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Name: 
 

Practice Questions for Chapter1-5 Exam


Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
 

 1. 
Which of the following sequences represents the hierarchy of biological organization from the least to the most complex level?
a.
organelle, tissue, biosphere, ecosystem, population, organism
b.
cell, community, population, organ system, molecule, organelle
c.
organism, community, biosphere, molecule, tissue, organ
d.
ecosystem, cell, population, tissue, organism, organ system
e.
molecule, cell, organ system, population, ecosystem, biosphere
 

 2. 
Which of these is an example of an organelle?
a.
chloroplast
b.
muscle
c.
epidermis
d.
intestine
e.
maple leaf
 

 3. 
In terms of the hierarchical organization of life, a bacterium is at the ____ level of organization, whereas a human is at the ____ level of organization.
a.
single-celled organism; multicellular organism
b.
single organelle; organism
c.
organelle; organ system
d.
single tissue; multicellular organism
e.
tissue; organism
 

 4. 
Which of these is a correct representation of the hierarchy of biological organization from least to most complex?
a.
organelle of a stomach cell, digestive system, large intestine, small intestine, intestinal tissue, organism
b.
organelle of an intestinal cell, digestive system, small intestine, large intestine, intestinal tissue, organism
c.
molecule, intestinal cell organelle, intestinal cell, intestinal tissue, digestive system, organism
d.
molecule, small intestine, large intestine, intestinal tissue, digestive system, organism
e.
molecule, digestive system, digestive cell organelle, small intestine, large intestine, intestinal cell, organism
 

 5. 
Which of the following types of cells utilize deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) as their genetic material?
a.
animal
b.
plant
c.
archaea
d.
A and B only
e.
A, B, and C
 

 6. 
Which of the following is reflective of the phrase "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts"?
a.
high-throughput technology
b.
emergent properties
c.
natural selection
d.
reductionism
e.
feedback regulations
 

 7. 
A maple tree is classified into domain ____ and kingdom ____.
a.
Eukarya; Animalia
b.
Eukarya; Fungi
c.
Eukarya; Plantae
d.
Eukarya; Protista
e.
Bacteria; Archaea
 

 8. 
Calcium has an atomic number of 20 and an atomic mass of 40. Therefore, a calcium atom must have
a.
20 protons.
b.
40 electrons.
c.
40 neutrons.
d.
A and B only
e.
A, B, and C
 

 9. 
Different atomic forms of an element contain the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons. What are these different atomic forms called?
a.
ions
b.
isotopes
c.
neutronic atoms
d.
isomers
e.
radioactive atoms
 

 10. 
What does the reactivity of an atom depend on?
a.
number of valence shells in the atom
b.
number of orbitals found in the atom
c.
number of electrons in each orbital in the atom
d.
presence of unpaired electrons in the outer valence shell of the atom
e.
presence of hybridized orbitals in the atom
 

 11. 
What determines the cohesiveness of water molecules?
a.
hydrophobic interactions
b.
nonpolar covalent bonds
c.
ionic bonds
d.
hydrogen bonds
e.
both A and C
 

 12. 
Water's high specific heat is mainly a consequence of the
a.
small size of the water molecules.
b.
high specific heat of oxygen and hydrogen atoms.
c.
absorption and release of heat when hydrogen bonds break and form.
d.
fact that water is a poor heat conductor.
e.
inability of water to dissipate heat into dry air.
 
 
The picture below illustrates a solute molecule surrounded by a hydration shell of water. Use it to answer the following question.

unit1-5studyguide_files/i0140000.jpg
 

 13. 
Based on your knowledge of the polarity of water molecules, the solute molecule is most likely
a.
positively charged.
b.
negatively charged.
c.
without charge.
d.
hydrophobic.
e.
nonpolar.
 

 14. 
Hydrophobic substances such as vegetable oil are
a.
nonpolar substances that repel water molecules.
b.
nonpolar substances that have an attraction for water molecules.
c.
polar substances that repel water molecules.
d.
polar substances that have an affinity for water.
e.
charged molecules that hydrogen-bond with water molecules.
 

 15. 
Which of the following solutions has the greatest concentration of hydrogen ions [H+]?
a.
gastric juice at pH 2
b.
vinegar at pH 3
c.
tomato juice at pH 4
d.
black coffee at pH 5
e.
household bleach at pH 12
 

 16. 
Which of the following solutions has the greatest concentration of hydroxide ions [OH-]?
a.
lemon juice at pH 2
b.
vinegar at pH 3
c.
tomato juice at pH 4
d.
urine at pH 6
e.
seawater at pH 8
 

 17. 
One of the buffers that contribute to pH stability in human blood is carbonic acid (H2CO3) Carbonic acid is a weak acid that dissociates into a bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) and a hydrogen ion (H+) Thus,
H2CO3 unit1-5studyguide_files/i0190000.jpg HCO3- + H+
If the pH of the blood drops, one would expect
a.
a decrease in the concentration of H2CO3 and an increase in the concentration of HCO3-.
b.
the concentration of hydroxide ion (OH-) to increase.
c.
the concentration of bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) to increase.
d.
the HCO3- to act as a base and remove excess H+ with the formation of H2CO3.
e.
the HCO3- to act as an acid and remove excess H+ with the formation of H2CO3.
 

 18. 
What type(s) of bond(s) does carbon have a tendency to form?
a.
ionic
b.
hydrogen
c.
covalent
d.
A and B only
e.
A, B, and C
 
 
Use the figure below to answer the following question.

unit1-5studyguide_files/i0210000.jpg
 

 19. 
Observe the structures of glucose and fructose. These two molecules differ in the
a.
number of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.
b.
types of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.
c.
arrangement of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.
d.
number of oxygen atoms joined to carbon atoms by double covalent bonds.
e.
answers A, B, and C
 

 20. 
Observe the structures of glucose and fructose. These two molecules are
a.
geometric isotopes.
b.
enantiomers.
c.
geometric isomers.
d.
structural isomers.
e.
nonisotopic isomers.
 

 21. 
What is the name of the functional group shown in the following figure?

unit1-5studyguide_files/i0240000.jpg
a.
carbonyl
b.
ketone
c.
aldehyde
d.
carboxyl
e.
hydroxyl
 
 
Use the figure below to answer the following questions.

unit1-5studyguide_files/i0250000.jpg
 

 22. 
Which is a hydroxyl functional group?
a.
Group A
b.
Group B
c.
Group C
d.
Group D
e.
Group E
 

 23. 
Which is an amino functional group?
a.
Group A
b.
Group B
c.
Group C
d.
Group D
e.
Group E
 

 24. 
Which is a functional group that helps stabilize proteins by forming covalent cross-links within or between protein molecules?
a.
Group A
b.
Group B
c.
Group C
d.
Group D
e.
Group E
 

 25. 
Which is a carboxyl functional group?
a.
Group A
b.
Group B
c.
Group C
d.
Group D
e.
Group E
 

 26. 
Which is an acidic functional group that can dissociate and release H+ into a solution?
a.
Group A
b.
Group B
c.
Group C
d.
Group D
e.
Group E
 

 27. 
Which of the following statements is (are) true about the phosphate ion?
a.
It is negatively charged.
b.
It has acid properties.
c.
It is hydrophobic.
d.
Only A and B are true.
e.
A, B, and C are true.
 

 28. 
If 128 molecules of the general type shown in the figure below were covalently joined together in sequence, the single molecule that would result would be a

unit1-5studyguide_files/i0320000.jpg

a.
polysaccharide.
b.
polypeptide.
c.
polyunsaturated lipid.
d.
monosaccharide.
e.
disaccharide.
 

 29. 
Which of the following are polysaccharides?
a.
glycogen
b.
starch
c.
chitin
d.
A and B only
e.
A, B, and C
 

 30. 
Humans can digest starch but not cellulose because
a.
the monomer of starch is glucose, while the monomer of cellulose is galactose.
b.
humans have enzymes that can hydrolyze the beta unit1-5studyguide_files/i0340000.jpg glycosidic linkages of starch but not the alpha unit1-5studyguide_files/i0340001.jpg glycosidic linkages of cellulose.
c.
humans have enzymes that can hydrolyze the alpha unit1-5studyguide_files/i0340002.jpg glycosidic linkages of starch but not the beta unit1-5studyguide_files/i0340003.jpg glycosidic linkages of cellulose.
d.
humans harbor starch-digesting bacteria in the digestive tract.
e.
the monomer of starch is glucose, while the monomer of cellulose is maltose.
 

 31. 
The molecule shown in the figure below is a

unit1-5studyguide_files/i0350000.jpg

a.
polysaccharide.
b.
polypeptide.
c.
saturated fatty acid.
d.
triacylglycerol.
e.
unsaturated fatty acid.
 

 32. 
What is the structure shown in the figure below?

unit1-5studyguide_files/i0360000.jpg
a.
starch molecule
b.
protein molecule
c.
steroid molecule
d.
cellulose molecule
e.
phospholipid molecule
 

 33. 
The chemical reaction illustrated in the figure below results in the formation of a (an)

unit1-5studyguide_files/i0370000.jpg

a.
ionic bond.
b.
peptide bond.
c.
glycosidic linkage.
d.
ester linkage.
e.
phosphodiester linkage.
 
 
Use the figure below to answer the following questions.

unit1-5studyguide_files/i0380000.jpg
 

 34. 
At which bond would water need to be added to achieve hydrolysis of the peptide, back to its component amino acid?
a.
Bond A
b.
Bond B
c.
Bond C
d.
Bond D
e.
Bond E
 

 35. 
What maintains the secondary structure of a protein?
a.
peptide bonds
b.
hydrogen bonds
c.
disulfide bonds
d.
ionic bonds
e.
phosphodiester bonds
 

 36. 
The tertiary structure of a protein is the
a.
bonding together of several polypeptide chains by weak bonds.
b.
order in which amino acids are joined in a polypeptide chain.
c.
unique three-dimensional shape of the fully folded polypeptide.
d.
organization of a polypeptide chain into an á helix or â pleated sheet.
e.
overall protein structure resulting from the aggregation of two or more polypeptide subunits.
 

 37. 
Altering which of the following levels of structural organization could change the function of a protein?
a.
primary
b.
secondary
c.
tertiary
d.
quaternary
e.
all of the above
 

 38. 
What is the term used for a change in a protein's three-dimensional shape or conformation due to disruption of hydrogen bonds, disulfide bridges, or ionic bonds?
a.
hydrolysis
b.
stabilization
c.
destabilization
d.
renaturation
e.
denaturation
 

 39. 
Which of the following best describes the flow of information in eukaryotic cells?
a.
DNA unit1-5studyguide_files/i0440000.jpg RNA unit1-5studyguide_files/i0440001.jpg proteins
b.
RNA unit1-5studyguide_files/i0440002.jpg proteins unit1-5studyguide_files/i0440003.jpg DNA
c.
proteins unit1-5studyguide_files/i0440004.jpg DNA unit1-5studyguide_files/i0440005.jpg RNA
d.
RNA unit1-5studyguide_files/i0440006.jpg DNA unit1-5studyguide_files/i0440007.jpg proteins
e.
DNA unit1-5studyguide_files/i0440008.jpg proteins unit1-5studyguide_files/i0440009.jpg RNA
 

 40. 
Which of the following are nitrogenous bases of the pyrimidine type?
a.
guanine and adenine
b.
cytosine and uracil
c.
thymine and guanine
d.
ribose and deoxyribose
e.
adenine and thymine
 

 41. 
Which of the following are nitrogenous bases of the purine type?
a.
cytosine and guanine
b.
guanine and adenine
c.
adenine and thymine
d.
thymine and uracil
e.
uracil and cytosine
 

 42. 
The difference between the sugar in DNA and the sugar in RNA is that the sugar in DNA
a.
is a six-carbon sugar and the sugar in RNA is a five-carbon sugar.
b.
can form a double-stranded molecule.
c.
has a six-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms.
d.
can attach to a phosphate.
e.
contains one less oxygen atom.
 

 43. 
In the double helix structure of nucleic acids, cytosine hydrogen bonds to
a.
deoxyribose.
b.
ribose.
c.
adenine.
d.
thymine.
e.
guanine.
 

 44. 
The two strands making up the DNA double helix molecule
a.
cannot be separated.
b.
contain ribose and deoxyribose in opposite strands.
c.
are held together by hydrogen bonds.
d.
are attached through a phosphate to hold the strands together.
e.
contain uracil but not thymine.
 

 45. 
If one strand of a DNA molecule has the sequence of bases 5'ATTGCA3', the other complementary strand would have the sequence
a.
5'TAACGT3'.
b.
3'TAACGT5'.
c.
5'UAACGU3'.
d.
3'UAACGU5'.
e.
5'UGCAAU3'.
 

 46. 
A new organism is discovered in the forests of Costa Rica. Scientists there determine that the polypeptide sequence of hemoglobin from the new organism has 72 amino acid differences from humans, 65 differences from a gibbon, 49 differences from a rat, and 5 differences from a frog.  These data suggest that the new organism
a.
is more closely related to humans than to frogs.
b.
is more closely related to frogs than to humans.
c.
may have evolved from gibbons but not rats.
d.
is more closely related to humans than to rats.
e.
may have evolved from rats but not from humans and gibbons.
 
 
The following questions are based on the 15 molecules illustrated below. Each molecule may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

unit1-5studyguide_files/i0520000.jpg
 

 47. 
Which of the following combinations could be linked together to form a nucleotide?
a.
1, 2, and 11
b.
3, 7, and 8
c.
5, 9, and 10
d.
11, 12, and 13
e.
12, 14, and 15
 

 48. 
Which of the following molecules is (are) a carbohydrate?
a.
1 and 4
b.
6
c.
12
d.
5 and 14
e.
all of the above
 

 49. 
Which of the following molecules is a saturated fatty acid?
a.
1
b.
5
c.
6
d.
8
e.
9
 

 50. 
Which of the following molecules act as building blocks (monomers) of polypeptides?
a.
1, 4, and 6
b.
2, 7, and 8
c.
7, 8, and 13
d.
11, 12, and 13
e.
12, 13, and 15
 

 51. 
Which of the following molecules could be joined together by a peptide bond as a result of a dehydration reaction?
a.
2 and 3
b.
3 and 7
c.
7 and 8
d.
8 and 9
e.
12 and 13
 

 52. 
Which of the following molecules could be joined together by a phosphodiester type of covalent bond?
a.
3 and 4
b.
3 and 8
c.
6 and 15
d.
11 and 12
e.
11 and 13
 

 53. 
Which of the following molecules is the pentose sugar found in RNA?
a.
1
b.
4
c.
6
d.
12
e.
13
 

 54. 
Which of the following molecules consists of a hydrophilic "head" region and a hydrophobic "tail" region?
a.
2
b.
5
c.
7
d.
9
e.
11
 

 55. 
The advantage of light microscopy over electron microscopy is that
a.
light microscopy provides for higher magnification than electron microscopy.
b.
light microscopy provides for higher resolving power than electron microscopy.
c.
light microscopy allows one to view dynamic processes in living cells.
d.
both A and B
e.
both B and C
 
 
For the following questions, use the lettered answers to match the structure to its proper cell type. Choose the most inclusive category. Each answer may be used once, more than once, or not at all.


A.
a feature of all cells
B.
found in prokaryotic cells only
C.
found in eukaryotic cells only
D.
found in plant cells only
E.
found in animal cells only
 

 56. 
plasma membrane
a.
A
b.
B
c.
C
d.
D
e.
E
 

 57. 
nucleoid
a.
A
b.
B
c.
C
d.
D
e.
E
 

 58. 
Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of the following molecules?
a.
lipids
b.
starches
c.
proteins
d.
steroids
e.
glucose
 

 59. 
Which of the following organelles is not a common destination for small vesicles that bud off the Golgi apparatus?
a.
plasma membrane
b.
lysosomes
c.
vacuole
d.
endoplasmic reticulum
e.
all of the above
 

 60. 
Under which of the following conditions would you expect to find a cell with a predominance of free ribosomes?
a.
a cell that is secreting proteins
b.
a cell that is producing cytoplasmic enzymes
c.
a cell that is constructing its cell wall or extracellular matrix
d.
a cell that is digesting food particles
e.
a cell that is enlarging its vacuole
 

 61. 
Which structure is the site of the synthesis of proteins that may be exported from the cell?
a.
rough ER
b.
lysosomes
c.
plasmodesmata
d.
Golgi vesicles
e.
tight junctions
 

 62. 
Which of the following cell components is not directly involved in synthesis or secretion?
a.
ribosome
b.
rough endoplasmic reticulum
c.
Golgi body
d.
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
e.
lysosome
 
 
Refer to the following five terms to answer the following questions. Choose the most appropriate term for each phrase. Each term may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

A.
lysosome
B.
vacuole
C.
mitochondrion
D.
Golgi apparatus
E.
peroxisome
 

 63. 
one of the main energy transformers of cells
a.
A
b.
B
c.
C
d.
D
e.
E
 

 64. 
contains its own DNA and ribosomes
a.
A
b.
B
c.
C
d.
D
e.
E
 

 65. 
a compartment that often takes up much of the volume of a plant cell
a.
A
b.
B
c.
C
d.
D
e.
E
 

 66. 
contains enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen, producing unit1-5studyguide_files/i0740000.jpg
a.
A
b.
B
c.
C
d.
D
e.
E
 

 67. 
Grana, thylakoids, and stroma are all components found in
a.
vacuoles.
b.
chloroplasts.
c.
mitochondria.
d.
lysosomes.
e.
nuclei.
 

 68. 
The chemical reactions involved in respiration are virtually identical between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In eukaryotic cells, ATP is synthesized primarily on the inner membrane of the mitochondria. Where are the corresponding reactions likely to occur in prokaryotic respiration?
a.
in the cytoplasm
b.
on the inner mitochondrial membrane
c.
on the endoplasmic reticulum
d.
on the plasma membrane
e.
on the nuclear envelope
 

 69. 
The phospholipid molecules of most membranes have
a.
a hydrophobic head and a hydrophilic tail.
b.
a hydrophobic head and a hydrophobic tail.
c.
a hydrophobic head and two hydrophobic tails.
d.
a hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails.
e.
none of these
 

 70. 
Which statement is NOT true?
a.
Membranes are often perforated by proteins that extend through both sides of the membrane.
b.
Some membranes have proteins with channels or pores that allow for the passage of hydrophilic substances.
c.
Hydrophilic substances have an easier time passing through membranes than do hydrophobic substances.
d.
The current concept of a membrane can be best summarized by the fluid mosaic model.
e.
The lipid bilayer serves as a hydrophobic barrier between two fluid regions.
 

 71. 
Which of the following proteins is not necessarily associated with the plasma membrane?
a.
recognition protein
b.
antibody protein
c.
receptor protein
d.
channel protein
e.
adhesion protein
 

 72. 
Which of the following affects the rate of diffusion through a semipermeable membrane?

I.
steeper concentration gradients
II.
higher temperatures
III.
molecular size
a.
I only
b.
II only
c.
I and II
d.
II and III
e.
I, II, and III
 

 73. 
The method of movement that requires the expenditure of ATP molecules is
a.
simple diffusion.
b.
facilitated diffusion.
c.
osmosis.
d.
active transport.
e.
bulk flow.
 

 74. 
The sodium-potassium pump is an example of
a.
simple diffusion.
b.
facilitated diffusion.
c.
osmosis.
d.
active transport.
e.
bulk flow.
 

 75. 
A single-celled freshwater organism, such as a protistan, is transferred to saltwater. Which of the following is likely to happen?
a.
The cell bursts.
b.
Salt is pumped out of the cell.
c.
The cell shrinks.
d.
Enzymes flow out of the cell.
e.
all of these
 

 76. 
Which statement is true?
a.
A cell placed in an isotonic solution will swell.
b.
A cell placed in a hypotonic solution will swell.
c.
A cell placed in a hypotonic solution will shrink.
d.
A cell placed in a hypertonic solution will remain the same size.
e.
A cell placed in a hypotonic solution will remain the same size.
 

 77. 
Wilting of a plant occurs
a.
if the plant is placed in an isotonic solution.
b.
if there is a rise in turgor pressure.
c.
as a result of facilitated diffusion.
d.
when a plant with flexible cell walls is placed in a hypertonic solution.
 

 78. 
The action of a white blood cell engulfing a bacterium is
a.
pinocytosis.
b.
phagocytosis.
c.
exocytosis.
d.
endocytosis.
e.
phagocytosis and endocytosis.
 

 79. 
The first person to reportedly see living, moving cells using a microscope was
a.
Robert Hooke.
b.
Robert Brown.
c.
Theodor Schwann.
d.
Rudolf Virchow.
e.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek.
 

 80. 
The first cell seen by Robert Hooke using a microscope was a
a.
cork cell.
b.
blood cell.
c.
sperm cell.
d.
skin cell.
e.
root tip cell.
 

 81. 
If the volume of a cell increases, its surface area will
a.
decrease.
b.
remain the same.
c.
increase proportionately.
d.
increase to a greater degree.
e.
increase to a lesser degree.
 

 82. 
Cells are of small size because of considerations of
a.
weight.
b.
complexity.
c.
diffusion.
d.
space.
e.
division.
 

 83. 
Elephants are large animals because they
a.
have bigger cells.
b.
possess expandable cells.
c.
are made of a greater number of cells.
d.
have bigger cells and are made of a greater number of cells.
e.
have bigger cells that are expandable and of greater number.
 

 84. 
The organelle that pinches off portions of its membrane to form a vesicle used for storage or transport is the
a.
mitochondrion.
b.
chloroplast.
c.
nucleolus.
d.
Golgi body.
 

 85. 
An organelle found in the nucleus is a
a.
plastid.
b.
vacuole.
c.
microvillus.
d.
nucleolus.
e.
basal body.
 

 86. 
Which of the following is NOT a part of the endomembrane system?
a.
nucleus
b.
endoplasmic reticulum
c.
lysosomes
d.
Golgi bodies
e.
vesicles
 

 87. 
Which of the following contain enzymes and are the main organelles of intracellular digestion?
a.
Golgi bodies
b.
ribosomes
c.
mitochondria
d.
lysosomes
e.
endoplasmic reticula
 

 88. 
Which of the following cell organelles is responsible for disposal of hydrogen peroxide?
a.
Golgi bodies
b.
ribosomes
c.
mitochondria
d.
lysosomes
e.
peroxisomes
 

 89. 
Which of the following is thought to be the descendant of engulfed ancient bacteria?
a.
nuclei
b.
Golgi bodies
c.
ER
d.
mitochondria
e.
lysosomes
 

 90. 
Which of the following is NOT used as evidence that mitochondria and chloroplasts may have arisen according to the endosymbiotic relationship?
a.
They can live an independent existence when isolated from a cell.
b.
They possess their own type of DNA different from that found in the nucleus.
c.
They possess their own ribosomes.
d.
They have their own membranes and are the same size as bacteria.
 

 91. 
Which of the following are found in both plant and animal cells?
a.
nucleus, Golgi body, chloroplasts
b.
ribosomes, mitochondria, plasma membranes
c.
centrioles, cell walls, nucleolus
d.
vacuoles, nucleolus, starch grains
 

 92. 
Structural features that contain the protein actin and help to control the shapes of cells are
a.
plastids.
b.
vacuoles.
c.
microvilli.
d.
nucleoli.
e.
microfilaments.
 

 93. 
Cell components used to move chromosomes are the
a.
cilia.
b.
flagella.
c.
microtubules.
d.
microfilaments.
e.
Golgi bodies.
 

 94. 
Cilia and flagella
a.
are found only in motile cells.
b.
are found only in sex cells and unicellular organisms.
c.
are fundamentally the same structurally.
d.
may also function as receptor sites for certain hormones.
 

 95. 
Which of the following junctions permit(s) cytoplasmic interconnections between cells?
a.
gap junctions
b.
plasmodesmata
c.
adhering junctions
d.
only gap junctions and plasmodesmata.
e.
gap junctions, plasmodesmata, and adhering junctions.
 

 96. 
Prokaryotic cells do NOT have
a.
ribosomes.
b.
membrane-bound nuclei.
c.
cytoplasm.
d.
a plasma membrane.
e.
ribosomes or membrane-bound nuclei.
 

 97. 
Which of the following are made of two subunits and are composed of RNA and protein?
a.
Golgi bodies
b.
mitochondria
c.
chloroplasts
d.
ribosomes
e.
endoplasmic reticula
 

 98. 
The atomic number refers to the
a.
mass of an atom.
b.
number of protons in an atom.
c.
number of both protons and neutrons in an atom.
d.
number of neutrons in an atom.
e.
number of electrons in an atom.
 

 99. 
Radioactive isotopes
a.
are electrically unbalanced.
b.
behave the same chemically and physically but differ biologically from other isotopes.
c.
are the same physically and biologically but differ from other isotopes chemically.
d.
have an excess number of neutrons.
e.
are produced when substances are exposed to radiation.
 

 100. 
Radioactive isotopes have
a.
excess electrons.
b.
excess protons.
c.
excess neutrons.
d.
insufficient neutrons.
e.
insufficient protons.
 

 101. 
A molecule is
a.
a combination of two or more atoms.
b.
less stable than its constituent atoms separated.
c.
electrically charged.
d.
a carrier of one or more extra neutrons.
e.
none of these
 

 102. 
The bond in table salt (NaCl) is
a.
polar.
b.
ionic.
c.
covalent.
d.
double.
e.
nonpolar.
 

 103. 
Which are NOT macromolecules?
a.
proteins
b.
polysaccharides
c.
nucleotides
d.
lipids
e.
nucleic acids
 

 104. 
Which of the following would NOT be classified as a polymer?
a.
starch
b.
nucleic acid
c.
triglyceride
d.
protein
e.
polysaccharide
 

 105. 
The breakdown of large molecules by the enzymatic addition of water is an example of what kind of reaction?
a.
oxidation
b.
reduction
c.
condensation
d.
hydrolysis
e.
decarboxylation
 

 106. 
A condensation reaction typically produces
a.
monomers.
b.
salts.
c.
polymers.
d.
simple sugars.
e.
amino acids.
 

 107. 
A macromolecule is composed of smaller units called
a.
polymers.
b.
isomers.
c.
monomers.
d.
isotopes.
e.
dimers.
 

 108. 
Which of the following is composed of a 1:2:1 ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen?
a.
carbohydrate
b.
protein
c.
lipid
d.
nucleic acid
e.
steroid
 

 109. 
The combination of glucose and galactose forms
a.
fructose.
b.
maltose.
c.
lactose.
d.
sucrose.
e.
mannose.
 

 110. 
Sugar dissolves in water because
a.
it is a nonpolar molecule.
b.
water can form hydrogen bonds with hydroxyl groups.
c.
it forms rings when it gets wet.
d.
it is a nonpolar molecule and water can form hydrogen bonds with hydroxyl groups.
e.
it is a nonpolar molecule; water can form hydrogen bonds with hydroxyl groups; and it forms rings when it gets wet.
 

 111. 
Glycogen is a polysaccharide used for energy storage by
a.
animals.
b.
plants.
c.
protistans.
d.
monerans.
e.
both animals and protistans.
 

 112. 
Cellulose is
a.
a material found in cell walls.
b.
a component of cell membranes.
c.
a plant protein.
d.
formed by photosynthesis.
e.
the most complex of the organic compounds.
 

 113. 
Oils are
a.
liquid at room temperatures.
b.
unsaturated fats.
c.
found only in animals.
d.
complex carbohydrates.
e.
both liquid at room temperature and unsaturated fats.
 

 114. 
If the cuticle were removed from an apple while leaving the skin intact,
a.
the apple would lose water and dehydrate.
b.
the apple would undergo fungal decomposition.
c.
nothing would happen.
d.
the apple would begin to swell as it absorbs moisture from the air.
e.
all of these
 

 115. 
The sequence of amino acids is the __________ structure of proteins.
a.
primary
b.
secondary
c.
tertiary
d.
quaternary
e.
stereo
 

 116. 
Flavin adenine dinucleotide and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide are examples of
a.
functional nucleotides.
b.
transport nucleotides.
c.
structural nucleotides.
d.
nuclear proteins.
e.
chemical messengers.
 

 117. 
Nucleotides contain what kind of sugars?
a.
three-carbon
b.
four-carbon
c.
five-carbon
d.
six-carbon
e.
seven-carbon
 

Matching
 
 
The following questions ask about membrane permeability. Answer them in reference to the following five processes:
a.
simple diffusion
b.
bulk flow
c.
osmosis
d.
active transport
e.
endocytosis
 

 118. 
This process specifically moves water molecules across a differentially permeable membrane.
 

 119. 
This process explains the movement of any kind of molecule from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration.
 

 120. 
This process explains the movement of molecules against a concentration gradient.
 



 
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