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plant practice

Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
 

 1. 
Bryophytes have all of the following characteristics except
a.
multicellularity.
b.
specialized cells and tissues.
c.
lignified vascular tissue.
d.
walled spores in sporangia.
e.
a reduced, dependent sporophyte.
 
 
Choose the adaptation below that best meets each particular challenge for life on land. Choices may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

A.
nonflagellated sperm
B.
tracheids and phloem
C.
secondary compounds
D.
cuticle
E.
alternation of generations
 

 2. 
protection from desiccation
a.
A
b.
B
c.
C
d.
D
e.
E
 

 3. 
transport of water, minerals, and nutrients
a.
A
b.
B
c.
C
d.
D
e.
E
 

 4. 
reproduction away from water
a.
A
b.
B
c.
C
d.
D
e.
E
 

 5. 
Which of the following is an ongoing trend in the evolution of land plants?
a.
decrease in the size of the leaf
b.
reduction of the gametophyte phase of the life cycle
c.
elimination of sperm cells or sperm nuclei
d.
increasing reliance on water to bring sperm and egg together
e.
replacement of roots by rhizoids
 

 6. 
In addition to seeds, which of the following characteristics are unique to the seed-producing plants?
a.
a haploid gametophyte retained within tissues of the diploid sporophyte
b.
lignin present in cell walls
c.
pollen
d.
A and C only
e.
A, B, and C
 

 7. 
Before pollination occurs, what does an individual flower potentially have that an individual pine cone does not have?
a.
sporophylls
b.
both male and female gametophytes
c.
sporangia
d.
structures for dispersing seed or pollen grains
e.
spore mother cells
 

 8. 
All of the following are characteristic of angiosperms except
a.
coevolution with animal pollinators.
b.
double internal fertilization.
c.
free-living gametophytes.
d.
styles and stigmas.
e.
fruit.
 

 9. 
A hypothetical angiosperm opens its flowers only at night. The flowers are brown and emit a putrid odor. The pollinator is most likely to be which organism?
a.
nectar-eating hummingbird
b.
nectar-eating bee
c.
pollen-eating moth
d.
fruit-eating bat
e.
detritivorous (scavenging) animal
 

 10. 
How have fruits contributed to the success of angiosperms?
a.
by nourishing the plants that make them
b.
by facilitating dispersal of seeds
c.
by attracting insects to the pollen inside
d.
by producing sperm and eggs inside a protective coat
e.
by producing triploid cells via double fertilization
 

 11. 
You are studying a plant from the arid southwestern United States. Which of the following adaptations is least likely to have evolved in response to water shortages?
a.
closing the stomata during the hottest time of the day
b.
development of large leaf surfaces to absorb water
c.
formation of a fibrous root system spread over a large area
d.
mycorrhizae associated with the root system
e.
a thick waxy cuticle on the epidermis
 

 12. 
Which part of a plant absorbs most of the water and minerals taken up from the soil?
a.
taproots
b.
root hairs
c.
the thick parts of the roots near the base of the stem
d.
storage roots
e.
sections of the root that have secondary xylem
 

 13. 
An evolutionary adaptation that increases exposure of a plant to light in a dense forest is
a.
closing of the stomata.
b.
lateral buds.
c.
apical dominance.
d.
absence of petioles.
e.
intercalary meristems.
 

 14. 
Which functional plant cells lack a nucleus?
a.
xylem only
b.
sieve cells only
c.
companion cells only
d.
both companion and parenchyma cells
e.
both xylem and sieve-tube cells
 
 
Use the answers below to answer the following questions. Each answer may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

A.
parenchyma
B.
collenchyma
C.
sclerenchyma
D.
tracheids
E.
sieve cells
 

 15. 
long, thin tapered cells with lignified cell walls that function in support and permit water to flow through pits
a.
A
b.
B
c.
C
d.
D
e.
E
 

 16. 
living cells that lack nuclei and ribosomes; they transport sugars and other organic nutrients
a.
A
b.
B
c.
C
d.
D
e.
E
 

 17. 
A friend has discovered a new plant and brings it to you to classify. The plant has the following characteristics: a taproot system with growth rings evident in cross section and a layer of bark around the outside. Which of the following best describes the new plant?
a.
herbaceous eudicot
b.
woody eudicot
c.
woody monocot
d.
herbaceous monocot
e.
woody annual
 

 18. 
The driving force that pushes the root tip through the soil is due primarily to
a.
continuous cell division in the root cap at the tip of the root.
b.
continuous cell division just behind the root cap in the center of the apical meristem.
c.
elongation of cells behind the root apical meristem.
d.
A and B only.
e.
A, B, and C.
 

 19. 
Gas exchange, necessary for photosynthesis, can occur most easily in which leaf tissue?
a.
epidermis
b.
palisade mesophyll
c.
spongy mesophyll
d.
vascular tissue
e.
bundle sheath
 
 
The following questions are based on the drawing of root or stem cross sections shown in the figure below.

plantpractice_files/i0230000.jpg
 

 20. 
A woody eudicot is represented by
a.
I only.
b.
II only.
c.
III only.
d.
IV only.
e.
both I and III.
 

 21. 
A monocot stem is represented by
a.
I only.
b.
II only.
c.
III only.
d.
IV only.
e.
both I and III.
 

 22. 
Pores on the leaf surface that function in gas exchange are called
a.
hairs.
b.
xylem cells.
c.
phloem cells.
d.
stomata.
e.
sclereids.
 

 23. 
As a youngster, you drive a nail in the trunk of a young tree that is 3 meters tall. The nail is about 1.5 meters from the ground. Fifteen years later, you return and discover the tree has grown to a height of 30 meters. The nail is now ____ meters above the ground.
a.
0.5
b.
1.5
c.
3.0
d.
15.0
e.
28.5
 

 24. 
What tissue makes up most of the wood of a tree?
a.
primary xylem
b.
secondary xylem
c.
secondary phloem
d.
mesophyll cells
e.
vascular cambium
 

 25. 
If you were able to walk into an opening cut into the center of a large redwood tree, when you exit from the middle of the trunk (stem) outward, you would cross, in order,
a.
the annual rings, phloem, and bark.
b.
the newest xylem, oldest phloem, and periderm.
c.
the vascular cambium, oldest xylem, and newest xylem.
d.
the secondary xylem, secondary phloem, and vascular cambium.
e.
the summer wood, bark, and phloem.
 

 26. 
Which of the following is true of bark?
a.
It is composed of phloem plus periderm.
b.
It is associated with annuals but not perennials.
c.
It is formed by the apical meristems.
d.
It has no identifiable function in trees.
e.
It forms annual rings in deciduous trees.
 

 27. 
Additional vascular tissue produced as secondary growth in a root originates from which cells?
a.
vascular cambium
b.
apical meristem
c.
endodermis
d.
phloem
e.
xylem
 

 28. 
The amount and direction of movement of water in plants can always be predicted by measuring which of the following?
a.
air pressure
b.
rainfall
c.
proton gradients
d.
dissolved solutes
e.
water potential (plantpractice_files/i0320000.jpg)
 

 29. 
Your laboratory partner has an open beaker of pure water. By definition, the water potential (plantpractice_files/i0330000.jpg) of this water is
a.
not meaningful, because it is an open beaker and not plant tissue.
b.
a negative number set by the volume of the beaker.
c.
a positive number set by the volume of the beaker.
d.
equal to the atmospheric pressure.
e.
zero.
 

 30. 
Which of the following statements about xylem is incorrect?
a.
It conducts material upward.
b.
It conducts materials within dead cells.
c.
It transports mainly sugars and amino acids.
d.
It has a lower water potential than soil does.
e.
No energy input from the plant is required for xylem transport.
 

 31. 
Root hairs are most important to a plant because they
a.
anchor a plant in the soil.
b.
store starches.
c.
increase the surface area for absorption.
d.
provide a habitat for nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
e.
contain xylem tissue.
 

 32. 
In plant roots, the Casparian strip is correctly described by which of the following?
a.
It is located in the walls between endodermal cells and cortex cells.
b.
It provides energy for the active transport of minerals into the stele from the cortex.
c.
It ensures that all minerals are absorbed from the soil in equal amounts.
d.
It ensures that all water and dissolved substances must pass through a cell before entering the stele.
e.
It provides increased surface area for the absorption of mineral nutrients.
 

 33. 
What is the main cause of guttation in plants?
a.
root pressure
b.
transpiration
c.
pressure flow in phloem
d.
plant injury
e.
condensation of atmospheric water
 

 34. 
What is the main force by which most of the water within xylem vessels moves toward the top of a tree?
a.
active transport of ions into the stele
b.
atmospheric pressure on roots
c.
evaporation of water through stoma
d.
the force of root pressure
e.
osmosis in the root
 

 35. 
Guard cells do which of the following?
a.
protect the endodermis
b.
accumulate K+ and close the stomata
c.
contain chloroplasts that import K+ directly into the cells
d.
guard against mineral loss through the stomata
e.
help balance the photosynthesis-transpiration compromise
 

 36. 
The opening of stomata is thought to involve
a.
an increase in the osmotic concentration of the guard cells.
b.
a decrease in the osmotic concentration of the stoma.
c.
active transport of water out of the guard cells.
d.
decreased turgor pressure in guard cells.
e.
movement of K+ from guard cells.
 

 37. 
Phloem transport of sucrose can be described as going from "source to sink." Which of the following would not normally function as a sink?
a.
growing leaf
b.
growing root
c.
storage organ in summer
d.
mature leaf
e.
shoot tip
 

 38. 
Arrange the following five events in an order that explains the mass flow of materials in the phloem.

1.
Water diffuses into the sieve tubes.
2.
Leaf cells produce sugar by photosynthesis.
3.
Solutes are actively transported into sieve tubes.
4.
Sugar is transported from cell to cell in the leaf.
5.
Sugar moves down the stem.
a.
2, 1, 4, 3, 5
b.
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
c.
2, 4, 3, 1, 5
d.
4, 2, 1, 3, 5
e.
2, 4, 1, 3, 5
 

 39. 
In the pressure flow hypothesis of translocation, what causes the pressure?
a.
root pressure
b.
the osmotic uptake of water by sieve tubes at the source
c.
the accumulation of minerals and water by the stele in the root
d.
the osmotic uptake of water by the sieve tubes of the sink
e.
hydrostatic pressure in xylem vessels
 

 40. 
The products of meiosis in plants are always which of the following?
a.
spores
b.
eggs
c.
sperm
d.
seeds
e.
both B and C
 

 41. 
Which of the following is the correct sequence during alternation of generations in a flowering plant?
a.
sporophyte-meiosis-gametophyte-gametes-fertilization-diploid zygote
b.
sporophyte-mitosis-gametophyte-meiosis-sporophyte
c.
haploid gametophyte-gametes-meiosis-fertilization-diploid sporophyte
d.
sporophyte-spores-meiosis-gametophyte-gametes
e.
haploid sporophyte-spores-fertilization-diploid gametophyte
 

 42. 
All of the following are features of angiosperms except
a.
a triploid endosperm.
b.
an ovary that becomes a fruit.
c.
animal pollination.
d.
a small (reduced) sporophyte.
e.
double fertilization.
 

 43. 
Based on studies of plant evolution, which flower part is not a modified leaf?
a.
stamen
b.
carpel
c.
petal
d.
sepal
e.
receptacle
 

 44. 
In flowering plants, pollen is released from the
a.
anther.
b.
stigma.
c.
carpel.
d.
filament.
e.
pollen tube.
 

 45. 
In flowering plants, a mature male gametophyte contains
a.
two haploid gametes and a diploid pollen grain.
b.
a generative cell and a tube cell.
c.
two sperm nuclei and one tube cell nucleus.
d.
two haploid microspores.
e.
a haploid nucleus and a diploid pollen wall.
 

 46. 
What is typically the result of double fertilization in angiosperms?
a.
The endosperm develops into a diploid nutrient tissue.
b.
A triploid zygote is formed.
c.
Both a diploid embryo and triploid endosperm are formed.
d.
Two embryos develop in every seed.
e.
The fertilized antipodal cells develop into the seed coat.
 

 47. 
What is the embryonic root called?
a.
plumule
b.
hypocotyl
c.
epicotyl
d.
radicle
e.
shoot
 

 48. 
Which of the following "vegetables" is botanically a fruit?
a.
potato
b.
lettuce
c.
radish
d.
celery
e.
green beans
 

 49. 
Fruits develop from
a.
microsporangia.
b.
receptacles.
c.
fertilized eggs.
d.
ovaries.
e.
ovules.
 

 50. 
All of the following could be considered advantages of asexual reproduction in plants except
a.
success in a stable environment.
b.
increased agricultural productivity.
c.
cloning an exceptional plant.
d.
production of artificial seeds.
e.
adaptation to change.
 

 51. 
Plants growing in a partially dark environment will grow toward light in a response called phototropism. Choose the incorrect statement regarding phototropism.
a.
It is caused by a chemical signal.
b.
One chemical involved is auxin.
c.
Auxin causes a growth increase on one side of the stem.
d.
Auxin causes a decrease in growth on the side of the stem exposed to light.
e.
Removing the apical meristem prevents phototropism.
 

 52. 
Which plant hormones might be used to enhance stem elongation and fruit growth?
a.
brassinosteroids and oligosaccharides
b.
auxins and gibberellins
c.
abscisic acid and phytochrome
d.
ethylene and cytokinins
e.
phytochrome and flowering hormone
 

 53. 
Which plant hormone(s) is (are) most closely associated with cell division?
a.
ethylene
b.
cytokinin
c.
abscisic acid
d.
phytochrome
e.
brassinosteroids
 

 54. 
If you were shipping green bananas to a supermarket thousands of miles away, which of the following chemicals would you want to eliminate from the plants' environment?
a.
CO2
b.
cytokinins
c.
ethylene
d.
auxin
e.
gibberellic acids
 

 55. 
Auxin is responsible for all of the following plant growth responses except
a.
phototropism.
b.
formation of adventitious roots.
c.
apical dominance.
d.
the detection of photoperiod.
e.
cell elongation.
 

 56. 
Plants often use changes in day length (photoperiod) to trigger events such as dormancy and flowering. It is logical that plants have evolved this mechanism because photoperiod changes
a.
are more predictable than air temperature changes.
b.
alter the amount of energy available to the plant.
c.
are modified by soil temperature changes.
d.
can reset the biological clock.
e.
are correlated with moisture availability.
 

 57. 
A botanist exposed two groups of the same plant species to two photoperiods-one with 14 hours of light and 10 hours of dark and the other with 10 hours of light and 14 hours of dark. Under the first set of conditions, the plants flowered, but they failed to flower under the second set of conditions. Which of the following conclusions would be consistent with these results?
a.
The critical night length is 14 hours.
b.
The plants are short-day plants.
c.
The critical day length is 10 hours.
d.
The plants can convert phytochrome to florigen.
e.
The plants flower in the spring.
 

 58. 
If a short-day plant has a critical night length of 15 hours, then which of the following 24-hour cycles will prevent flowering?
a.
8 hours light/16 hours dark
b.
4 hours light/20 hours dark
c.
6 hours light/2 hours dark/light flash/16 hours dark
d.
8 hours light/8 hours dark/light flash/8 hours dark
e.
2 hours light/20 hours dark/2 hours light
 

 59. 
The pigment responsible for photoperiodism is
a.
chlorophyll.
b.
xanthophyll.
c.
anthocyanin.
d.
phytochrome.
e.
photoerythrin.
 



 
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