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Name:    chapter8practice

Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
A B C D E	1.	What is the term for metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down complex molecules? a. anabolic pathways b. catabolic pathways c. fermentation pathways d. thermodynamic pathways e. bioenergetic pathways
A B C D E	2.	What is the term used for the metabolic pathway in which glucose (C6H12O6) is degraded to carbon dioxide (CO2) and water? a. cellular respiration b. glycolysis c. fermentation d. citric acid cycle e. oxidative phosphorylation
A B C D E	3.	When a glucose molecule loses a hydrogen atom (not a hydrogen ion) as the result of an oxidation-reduction reaction, the molecule becomes a. dehydrogenated. b. hydrogenated. c. oxidized. d. reduced. e. an oxidizing agent.
A B C D E	4.	When a molecule of NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) gains a hydrogen atom (not a hydrogen ion) the molecule becomes a. hydrogenated. b. oxidized. c. reduced. d. redoxed. e. a reducing agent.
A B C D E	5.	Which of the following statements about NAD+ is false? a. NAD+ is reduced to NADH during both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. b. NAD+ has more chemical energy than NADH. c. NAD+ is reduced by the action of dehydrogenases. d. NAD+ can receive electrons for use in oxidative phosphorylation. e. In the absence of NAD+, glycolysis cannot function.
A B C D E	6.	Where does glycolysis takes place? a. mitochondrial matrix b. mitochondrial outer membrane c. mitochondrial inner membrane d. mitochondrial intermembrane space e. cytosol
A B C D E	7.	The ATP made during glycolysis is generated by a. substrate-level phosphorylation. b. electron transport. c. photophosphorylation. d. chemiosmosis. e. oxidation of NADH to NAD+.
A B C D E	8.	The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event? a. glycolysis b. accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain c. the citric acid cycle d. the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA e. the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP
A B C D E	9.	The free energy for the oxidation of glucose to CO2 and water is -686 kcal/mole and the free energy for the reduction of NAD+ to NADH is +53 kcal/mole. Why are only two molecules of NADH formed during glycolysis when it appears that as many as a dozen could be formed? a. Most of the free energy available from the oxidation of glucose is used in the production of ATP in glycolysis. b. Glycolysis is a very inefficient reaction, with much of the energy of glucose released as heat. c. Most of the free energy available from the oxidation of glucose remains in pyruvate, one of the products of glycolysis. d. There is no CO2 or water produced as products of glycolysis. e. Glycolysis consists of many enzymatic reactions, each of which extracts some energy from the glucose molecule.
A B C D E	10.	In the presence of oxygen, the three-carbon compound pyruvate can be catabolized in the citric acid cycle. First, however, the pyruvate 1. loses a carbon, which is given off as a molecule of CO2, 2. is oxidized to form a two-carbon compound called acetate, and 3. is bonded to coenzyme A. These three steps result in the formation of a. acetyl CoA, O2, and ATP. b. acetyl CoA, FADH2, and CO2. c. acetyl CoA, FAD, H2, and CO2. d. acetyl CoA, NADH, H+, and CO2. e. acetyl CoA, NAD+, ATP, and CO2.
A B C D E	11.	During cellular respiration, acetyl CoA accumulates in which location? a. cytosol b. mitochondrial outer membrane c. mitochondrial inner membrane d. mitochondrial intermembrane space e. mitochondrial matrix
		Refer to the figure below, showing the citric acid cycle, as a guide to answer the following questions.
A B C D E	12.	Starting with one molecule of isocitrate and ending with fumarate, what is the maximum number of ATP molecules that could be made through substrate-level phosphorylation? a. 1 b. 2 c. 11 d. 12 e. 24
A B C D E	13.	Carbon dioxide (CO2) is released during which of the following stages of cellular respiration? a. glycolysis and the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA b. oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle c. the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation d. oxidative phosphorylation and fermentation e. fermentation and glycolysis
A B C D E	14.	A young relative of yours has never had much energy. He goes to a doctor for help and is sent to the hospital for some tests. There they discover his mitochondria can use only fatty acids and amino acids for respiration, and his cells produce more lactate than normal. Of the following, which is the best explanation of his condition? a. His mitochondria lack the transport protein that moves pyruvate across the outer mitochondrial membrane. b. His cells cannot move NADH from glycolysis into the mitochondria. c. His cells contain something that inhibits oxygen use in his mitochondria. d. His cells lack the enzyme in glycolysis that forms pyruvate. e. His cells have a defective electron transport chain, so glucose goes to lactate instead of to acetyl CoA.
A B C D E	15.	Cellular respiration harvests the most chemical energy from which of the following? a. substrate-level phosphorylation b. chemiosmotic phosphorylation c. converting oxygen to ATP d. transferring electrons from organic molecules to pyruvate e. generating carbon dioxide and oxygen in the electron transport chain
A B C D E	16.	During aerobic respiration, electrons travel downhill in which sequence? a. food citric acid cycle ATP NAD+ b. food NADH electron transport chain oxygen c. glucose pyruvate ATP oxygen d. glucose ATP electron transport chain NADH e. food glycolysis citric acid cycle NADH ATP
A B C D E	17.	Where do the catabolic products of fatty acid breakdown enter into the citric acid cycle? a. pyruvate b. malate or fumarate c. acetyl CoA d. -ketoglutarate e. succinyl CoA
A B C D E	18.	Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located? a. cytosol b. mitochondrial outer membrane c. mitochondrial inner membrane d. mitochondrial intermembrane space e. mitochondrial matrix
A B C D E	19.	The primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to a. yield energy in the form of ATP as it is passed down the respiratory chain. b. act as an acceptor for electrons and hydrogen, forming water. c. combine with carbon, forming CO2. d. combine with lactate, forming pyruvate. e. catalyze the reactions of glycolysis.
A B C D E	20.	During oxidative phosphorylation, H2O is formed. Where does the oxygen for the synthesis of the water come from? a. carbon dioxide (CO2) b. glucose (C6H12O6) c. molecular oxygen (O2) d. pyruvate (C3H3O3–) e. lactate (C3H5O3–-)
A B C D E	21.	Energy released by the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ ions into which location? a. cytosol b. mitochondrial outer membrane c. mitochondrial inner membrane d. mitochondrial intermembrane space e. mitochondrial matrix
A B C D E	22.	During aerobic cellular respiration, a proton gradient in mitochondria is generated by ____ and used primarily for ____. a. the electron transport chain; ATP synthesis b. the electron transport chain; substrate-level phosphorylation c. glycolysis; production of H2O d. fermentation; NAD+ reduction e. diffusion of protons; ATP synthesis
A B C D E	23.	The direct energy source that drives ATP synthesis during respiratory oxidative phosphorylation is a. oxidation of glucose to CO2 and water. b. the thermodynamically favorable flow of electrons from NADH to the mitochondrial electron transport carriers. c. the final transfer of electrons to oxygen. d. the difference in H+ concentrations on opposite sides of the inner mitochondrial membrane. e. the thermodynamically favorable transfer of phosphate from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle intermediate molecules of ADP.
A B C D E	24.	Which process could be compared to how rushing steam turns a water wheel? a. the citric acid cycle b. ATP synthase activity c. formation of NADH in glycolysis d. oxidative phosphorylation e. the electron transport system
A B C D E	25.	Each time a molecule of glucose (C6H12O6) is completely oxidized via aerobic respiration, how many oxygen molecules (O2). are required? a. 1 b. 2 c. 6 d. 12 e. 38
A B C D E	26.	Approximately what percentage of the energy of glucose (C6H12O6) is transferred to storage in ATP as a result of the complete oxidation of glucose to CO2 and water in cellular respiration? a. 2% b. 4% c. 10% d. 25% e. 40%
A B C D E	27.	Which metabolic pathway is common to both cellular respiration and fermentation? a. the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA b. the citric acid cycle c. oxidative phosphorylation d. glycolysis e. chemiosmosis
A B C D E	28.	Muscle cells in oxygen deprivation convert pyruvate to ____, and in this step gain____. a. lactate; ATP b. alcohol; CO2 c. alcohol; ATP d. ATP; NADH2 e. lactate; NAD+
A B C D E	29.	In alcohol fermentation, NAD+ is regenerated from NADH during the a. reduction of acetaldehyde to ethanol (ethyl alcohol). b. oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA. c. reduction of pyruvate to form lactate. d. oxidation of NAD+ in the citric acid cycle. e. phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP.
A B C D E	30.	Why is glycolysis considered to be one of the first metabolic pathways to have evolved? a. It produces much less ATP than does oxidative phosphorylation. b. It is found in the cytosol, does not involve oxygen, and is present in most organisms. c. It is found in prokaryotic cells but not in eukaryotic cells. d. It relies on chemiosmosis which is a metabolic mechanism present only in the first cells-prokaryotic cells. e. It requires the presence of membrane-enclosed cell organelles found only in eukaryotic cells.