhiko Nishida, Koichi Mori, Rainer Daeschler, Erik M. van 
der Poel, Ron Granich, Mark Edwards, Peter C. Lind, Masamichi Honda, Masato 
Hirose, Katsuhiko Momoi, Yukihiko Okada, Hideo Tomita, Ron Hofmann, Richard 
Walters, Jamie Hubbard, Tomonori Shirakawa, Tatsuya Shoji, Craig Van Degrift, 
Eric E. Bowles, Jason Molenda, Izumi Ohzawa, Frank Sheeran, Toshiyuki Masui, 
Theodore Morris, and Shmuel Browns just to name a few. If I missed anyone, 
please let me know. I continue to receive numerous requests for this 
information bulletin from all parts of the world...


BIBLIOGRAPHY
     The following publications are very useful references for anyone who is 
interested in coding methods for Japanese text. All of the references are in 
Japanese, except for the paper I wrote, so you must have reading ability in 
order for these to be useful. JIS X 0212-1990 and Kazuo Tajima's book are 
excellent references for the additional 5,801 kanji made standard in 1990 
(Kazuo Tajima was the chairman of the JIS X 0212-1990 committee).
     I have included two lists. One is romanized, and the other is Japanese. 
The content of both lists is identical except for my paper. [NOTE: JIS = 
Japanese Industrial Standards]

Romanized/Translated:
  JIS. 1984. JIS X 0202-1984 Code Extension Techniques for Use with the Code
    for Information Interchange. 1,600 Yen.
  JIS. 1989. JIS X 0201-1989 Code for Information Interchange. 700 Yen.
  JIS. 1990. JIS X 0208-1990 Code of the Japanese Graphic Character Set for
    Information Interchange. 3,090 Yen.
  JIS. 1990. JIS X 0212-1990 Code of the Supplementary Japanese Graphic
    Character Set for Information Interchange. 3,296 Yen.
  Lunde, Ken R. 1990. Using Electronic Mail as a Medium for Foreign Language
    Study and Instruction. March 1990 issue of CALICO Journal (pp. 68-78).
  Mori, Hirotake. 1986. PASOKON TSUUSHIN GAIDO BUKKU. HBJ Publishing.
    1,236 Yen.
  Tajima, Kazuo. 1990. SAISHIN JIS KANJI JITEN. Kodansha. 2,300 Yen.
  Uegaki, Tsutomu. 1987. PASOKON WAAPURO KANJI JITEN. Natsume-sha. 1,860
    Yen.

Japanese:
  JIS. 1989. JIS X 0201-1989 $B!X>pJs8r49MQId9f!Y(B. 700$B1_(B.
  JIS. 1984. JIS X 0202-1984 $B!X>pJs8r49MQId9f$N3HD%K!!Y(B. 1600$B1_(B.
  JIS. 1990. JIS X 0208-1990 $B!X>pJs8r49MQ4A;zId9f!Y(B. 3090$B1_(B.
  JIS. 1990. JIS X 0212-1990 $B!X>pJs8r49MQ4A;zId9f!=Jd=u4A;z!Y(B. 3296$B1_(B.
  $B?9(B $B9@9'(B. 1986. $B!X%Q%=%3%sDL?.%,%$%I%V%C%/!Y(B. HBJ Publishing. 1236$B1_(B.
  $B>e3A(B $BNO(B. 1987. $B!X%Q%=%3%s%o!<%W%m4A;z<-E5!Y(B. $B%J%D%a<R(B. 1860$B1_(B.
  $BEDEh(B $B0lIW(B. 1990. $B!X:G?7(BJIS$B4A;z<-E5!Y(B. $B9VCL<R<R(B. 2300$B1_(B.


APPENDIX 1: BITNET NODES IN JAPAN

NODE-ID  routing   name of site                         Network-soft *
=====================================================================
JPN      JPNSUT00  Japan BITNET Association (JaPan N,JP RSCS
JPNAC    GWUVM     Nat Ctr for Sci Info Systems     ,JP UREP  90/04/27
JPNAIST  JPNTSUKU  Agency Of Industrial Sci & Tech C,JP JES2  90/04/27
JPNAIT01 JPNNUCBA  Aichi Institute of Tech          ,JP RSCS  90/04/24
JPNARUTO JPNNME    Naruto Univ of Education         ,JP RSCS  90/04/27
JPNCCKU  JPNKISCT  Kyushu Univ                      ,JP NETDA 90/04/24
JPNCGU   JPNSUT30  Chuo-Gakuin University - Computer,JP RSCS  90/06/25
JPNCUN10 JPNNUCBA  Nanzan Univ                      ,JP RSCS  90/04/24
JPNDENTU JPNSNU10  Osaka Electro-Comm Univ          ,JP NETDA 90/06/25
JPNDOKYO JPNWAS00  Dokkyo Univ                      ,JP RSCS  90/04/24
JPNGUCC  JPNRKY00  Gakushuin Univ.                  ,JP NETDA 90/04/24
JPNHIROA JPNKISCT  Hiroshima Univ                   ,JP RSCS  90/04/24
JPNHUIS  JPNHIROA  Hiroshima Univ Grad Schl of Info ,JP UREP  90/04/27
JPNICEPP JPNWAS00  Univ of Tokyo ICEPP              ,JP RSCS  90/04/24
JPNISAS0 JPNTAMA0  Inst of Space & Astronautical Sci,JP NETDA 90/04/27
JPNISM01 JPNSUT00  Inst of Stat Math Stat Data Anal ,JP RSCS  90/06/25
JPNISSP  JPNWAS00  Univ of Tokyo/Inst for Solid St P,JP NJE   90/04/24
JPNIUJ01 JPNSWU10  Intl Univ of Japan Niigata       ,JP RSCS  90/04/27
JPNJAERI JPNWAS00  Japan Atomic Energy Res Ins      ,JP RSCS  90/04/24
JPNKBUDS JPNOIT10  Dept of Systems Eng              ,JP RSCS  90/04/24
JPNKEIO  JPNISSP   Keio Univ                        ,JP NJE   90/04/24
JPNKEKTR JPNKEKVM  KEK TRISTAN                      ,JP NJE   90/04/24
JPNKEKVM JPNSUT00  Kou Enerugi Ken, Tsukuba Japan   ,JP RSCS  90/04/24
JPNKEKVX JPNKEKVM  KEK Network                      ,JP JNET  90/04/24
JPNKGU01 JPNCUN10  Kinjo Gakuin Univ                ,JP NETDA 90/04/27
JPNKISCI JPNKISCT  Kyushu Institute of Tech - Iizuka,JP RSCS  90/04/24
JPNKISCM JPNKISCI  Kyushu Inst of Tech MVS          ,JP JES2  90/04/27
JPNKISCT JPNSUT50  Kyushu Institute of Tech         ,JP RSCS  90/04/24
JPNKIT   JPNSUT00  Kanazawa Inst. of Tech.          ,JP RSCS  90/04/24
JPNKNSU  JPNOIT20  Kansai Univ                      ,JP NJE   90/07/20
JPNKNU10 JPNKISCI  Kinki Univ                       ,JP RSCS  90/04/24
JPNKNZW1 JPNKIT    Kanazawa Univ Info Proc Ctr      ,JP NJE   90/07/20
JPNKSUVX JPNRINS   Kyoto Sangyo University - Faculty,JP JNET  90/06/25
JPNKUDPC JPNKYOTO  Kyoto Univ - Data Proc. Ctr.     ,JP NETDA 90/04/24
JPNKUHEL JPNKEKTR  Kyoto U HEPL                     ,JP NJE   90/04/24
JPNKYOTO JPNOIT10  Kyoto Univ Dept Info Sci         ,JP RSCS  90/04/24
JPNMU11  JPNISSP   Meiji Univ                       ,JP JES2  90/04/24
JPNMU21  JPNMU11   Meiji Univ                       ,JP NJE   90/04/24
JPNNIHOC JPNWAS00  Nihon U Col of Commerce          ,JP RSCS  90/04/24
JPNNME   JPNSNU10  Natl Museum of Ethol             ,JP RSCS  90/04/24
JPNNUCBA JPNSUT01  Nagoya Univ of Commerce          ,JP RSCS  90/04/24
JPNNUHEP JPNKEKTR  Nagoya U HEPL                    ,JP NJE   90/04/24
JPNOCHA1 JPNSWU10  Ochanomizu Univ                  ,JP RSCS  90/04/24
JPNOIT10 JPNSUT00  Osaka Inst of Tech               ,JP RSCS  90/04/24
JPNOIT20 JPNOIT10  Osaka Inst of Tech               ,JP NJE   90/06/25
JPNONRI  JPNNUCBA  Okazaki Nat'l Res Insti          ,JP JNET  90/04/24
JPNORIUT JPNORIXA  Ocean Rsrch Inst                 ,JP RSCS  90/06/25
JPNORIXA JPNSUT00  Ocean Rsrch Inst                 ,JP RSCS  90/06/25
JPNOSAKA JPNOIT10  Osaka Univ Ed Ctr                ,JP RSCS  90/04/24
JPNOSKFM JPNKEKTR  Osaka U HEPL                     ,JP NJE   90/04/24
JPNOUCC  JPNHIROA  OKAYAMA Univ Comp Ctr            ,JP RSCS  90/04/27
JPNOUC01 JPNOIT10  OSAKA Univ OF COMMERCE           ,JP RSCSV 90/04/27
JPNPNCT1 JPNJAERI  PNC Tokai Waste Tech Dev Div GIS ,JP RSCS  90/04/27
JPNRIFP  JPNKYOTO  Kyoto Univ                       ,JP RSCS  90/04/24
JPNRINS  JPNRIFP   Ryukoku Univ RINS Comp Ctr       ,JP RSCS  90/04/27
JPNRKNCC JPNRKY00  Inst of Phys & Chem Rsrch Comp Ct,JP NETDA 90/04/27
JPNRKY00 JPNWAS00  Rikkyo Univ                      ,JP NETDA 90/04/24
JPNSENDI JPNTOHOK  Sendai Jr Coll of Tech           ,JP RSCS  90/04/24
JPNSNU10 JPNOIT10  Setsunan Univ                    ,JP RSCS  90/04/24
JPNSNU20 JPNSNU10  Setsunan Univ                    ,JP RSCS  90/04/24
JPNSOKA  JPNSUT00  Soka Univ                        ,JP RSCS  90/06/25
JPNSUT00 CUNYVMV2  Science U of Tokyo               ,JP RSCS  90/05/29
JPNSUT01 JPNSUT00  Science Univ of Tokyo            ,JP RSCS  90/04/24
JPNSUT10 JPNSUT00  Science U Tokyo - Japan          ,JP RSCS  90/04/24
JPNSUT20 JPNSUT10  Science U Tokyo - Japan Kagurazak,JP RSCS  90/04/24
JPNSUT3A JPNSUT30  Science U Tokyo - Japan, Noda    ,JP RSCS  90/04/24
JPNSUT30 JPNSUT00  Science U Tokyo - Japan, Noda    ,JP RSCS  90/04/24
JPNSUT31 JPNSUT30  Science U of Tokyo Noda          ,JP JNET  90/04/24
JPNSUT40 JPNSUT00  Science U of Tokyo               ,JP RSCS  90/05/29
JPNSUT50 JPNSUT00  Scienc U Tokyo Y J Coll          ,JP RSCS  90/05/29
JPNSUT60 JPNSUT00  Science University of Tokyo Suwa ,JP RSCS
JPNSWU10 JPNSUT01  Showa Women's Univ               ,JP RSCS  90/04/24
JPNTAMA0 JPNWAS00  Tamagawa Univ                    ,JP RSCS  90/04/24
JPNTDUK  JPNRKY00  Tokyo Denki Univ Kanda           ,JP NETDA 90/04/27
JPNTDUS  JPNTDUK   Tokyo Denki Univ Hatoyama        ,JP NETDA 90/04/27
JPNTHKVX JPNTOHOK  Tohoku Univ                      ,JP JNET  90/04/24
JPNTIU01 JPNWAS00  Tokyo Intern'tl Univ             ,JP RSCS  90/04/24
JPNTKUVM JPNSUT00  Tokyo Keizai U                   ,JP RSCS  90/04/24
JPNTOHOK JPNSUT00  Tohoku Univ                      ,JP RSCS  90/04/24
JPNTOP   JPNTYAVM  Toyama Prefectual University - Co,JP NJE   90/07/19
JPNTSCVM JPNSUT01  IBM Tokyo Research               ,JP RSCS  90/04/24
JPNTSUKU JPNKEKVM  Univ of Tsukuba - SIPC           ,JP RSCS  90/04/24
JPNTSUK1 JPNTSUKU  U of Tsukuba - Sci Info Proc. Ctr,JP NJE   90/04/24
JPNTSUK2 JPNTSUKU  U of Tsukuba - SIPC              ,JP RSCS  90/04/24
JPNTYAVM JPNKIT    Toyama Univ                      ,JP RSCS  90/04/24
JPNUMIN  JPNUTHOS  U of Tokyo Hospitalumin          ,JP UREP  90/04/24
JPNUNU00 JPNUTHOS  United Nations Univ Comp Svcs    ,JP RSCS  90/04/27
JPNUOEH  JPNKISCT  Univ of Occ & Envir Health       ,JP JNET  90/04/24
JPNUTDME JPNSUT00  Univ of Tokyo                    ,JP RSCS  90/04/24
JPNUTHOS JPNUTDME  Univ of Tokyo                    ,JP RSCS  90/04/24
JPNUTINS JPNKEKTR  Univ of Tokyo - INS              ,JP NJE   90/04/24
JPNUTKOM JPNWAS00  Univ of Tokyo Coll of Arts & Sci ,JP RSCS  90/04/24
JPNWAS00 JPNSUT00  Waseda Univ                      ,JP RSCS  90/06/25

 * Network-soft gives you a hint about the machine-type. None-IBM
   computers need different software to bevave IBM-like in BITNET
   UREP = UNIX
   JNET = VAX/VMS
   JES2 = MVS from IBM (dont't try to talk online with users there.
                        The machine is a batch-specialist and can't talk
                        to anybody outside)
   RSCS = VM from IBM
   NJE & NETDA = I hope sombody can tell me!!!


APPENDIX 2: JUNET DOMAINS

JP domains:
^^^^^^^^^^
  ntt                    Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corp.
  nttdata                NTT Data Communications Systems Corp.

AD domains:
^^^^^^^^^^
  jain                   Japan Academic Inter-University Network
  juice                  JUICE Network
  junet                  JUNET Network
  sinet                  Science Information Network
  tisn                   Todai Int'l. Science Network
  wide                   WIDE Internet

AC domains:
^^^^^^^^^^
  aichi-med-u            Aichi Medical Univ.
  aitech                 Aichi Inst. of Technology
  akita-u                Akita Univ.
  aoyama                 Aoyama Gakuin Univ.
  ashitech               Ashikaga Inst. of Technology
  chiba-u                Chiba Univ.
  chubu                  Chubu Univ.
  chukyo-u               Chukyo Univ.
  chuo-u                 Chuo Univ.
  ciea                   Central Inst. of Exp. Animal Pre-Clinical Lab.
  dendai                 Tokyo Denki Univ.
  ehime-u                Ehime Univ.
  esumi-th               East Sumiyoshi Technical High School
  fit                    Fukuoka Inst. of Technology
  fukui-u                Fukui Univ.
  fukuoka-edu            Fukuoka Univ. of Education
  fukuoka-u              Fukuoka Univ.
  gifu-u                 Gifu Univ.
  gunma-u                Gunma Univ.
  hamamatsu-med          Hamamatsu Univ. School of Medicine
  hamamatsu-pc           Hamamatsu Polytechnic College
  himeji-du              Himeji Dokkyo Univ.
  hiroshima-u            Hiroshima Univ.
  hit-u                  Hitotsubashi Univ.
  hokudai                Hokkaido Univ.
  hosei                  Hosei Univ.
  ibaraki                Ibaraki Univ.
  ism                    The Inst. of Statistical Mathematics
  it-chiba               Chiba Inst. of Technology
  it-hiroshima           Hiroshima Institute of Technology
  kanagawa-u             Kanagawa Univ.
  kanazawa-u             Kanazawa Univ.
  kansai-u               Kansai Univ.
  kawai-juku             Kawai Educational Institution
  keio                   Keio Univ.
  kek                    Nat'l. Lab. for High Energy Physics
  kindai                 Kinki Univ.
  kit                    Kyoto Inst. of Technology
  knct                   Kumamoto Nat'l. College of Technology
  kobe-u                 Kobe Univ.
  kobeuc                 Kobe Univ. of Commerce
  kochi-u                Kochi Univ.
  kogakuin               Kogakuin Univ.
  konan-u                Konan Univ.
  kouku-k                Tokyo Metropolitan College of Aeronautical Engr.
  kshosen                Kobe Shosen Univ.
  kumamoto-u             Kumamoto Univ.
  kurume-it              Kurume Inst. of Technology
  kushiro-ct             Kushiro Nat'l. College of Technology
  kwansei                Kwansei Gakuin Univ.
  kyoto-su               Kyoto Sangyo Univ.
  kyoto-u                Kyoto Univ.
  kyusan-u               Kyushu Sangyou Univ.
  kyushu-id              Kyushu Inst. of Design
  kyushu-u               Kyushu Univ.
  kyutech                Kyushu Inst. of Technology
  meiji                  Meiji Univ.
  mie-u                  Mie Univ.
  minpaku                Nat'l. Museum of Ethnology
  miyazaki-u             Miyazaki Univ.
  musabi                 Musashino Univ. of Arts
  nacsis                 Nat'l. Center for Science Information System
  nagano                 Nagano Univ.
  nagano-nct             Nagano Nat'l. College of Technology
  nagaoka-coltech        Nagaoka College of Technology
  nagaokaut              Nagaoka Univ. of Technology
  nagasaki-u             Nagasaki Univ.
  nagoya-u               Nagoya Univ.
  nanzan-u               Nanzan Univ.
  nao                    Nat'l. Astronomical Observatory
  nara-k                 Nara Nat'l. College of Technology
  nig                    Nat'l. Inst. of Genetics
  nihon-u                Nihon Univ.
  niigata-u              Niigata Univ.
  nijl                   Nat'l. Inst. of Japanese Literature
  nitech                 Nagoya Inst. of Technology
  oita-u                 Oita Univ.
  okayama-u              Okayama Univ.
  osaka-cu               Osaka City Univ.
  osaka-kyoiku           Osaka Kyoiku Daigaku
  osaka-med              Osaka Medical College
  osaka-tech             Osaka Inst. of Technology
  osaka-u                Osaka Univ.
  osakac                 Osaka Electro-Communication Univ.
  osakafu-u              Univ. of Osaka Prefecture
  otaru-uc               Otaru Univ. of Commerce
  pu-toyama              Toyama Prefectural Univ.
  rikkyo                 Rikkyo Univ.
  ritsumei               Ritsumeikan Univ.
  ryukoku                Ryukoku Univ.
  saga-u                 Saga Univ.
  saitama-u              Saitama Univ.
  sanno                  SANNO College
  sapmed                 Sapporo Medical College
  sasebo                 Sasebo College of Technology
  seikei                 Seikei Univ.
  seinan-gu              Seina Gakuin Univ.
  sendai-ct              Sendai Nat'l. College of Technology
  senshu-u               Senshu Univ.
  sheart                 Univ. of the Sacred Heart
  shinshu-u              Shinshu Univ.
  shizuoka               Shizuoka Univ.
  shudo-u                Hiroshima Shudo Univ.
  sophia                 Sophia Univ.
  sut                    Science Univ. of Tokyo
  t-gitan                Toyama Prefectural College of Technology
  takushoku-u            Takushoku Univ.
  teu                    Tokyo Engr. Univ.
  titech                 Tokyo Inst. of Technology
  to-shinkeiken          Tokyo Shinkei Research Inst.
  tohoku                 Tohoku Univ.
  tohtech                Tohoku Institute of Technology
  tokushima-u            Tokushima Univ.
  tokuyama               Tokuyama Nat'l. College of Technology
  tosho-u                Tokyo Shosen Univ.
  toyo                   Toyo Univ.
  toyota-ti              Toyota Technological Inst.
  tsuda                  Tsuda College
  tsukuba                Univ. of Tsukuba
  tuat                   Tokyo Univ. of Agriculture and Technology
  tut                    Toyohashi Univ. of Technology
  u-gakugei              Tokyo Gakugei Univ.
  u-ryukyu               University of Ryukyus
  u-shizuoka-ken         Univ. of Shizuoka
  u-tokai                Univ. of Tokai
  u-tokyo                The Univ. of Tokyo
  uec                    The Univ. of Electro-Communications
  uitec                  Univ. of Ind. Technology
  ulis                   Univ. of Library and Information Science
  utsunomiya-u           Utsunomiya Univ.
  wakayama-th            Wakayama Prefectural Ind. High School
  wakayama-u             Wakayama Univ.
  waseda                 Waseda Univ.
  yamagata-u             Yamagata Univ.
  yamaguti-u             Yamaguchi Univ.
  yamanashi              Yamanashi Univ.
  ynu                    Yokohama Nat'l. Univ.

GO domains:
^^^^^^^^^^
  aerospace-lab          National Aerospace Laboratory
  bosai                  Nat'l Research Inst. for Earth Science and Disaster
  crl                    Communications Research Lab.
  etl                    Electrotechnical Lab.
  fukui-kg               Ind. Technology Center of Fukui Prefecture
  gsj                    Geological Survey of Japan
  idlabh                 Ind. Development Lab. Hokkaido
  ipa                    Information-technology Promotion Agency, Japan
  ipri                   Ind. Products Research Inst.
  jaeri                  Japan Atomic Energy Research Inst.
  jnoc                   Japan Nat'l. Oil Corp., Technology Research Center
  jrdc                   Research Development Corp. of Japan
  jwa                    Japan Weather Association
  kiri                   Mech. and Elect. Research Inst.
  kmt-iri                Kumamoto Ind. Research Inst.
  mel                    Mechanical Engr. Lab.
  nagasaki               Nagasaki Prefectural Government
  nasda                  Nat'l. Space Development Agency of Japan
  ncl                    Nat'l. Chemical Lab. for Ind., AIST, MITI
  ncvc                   Nat'l. Cardiovascular Center Research Inst.
  okakogi                Okayama Prefecture Technical Center
  prit                   Tokyo Psychiatric Research Inst.
  riken                  Inst. of Physical and Chemical Research
  statci                 Kagaku Gijutsu Chou Kenkyuu Kouryuu Center
  tikusi                 Nat'l. Inst. of Animal Ind.
  wakayama               Wakayama Kenchou
  ysc                    Yokohama Science Popularizing Association for Youth

OR domains:
^^^^^^^^^^
  aegis                  The Aegis Society
  astem                  Astem Research Inst.
  chemnet                CHEMNET Japan
  denken                 Central Research Inst. of Electric Power Ind.
  friend21               Friend 21 Research Center
  fuzzy                  Lab. for Int'l. Fuzzy Engr. Research
  genesys-p              Steering Committee of Genesys-P
  icot                   Inst. for New Generation Computer Technology
  ijaic                  ICOT-JIPDEC AI Center
  imt-shizuoka           Inst. of Mechatronic Technology Foundation
  jafsa                  Ship and Ocean Foundation
  jeida                  Japan Electronic Industry Development Association
  jipdec                 Japan Information Processing Development Center
  juice                  JUICE Network (not JUNET)
  jus                    Japan UNIX Society
  kaba                   Kyoto Artificial Brain Associates
  kmt-technopolis        Kumamoto Technopolis Foundation
  peccom                 Sekiyu Sangyou Kasseika Center
  prug                   Packet Radio User's Group
  rinshoken              Tokyo Clinical Sciences Research Inst.
  rtri                   Railway Tech. Research Inst.
  sea                    Software Engineers Association
  senri-i                Senri Int'l. Information Ind.
  snet                   SNET
  stanford-jc            Stanford Japan Center
  tiny                   Tsukuba Internet Club

CO domains:
^^^^^^^^^^
  abc-kk                 ABC Corp.
  access                 Access Co., Ltd.
  adac                   Advanced Data Controls, Corp.
  aic                    Advanced Intelligent Communication System Lab.
  aichi-steel            Aichi Steel Works, Ltd.
  air                    AI Language Research Inst., Ltd.
  airco                  AIR Co., Ltd.
  aisoft                 AI Soft, Inc.
  allied-telesis         Allied Telesis, Inc.
  allumer                Allumer
  aml                    Advanced Materials Lab., Inc.
  analog                 Analog Devices Corp.
  anritsu                Anritsu Corp.
  aplix                  Aplix Corp.
  apollo-j               Apollo Computer Japan
  apptec                 Applied Technology Co., Ltd.
  arc-s                  Architectural Systems Inc.
  artstech               Arts Tech Inc.
  asahi                  Asahi Broadcasting
  asahi-eng              Asahi Engr.
  asahi-np               The Asahi Shimbun Publishing Co., Ltd.
  asahi-techno           Asahi Techno-Computer Corp.
  asatsu                 Asatsu, Inc.
  ascii                  ASCII Corp.
  asi                    Advanced Solutions Inc.
  asics                  ASICS
  asp                    ASP Corp.
  asr                    ASR Corp.
  astec                  Astec, Inc.
  atr                    Advanced Telecomm. Research Inst. Int'l.
  att                    AT&T Unix Pacific Co., Ltd.
  attjens                AT&T Jens Corp.
  axis                   AXIS Corp.
  bootsystems            Boot Systems Japan Corp.
  bridge                 Bridge Inc.
  brother                Brother Ind. Co., Ltd.
  bug                    BUG Inc.
  bussan-advsys          Bussan Advanced Systems Corp.
  c-creators             Computer Creators, Inc.
  cac                    Computer Applications Co., Ltd.
  canon                  Canon Inc.
  canon-soft             Canon Software Corp.
  canopus                Canopus Electric Co., Ltd.
  casio                  Casio
  cat                    System House CAT
  cec                    Chuo Electric Co., Ltd.
  cij                    Computer Inst. of Japan, Ltd.
  citizen                Citizen Watch Co., Ltd.
  citoh                  C. Itoh & Co., Ltd.
  clipper                Systems Clipper Inc.
  convex-j               Comvex Computer Ltd.
  cray                   Cray Research Japan Ltd.
  creo-rd                Creo R & D Co., Ltd.
  crosscat               Cross Cat Corp.
  csk                    CSK Corp.
  daikin                 Daikin Ind. Co.
  datacontrol            Data Control Ltd.
  dcl                    Yokogawa Digital Computer Corp.
  dec-j                  Digital Equipment Corp. Japan
  densan                 Densan Corp.
  diaconsult             Dia Consultants Co., Ltd.
  digital                Digital
  dit                    Dit Co., Ltd.
  dnp                    Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd.
  edr                    Japan Electronic Dictionary Research Inst., Ltd.
  epson                  Seiko Epson
  eric                   Eric
  foretune               Foretune Co., Ltd
  fuji-ric               Fuji Research Institute Corp.
  fujidenki              Fuji Electric Corporate R & D, Ltd.
  fujifilm               Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd.
  fujita                 Fujita Corp.
  fujitsu                Fujitsu Ltd.
  fujixerox              Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd.
  furukawa               Furukawa Electric Co., Ltd.
  furuno                 Furuno Electric Co., Ltd.
  gctech                 Graphics Communication Technologies R & D Dept.
  global                 Global Science Co., Ltd.
  goldcoast              Gold Coast Productions Co., Ltd.
  goldman                Goldman Sacks
  hallab                 HAL Lab., Inc.
  hankyu                 Hankyu Dentetsu Corp.
  hexard                 Hexard Inc.
  hitachi                Hitachi, Ltd.
  hitachi-chem           Hitachi Chemical Ind. Corp.
  hitachi-hipro          Hitachi Process Computer Engr., Inc.
  hitachi-sk             Hitachi Software Engr. Corp.
  hitachi-system         Hitachi System Engineering, Ltd.
  horiba                 Horiba Seisaku
  hst                    Hirata Software Technology Co., Ltd.
  hudson                 Hudson Co., Ltd.
  hyperware              Hyperware Corp.
  ibix                   IBIX Co., Ltd.
  ibm                    IBM Japan, Ltd.
  icat                   ICAT Corp.
  icfd                   Inst. of Computational Fluid Dynamics
  icm                    ICM Co., Ltd.
  ihi                    Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Ind. Co., Ltd.
  image-f                Computer Art Form Image Factory
  imagica                Imagica Corp.
  imslab                 Information and Mathematical Science Lab., Inc.
  intec                  Intec Inc.
  intel-j                Intel Japan Corp.
  intelligent-systems    Intelligent Systems Co., Ltd.
  isac                   Int'l. Sekisu AI Corp.
  isid                   Information Services Int'l. - Dentsu, Ltd.
  iwanami                Iwanami Shoten, Publishers
  jal-cs                 JAL Jouhou Kaihatsu
  jba                    Japan Business Automation Co., Ltd.
  jcc                    Japan Computer Corp.
  jepro                  JEPRO Co., Ltd.
  jip                    Japan Information Processing Service Co., Ltd.
  jmas                   JMA Systems Corp.
  jsd                    Joint System Development Corp.
  jusoft                 Nippon Unisoft Corp.
  just                   Just System
  jvc-victor             Japan Victor Corp.
  kajima                 Kajima Corp.
  kao                    Kao
  kawaju                 Kawasaki Heavy Ind. Corp.
  kawasaki-steel         Kawasaki Steel Co.
  kcc-comp-consul        Kinki Computer Consultant, Inc.
  kcs                    KCS Corp.
  kcs-soft               KCS Soft Corp.
  kddlabs                KDD Lab.
  kepco                  The Kansai Electric Power Co., Ltd.
  ker                    Kinryo Engr.
  kke                    Kozo Keikaku Engr. Inc.
  knowledge              Knowledge Co., Ltd.
  kobelco                Kobe Steel, Ltd.
  kokusai-kogyo          Kokusai Kogyo Co., Ltd.
  komatsu                Komatsu Ltd.
  kpress                 Kabushiki Shinbun, Inc.
  kthree                 Kanri Kogaku Kenkyusho, Ltd.
  kubota                 Kubota Ltd.
  kyocera                Kyocera Corp.
  kysa                   Kyoto Software Application Inc.
  lifeboat               Lifeboat, Ltd.
  lsi-j                  LSI Japan Co., Ltd.
  m-kasei                Mitsubishi Kasei
  macro                  Macro Engr.
  maspro                 Maspro Denko Corp.
  mbrain                 Max Brain
  mei                    Matsushita Electric Ind. Co., Ltd.
  meidensha              Meidensha Corp.
  meitec                 Meitec Corp.
  melco                  Mitsubishi Electric Corp.
  mhi                    Mitsubishi Heavy Ind., Ltd.
  microcad               Micro CAD Inc.
  mignon                 Mignon Systems, Inc.
  mipec                  Mitsui Petrochemical Ind., Ltd.
  misystems              M.I. Systems
  mita                   Mita Ind. Co., Ltd.
  mitsui-knowledge       Mitsui Knowledge Ind. Co., Ltd
  mocoil                 Mitsubishi Oil Co., Ltd.
  mogami-wire            Mogami Wire & Cable Co.
  mot-j                  Nippon Motorola, Ltd.
  mri                    Mitsubishi Research Inst., Inc.
  msassoc                Micro Software Associates Co., Ltd.
  msi                    Mathematical Systems, Inc.
  msr                    Mitsuizosen Systems Research
  n-denso                Nihon Denso Corp.
  nakasha                Nakasha Curieitebu Co., Ltd.
  ncd                    NCD Japan, Inc.
  ndg                    Nihon Data General
  ndr                    NDR Co., Ltd.
  nec                    NEC Corp.
  nesco                  Nichimen Electronic Systems Co.
  netone                 NetOne Systems Co., Ltd.
  next                   Next Foundation Co., Ltd.
  nichigai               Nichigai Associates, Inc.
  nichimen-nds           Nichimen Data Syatems Corp.
  nihonmusen             Nihon Musen Corp.
  nikon                  Nikon Corp.
  nintendo               Nintendo Co., Ltd.
  nippon-computer-system Nippon Computer Systems Co., Ltd.
  nishitsuu              System Nishitsu
  nissan                 Nissan Jidousha
  nissho-ele             Nissho Electronics Corp.
  nissin                 NISSIN Electric Co., Ltd.
  nk-exa                 NK-EXA Co., Ltd.
  nkk                    NKK Corp.
  nmcc                   Nihon Micom Hanbai
  nova                   Nova Corp.
  nri                    Nomura Research Inst., Ltd.
  ns-ace                 Nakano Software Ace
  nsc                    Nippon Steel Corp.
  nss                    Nisshin Systems
  nssys                  Nihon Sogo System
  ntec                   NTT Gijutsu Iten
  nts                    Nippon Timeshare Co., Ltd.
  ntt-itn                NTT Internet Co., Ltd.
  ntts                   NTT Software
  oki                    Oki Electric Ind. Co., Ltd.
  okit                   Okit Corp.
  omnis                  Omnis, Inc.
  omron                  Omron Corp.
  omronsoft              Omron Software Co., Ltd.
  osakagas               Osaka Gas Co.
  paltec                 Paltec Corp.
  pentel                 Pentel Co., Ltd.
  peri                   Protein Engr. Research Inst.
  personal-media         Personal Media Corp.
  profile                Profile Co. Ltd.
  prompt                 Prompt Corp.
  publinix               Publinix Corp.
  recruit                Inst. for Supercomputing Research, Recruit
  ricoh                  Ricoh Co., Ltd.
  rics                   Research Inst. for Computer Science, Inc.
  rikei                  Rikei Corp.
  roland                 Roland Corp.
  sanei                  Sanei Co.
  sanwa-ss               Sanwa Seisakusho
  sanyo                  Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd.
  sc-htc                 SC Hitech Center
  scr                    SCR Corp.
  screen                 Dainippon Screen Seizou
  seaside                Seaside Software Inc.
  secom                  Secom Intelligent Systems Lab.
  sekisui                Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd.
  sgi                    Nihon Silicon Graphics, Inc.
  sharp                  Sharp Corp.
  shimz                  Shimizu Corp.
  shinko-elec            Sinko Electric Corp.
  shionogi               Shionogi & Co., Ltd.
  sibasoku               Shibasoku Corp.
  sigma                  Sigma Systems Corp.
  softbank               Softbank Corp.
  soliton                Soliton Systems Corp.
  sony                   Sony Corp.
  sonytek                Sony Tektro
  sord                   Sord Computer Corp.
  soum                   Soum Corp.
  spec                   System Planning and Engr. Corp.
  squid-tech             Superconducting Sensor Lab.
  sra                    Software Research Associates, Inc.
  ssk                    Nippon System Services Co., Ltd.
  sstech                 SS Technology Co., Ltd.
  stanley                Stanley Electric Co., Ltd.
  stepone                Stepone Corp.
  strategic              Strategic Research Inst.
  studiogen              StudioGEN, Inc.
  sumiden                Sumitomo Electric Ind., Ltd.
  sumikin                Sumitomo Metal Ind., Ltd.
  japan.sun.com          Sun Microsystems Inc., Japan
  sunjapan               SunJapan Co., Ltd.
  suri                   Surigiken Corp.
  swire                  Swire Transtech, Ltd.
  symbolics              Nihon Symbolics Corp.
  sysplan                Sysplan, Inc.
  system-keikaku         Research Inst. of Systems Planning
  systemsoft             Systemsoft Corp.
  taisei                 Taisei Corp.
  takaoka-electric       Takaoka Electric Mfg. Co., Ltd.
  tbs                    Tokyo Broadcasting Systems, Inc.
  tds                    Tokyo Denshi Sekkei Co., Ltd.
  technonet              Technonet, Inc.
  teijin                 Teijin
  telema                 Telematique Int'l. Research Lab.
  tepco                  Tokyo Electric Power Corp.
  teradata-j             Teradata Japan Ltd.
  tis                    Toyo Information Systems Co., Ltd.
  tmr                    Technical Marketing Research, Inc.
  tms                    Toppan Moore Systems, Ltd.
  togra                  Tokyo Graphic Arts
  tokimec                Tokimec, Inc.
  tokyo-gas              Tokyo Gas, Ltd.
  tokyo-shoseki-ptg      Tokyo Shoseki Printing Co., Ltd.
  tokyoelectron          Tokyo Electron Co.
  toppan                 Toppan Printing Co. Ltd.
  toshiba                Toshiba Corp.
  total                  Total Systems Inst. Co., Ltd.
  totsu                  Totsu Sangyou Corp.
  toyo-eng               Toyo Engr. Corp.
  toyo-stl               Toyo Stainless Corp.
  toyodenki              Toyo Denki Seizo Corp.
  toyota                 Toyota Motor Corp.
  tradtech               Trad Technologies Corp.
  tsi                    Toden Software, Inc.
  twics                  TWICS
  tytlabs                Toyota Central R & D Lab., Inc.
  uclosk                 Universal Computer Lab. Corp.
  ulvac                  Ulvac Corporate Center
  unipress               Unipress Software Japan, Inc.
  unisol                 Unisolu Co., Ltd.
  unisys                 Nihon Unisys, Ltd.
  uniuni                 Unisys, Union Systems Co., Ltd.
  wacom                  Wacom Co. Ltd.
  windriver              Wind River Systems Corp.
  word-house             Word House
  yamaha                 Yamaha Corp.
  yaskawa                Yaskawa Electric Mfg. Co., Ltd.
  yhp                    Yokogawa Hewlett Packard Computer Operation
  ykk                    Yoshida Kogyo Corp.
  yokogawa               Yokogawa Electric Corp.
  zuken                  Zuken Corp.


APPENDIX 3: JUNET NEWS NEWSGROUPS
 
fj.ai                       Artificial intelligence discussions
fj.announce                 General announcements of interest to all
                              (Moderated)
fj.binaries.mac             Encoded Macintosh programs in binary
fj.binaries.misc            Encoded programs in binary not covered elsewhere
fj.binaries.msdos           Encoded MS-DOS programs in binary (Moderated)
fj.binaries.msdos.d         Topics on softwares posted to fj.binary.msdos
fj.books                    Books of all genres, shapes, and sizes
fj.comp.arch                Computer architecture
fj.comp.comm                Discussion about software & hardware for
                              communications
fj.comp.image               Computer graphics, art, animation, image
                              processing
fj.comp.misc                General topics about computers not covered
                              elsewhere
fj.comp.music               Topics about computers and music
fj.comp.oops                Object Oriented Programming, System, etc
fj.comp.parallel            Discussion about parallel computing
fj.comp.printers            Printers, hardware & software
fj.comp.texhax              Discussion about TeXhax and delivery of mailing
                              list
fj.comp.text                Text processing issues and methods
fj.editor.emacs             EMACS editors of different flavors
fj.editor.misc              Talk about editors
fj.editor.sse               Discussion about SSE (Simple Screen Editor)
fj.followup                 Followups to articles in fj.general
fj.forsale                  Short, tasteful postings about items for sale
fj.general                  *Important* and timely announcements of interest
                              to all
fj.guide.admin              Junet guide for administrators (Moderated)
fj.guide.general            Junet guide. Rules, Convention, etc (Moderated)
fj.guide.newusers           Explanatory postings for new users (Moderated)
fj.info-terms               All sorts of terminals
fj.jokes                    Joke and humor
fj.junet                    General discussion about JUNET itself
fj.jus                      Information about JUS
fj.kanakan.misc             Discussion about kana-kanji henkan
fj.kanakan.wnn              Discussion about Wnn kana-kanji henkan system
fj.kanji                    Discussion about Kanji
fj.kermit                   Discussion about kermit package
fj.lan                      Local area network hardware and software
fj.lang.ada                 Discussion about Ada*
fj.lang.c                   Discussion about C
fj.lang.forth               Discussion about Forth
fj.lang.lisp                Discussion about LISP
fj.lang.misc                Different computer languages not specifically
                              listed
fj.lang.mod2                Discussion about Modula-2
fj.lang.postscript          PostScript language and related topics
fj.lang.prolog              Discussion about PROLOG
fj.lang.st80                Discussion about Smalltalk 80
fj.lectures                 Informative talks given to the news readers
fj.living                   Discussions about various things in daily life
fj.mail                     Proposed new mail/network standards
fj.mail-lists.apollo        Apollo workstation mailing list (Moderated)
fj.mail-lists.common-lisp   Common lisp mailing list from ARPA (Moderated)
fj.mail-lists.connectionist Connectionist mailing list (Moderated)
fj.mail-lists.info-japan    Info-japan mailing list from ARPA (Moderated)
fj.mail-lists.nihongo       Nihongo mailing list from ARPA (Moderated)
fj.mail-lists.occam         Occam mailing list from ARPA (Moderated)
fj.mail-lists.parallel      comp.parallel mailing list (Moderated)
fj.mail-lists.reduce        Reduce mailing list (Moderated)
fj.mail-lists.types         Types mailing list from ARPA (Moderated)
fj.mail-lists.x-window      X window mailing list from ARPA (Moderated)
fj.meetings                 announce for conference, workshop, etc
                              (Not-moderated)
fj.misc                     Various discussions that there are no groups to
                              match
fj.net-people               Announcements, requests, etc. about people on
                              the net
fj.news.adm                 Comments directed to news administrators
fj.news.b                   Discussion about B news software
fj.news.config              Postings of system down times and configuration
                              change
fj.news.group               Discussions and lists of newsgroups
fj.news.lists               News-related statistics and lists
fj.news.map                 Various maps, including UUCP maps
fj.news.misc                Discussions of network news on JUNET itself
fj.news.newsite             Postings of new site announcements
fj.news.sa                  Comments directed to system administrators
fj.os.minix                 Discussion about the MINIX operating system
fj.os.misc                  Discussion about operating systems not covered
                              elsewhere
fj.os.msdos                 Discussion about the MSDOS operating system
fj.os.os9                   Discussion about the OS9 operating system
fj.papers                   Papers of all genres
fj.ptt                      Information about PTT
fj.questions.junet          Questions especially about JUNET
fj.questions.misc           Questions about miscellaneous subjects
fj.questions.unix           Questions especially about UNIX
fj.rec.aerospace            About aviation, airplanes, airsports, etc.
fj.rec.animation            Discussion about animated movies
fj.rec.autos                Automobiles, automotive products and laws
fj.rec.av                   High fidelity audio and video components
fj.rec.baseball             Discussion about baseball
fj.rec.bikes                Motorcycles and Bicycles, related products and
                              laws
fj.rec.comics               The funnies, old and new
fj.rec.food                 Food, wine, spirits, cooking, cookbooks, and
                              recipes
fj.rec.games                Discussion about games and computer games
fj.rec.games.scores         Personal best scores of games and computer games
fj.rec.ham                  topics about ham radio
fj.rec.idol                 General topics about idol
fj.rec.marine               Marine recreation. Diving, swimming, yachting,
                              etc.
fj.rec.misc                 Recreational/participant topics not covered
                              elsewhere
fj.rec.movies               Reviews and discussions of movies
fj.rec.music                Discussion about music
fj.rec.music.classical      Talk around classical music
fj.rec.music.progressive    Talk around progressive rock
fj.rec.mystery              Talk about mystery
fj.rec.photo                Topics about cameras and photographs
fj.rec.rail                 Discussion about railway & railroad
fj.rec.sf                   Discussion about science fiction
fj.rec.sports               Topics about sports
fj.rec.sports.football      Talk around footballs
fj.rec.sports.keiba         About horseracing
fj.rec.sports.prowrestling  About prowrestling
fj.rec.sports.ski           About skiing
fj.rec.travel               Traveling all over the world
fj.rec.tv                   Talk about television and its shows
fj.sci.astro                Discussion about stars, planets and comets
fj.sci.lang                 Natural languages, communication, etc
fj.sci.math                 Mathematical discussions and pursuits
fj.sci.misc                 Discussions about sciences not covered elsewhere
fj.soc.culture              Group about (japanese?) culture
fj.soc.law                  Topics on Law and rights
fj.soc.men-women            Fairness, Rights, etc. Between women and men
fj.soc.misc                 Socially-oriented topics not covered elsewhere
fj.soc.tech                 Topics on society and technology
fj.sources                  For the posting of software packages &
                              documentation
fj.sources.d                For any discussion of source postings
fj.sources.mac              Software for the Apple Macintosh
fj.std                      Discussion about various standards
fj.sys.famicom              Discussion about Nintendo's Family Computer
fj.sys.j3100                Discussion about TOSHIBA's J3100-family
                              computers
fj.sys.mac                  Discussion about the Apple Macintosh & Lisa
fj.sys.misc                 Discussion about computers of all other kinds
fj.sys.news                 Discussion about SONY NEWS workstation
fj.sys.next                 NeXT workstation and related topics
fj.sys.pc98                 Discussion about NEC's PC-9800 & other computers
fj.sys.sun                  Discussion about SUN workstation
fj.sys.x68000               Discussion about Sharp's X-68000 & other
                              computers
fj.test                     Testing all over JUNET. Very boring
fj.unix                     UNIX neophytes group
fj.unix.wizards             Discussions, bug reports, and fixes on and for
                              UNIX
fj.wanted                   Requests for things that are needed
fj.windows.gmw              GMW window systems
fj.windows.misc             Miscellaneous window systems
fj.windows.x                About X window systems
