There are four controls in the helicopter that the pilot must use during flight (fig. 27). They are (1) collective pitch control; (2) throttle control; (3) antitorque pedals (auxiliary or tail rotor control); and (4) cyclic pitch control.

Collective pitch control

   The collective pitch lever or stick is located by the left side of the pilot's seat and is operated with the left hand (fig. 28). This lever moves up and down pivoting about the aft end and, through a series of mechanical linkages, changes the pitch angle of the main rotor blades. As the collective pitch lever is raised, there is a simultaneous and equal increase in the pitch angle of all the main rotor blades; as the lever is lowered, there is a simultaneous and equal decrease in the pitch angle. The amount of movement of the lever determines the amount of blade pitch change.

   As the pitch angle of the rotor blades is changed, the angle of attack of each blade will also be changed. A change in the angle of attack changes the drag on the rotor blades. As the angle of attack increases, drag increases and rotor RPM and engine RPM (the needles are joined) tend to decrease; as the angle of attack decreases, drag decreases and the RPM tends to increase. Since it is essential that the RPM remain constant, there must be some means of making a proportionate change in power to compensate for the change in drag. This coordination of power change with blade pitch angle change is controlled through a collective pitch lever-throttle control cam linkage which automatically increases power when the collective pitch lever is raised, and decreases power when the lever is lowered.
   The collective pitch control is the primary altitude control. Raising the collective pitch lever increases the rotor's lift and, through the cam linkage with the throttle, increases engine power. The collective pitch control is, there, the primary manifold pressure control (fig. 29).

Throttle control

   The throttle is mounted on the forward end of the collective pitch lever in the form of a motorcycle-type twist grip. The function of the throttle is to regulate RPM. If the collective pitch-throttle synchronization unit does not automatically maintain a constant RPM when a change is made in the collective pitch stick position, the throttle may be moved manually with the twist grip to make further adjustments of engine RPM. Twisting the throttle outboard increases RPM; twisting it inboard decreases RPM (fig. 30).

Collective pitch-throttle coordination

   Collective pitch is the primary control for manifold pressure; the throttle is the primary control for RPM. Since the collective pitch control also influences RPM, and the throttle also influences manifold pressure each is considered to be a secondary control of the other's functions. Therefore, the pilot must analyze both the tachometer (RPM indicator) and manifold pressure gauge to determine which control to use and how much. To best illustrate the relationship, a few problems with solutions follow:

   These problems illustrate how one control change accomplishes two purposes. An extension of the reasoning used in the solutions will show how various combinations of control inputs can be coordinated to achieve any desired RPM-manifold pressure setting. As with any other aircraft controls, large adjustments of either collective pitch or throttle should be avoided. All corrections should be accomplished through the use of smooth pressures.

Antitorque pedals

   The thrust produced by the auxiliary (tail) rotor is governed by the position of the antitorque pedals. These pedals are located as shown in figure 27. They are linked to a pitch change mechanism in the tail rotor gear box to permit the pilot to increase or decrease the pitch of the tail rotor blades. The primary purpose of the tail rotor and its controls is to counteract the torque effect of the main rotor.

Heading control

   The tail rotor and its controls not only enable the pilot to counteract the torque of the main rotor during flight, but also to control the heading of the helicopter during hovering flight, hovering turns and hovering patterns. It should be thoroughly understood that in forward flight, the pedals are not used to control the heading of the helicopter (except during portions of crosswind takeoffs and approaches); rather, they are used to compensate for torque to put the helicopter in longitudinal trim so that coordinated flight (that is, neither slipping nor skidding) can be maintained. The cyclic control is used to change heading by making a coordinated turn to the desired direction.
   The thrust of the tail rotor is dependent upon the pitch angle of the tail rotor blades and, to a certain extent, upon the main rotor RPM. (For this particular discussion, we will assume that the main rotor RPM remains constant.) The pitch angle of the tail rotor blades determines the size of the bite of air the blades take as they rotate. The tail rotor may have a positive pitch angle, that is, the rotor bites the air to the right which tends to pull the tail to the right; or it may have a negative pitch angle in which case the rotor bites the air to the left, tending to pull the tail to the left; or it may have zero pitch, in which case it produces no thrust in either direction.
   With the right pedal moved forward of the neutral position, the tail rotor either has a negative pitch angle or a small positive pitch angle--the farther forward the the right pedal is, the larger the negative pitch angle; the nearer the right pedal is to the neutral position, the more positive the pitch angle the tail rotor will have; and somewhere in between, the tail rotor will have a zero pitch angle. As the left pedal is moved forward of the neutral position, the positive pitch angle of the tail rotor increases until it becomes maximum with full forward displacement of the left pedal.
   With a negative pitch angle, the tail rotor thrust is working in the same direction as torque reaction of the main rotor. With a small positive pitch angle, the tail rotor does not produce sufficient thrust to overcome the torque effect of the main rotor during cruising flight. Therefore, if the right pedal is displaced forward of neutral during cruising flight, the tail rotor thrust will not overcome the torque effect and the nose will yaw to the right (fig. 31, left).

   With the left pedal in a forward position, the tail rotor has a medium positive pitch angle. In medium positive pitch, the tail rotor thrust approximately equals the torque of the main rotor during cruising flight, so the helicopter will maintain a constant heading in level flight (fig. 31, middle).
   With the left pedal in a forward position, the tail rotor is in a high positive pitch position. In a high positive pitch position, tail rotor thrust exceeds the thrust needed to overcome torque effect during cruising flight so the helicopter nose will yaw to the left (fig. 31, right).
   The above explanation is based on cruising power and airspeed. Since the amount of torque is dependent on the amount of engine power being supplied to the main rotor, the relative positions of the pedals required to counteract torque will depend upon the amount of power being used at any time. In general, however, the less power being used, the greater the requirement for forward displacement of the right pedal; the greater the power being used, the greater the forward displacement of the left pedal.
   The maximum positive pitch angle of the tail rotor is generally somewhat greater than the maximum negative pitch angle available. This is because the primary purpose of the tail rotor is to counteract the torque of the main rotor. The capability for tail rotors to produce thrust to the left (negative pitch angle) is necessary because, during autorotation, the drag of the transmission tends to yaw the nose to the left--in the same direction that the main rotor is turning.

Cyclic pitch control

   As discussed previously, the total lift-thrust force is always perpendicular to the tip-path plane of the main rotor. When the tip-path plane is tilted away from the horizontal, the lift-thrust force is divided into two components--the horizontal acting force, thrust, and the upward acting force, lift (fig, 11). The purpose of the cyclic pitch control is to tilt the tip-path plane in the direction that horizontal movement is desired. The thrust component then pulls the helicopter in the direction of rotor tilt. The cyclic control has no effect on the magnitude of the total lift-thrust force, but merely changes the direction of this force, thus controlling the attitude and airspeed of the helicopter.
   The rotor disc tilts in the direction that pressure is applied to the cyclic. If the cyclic stick is moved forward, the rotor disc tilts forward; if the cyclic is moved aft, the rotor disc tilts aft, and so on (fig. 32).

   So that the rotor disc will always tilt in the direction that the cyclic stick is displaced, the mechanical linkage between the cyclic stick and the rotor (through the swash plate) must be such that the maximum downward deflection of blades is reached in the direction the stick is displaced and the maximum upward deflection is reached in the opposite direction. Otherwise, the pilot would have a difficult job of relating the direction of cyclic stick displacement to the rotor disc tilt. This is accomplished through the mechanical linkage which decreases the pitch angle of the rotor blades 90° before they reach the direction of displacement of the cyclic stick and increases the pitch angle of the rotor blades 90° after they pass the direction of displacement of the cyclic stick. Any increase in pitch angle increases the angle of attack; any decrease in pitch angle decreases the angle of attack.
   For example, as the cyclic stick is displaced forward, the angle of attack is decreased as the rotor blades pass the 90° position to the pilot's right and is increased as the blades pass the 90° position to the pilot's left. Because of gyroscopic precession, maximum downward deflection of the rotor blades is forward and maximum upward deflection is aft, causing the rotor disc to tilt forward in the same direction as cyclic stick displacement. A similar analysis could be made for any direction of displacement of the cyclic stick.