Brief (inofficial) History of Mountaineering and Climbing Sport in Estonia,
History of "Firn" Included

On 27 September 1829, the founder of scientific mountaineering Johann Jacob Friedrich Wilhelm Parrot, being at that time a professor of physics of the University of Tartu, climbed to the top of Mt. Ararat (5165m) together with H.Abovjan (the future famous Armenian poet) and 3 other students. Due to this event, and also to the first ascent to the Eastern Summit of Mt. Elbrus (5621m) by Killar Hasirov in 1829, this year is deemed to mark the birth of Russian Alpinism.

An organized alpinism emerged in Estonia many years later. There is no high mountains in Estonia, and during half a century before the last great political changes the travelling possibilities were to the large extent restricted to the borders of former SU, so...

That's how it all began:

1956

• for the first time seven Estonians attend the SU high-mountain training camps for climbers

1957

• eighteen Estonian climbers led by Peeter Varep ascend Kazbek (5047m) in Central Caucasus (July 29-30)
• founded is the Mountaineering Section of Tallinn (later known as a Club - "Tallinna Alpinismi Klubi")

1958

• Jaanus Orgulas is the first Estonian to reach (with a group of German climbers) the Eastern Summit of Mt. Elbrus (5624m) in Central Caucasus on August 4; a day later he is followed by another 31 Estonian climbers also ascending the summit
• Jüri Martin performs a climb rated 4 by the Russian Federation Difficulty Rating System (RUS) - compare to the Alpine Grading System used in Western Europe

1959

• Mountaineering Club "Firn" is founded in Tartu by Mati Klein, Rein Küttim, J. Martin, Vello Park, Erik Reino, Tõnu Tennisson, Priit Vürst and Kuldev Ääremaa, all students of the University of Tartu (at that time known as 'Tartu State University')

Since 1960 several official commemorative dates were used as pleas for organizing expeditions with a goal of ascending one of the peaks over 7000m high in the Pamirs or ascending virgin peaks never climbed before and giving them corresponding names.

1960

• on July 30, in course of Estonian expedition led by P. Varep, fifteen climbers led by Hillar Kaal ascend a 6211m high virgin peak in the Zaalayskiy mountain range ( the Pamirs) and name the peak "Estonia"

1964

• Enn Vestre is the first Estonian climber to ascend Pik Lenin (7134m, the Pamirs)

1965

• in course of expedition led by P. Varep 14 Estonian climbers ascend Pik Lenin (7134m) on 11 August: Heino Paltser (leader) + P. Varep, A. Sulg, F. Jürna; and another group (from the south) - Ragnar Palmre + E. Agasild, Kaljo Palmiste, Ilmar Palo, V. Park, Ilmar Priimets, S. Rehtsalu, Jüri Tohver, Ain Uusna, T. Salo

1966

• the Emblem of "Firn" is designed by Heino Kuur

1967

• three more Estonians on the top of Pik Lenin (7134m): Vello Vets, Peet Väinastu, Ilmar Sööt

1968

• V. Park is the first Estonian to climb a route rated 6 (RUS) by ascending Ailama (4547m) with a group of Georgian climbers, thus becoming a Champion of Georgia

1970

• the 3rd Estonian Pamirs-expedition: 12 climbers led by I. Priimets ascend Pik Korzhenevskaya (7106m); 8 climbers ascend Pik Kommunizma (7495m, now known as Pik Samani; the first ascent by climbers from Balticum) - H. Paltser + I. Priimets, Jaak Sumeri, T. Tennison, J. Tohver, A. Uusna, P. Vürst, K. Ääremaa
• four of Estonian climbers take the title of 'Snow Leopard of Pamirs'

1972

• 4 climbers (P. Varep, V. Park, K. Palmiste, I. Palo) ascend Pik Kommunizma (7495m), Peeter Varep (Tallinn, 1914-1984) being in 1972 the world's eldest man to climb over 7000m
• Heino Paltser is killed by a casual stone while performing a rock climb on a route rated 5B(RUS) in Tien Shan

1973

• in course of an Estonian expedition to the South-Western Pamirs led by P. Vürst, a high-altitude traverse (rated 5B/RUS) between the peaks of Nikoladze and Pik Karl Marx (6723m) is performed by a group led by T. Tennisson

1974

• in course of an Estonian expedition (led by I. Priimets) to Pik Lenin (7134m, the Pamirs) from the south, 7 peaks are ascended (incl. 2 virgin peaks + 1 new route; Pik Lenin - Juhan Ahlberg, Hindrek Kriis, Enn Branno, M. Klein, V. Park, K. Palmiste, R. Tanner, L. Hiiesalu, I. Palo); the expedition ends most tragically in the history of Estonian mountaineering - three of the most experienced Estonian climbers are killed by an unexpected snow avalanche (triggered by an earthquake) just below the top of Pik Lenin on the most difficult route from the south. They were motors of "Firn" - Erik Reino, Tõnu Tennisson, Priit Vürst (acting president)... ; the survivals E. Saar and J. Sumeri had a very narrow escape

• the first visit of climbers from Estonia to the Alps
• the silver mark designed in 1959 by J. Martin is established as a mark of the "Firn's" membership; all the marks assigned to the new members carry their individual serial numbers, the mark No.1 is assigned to E. Saar
• Olaf Sööt and Jüri Tint (residing abroad) are the first Estonians to ascend Mt. McKinley (6194m, the highest peak of the continent of North America, Alaska)

1977

• the 175th anniversary of the reopening of the University of Tartu is commemorated by "Firn" in the form of expedition to Kazbek (5047m, Central Caucasus), in course of which some young members of "Firn" (Kalle Hansen, H. Kriis, Karl Ottas, Jaan Paaver, Ivo Parmas, Immar Puun, Aivar Pärgmäe, Veiko Tamm, Toomas Täht) symbolically finish the historical unfinished climb (in 1811) to this peak by J.F. Parrot (who later became the rector of the University of Tartu 1831-1833)
• joint expedition with Latvian climbers to the Alai mountain range in the Pamirs

1978

• first 4 Estonian climbers are invited to join the International Mountaineering Camp ("MAL") in the Pamirs as guides for climbers from outside the SU; during the following 15 years many climbers from Estonia will have opportunities to combine their work for MAL with high-altitude or technical climbs
• the 150th anniversary of J.F. Parrot's ascent to Mt. Ararat is commemorated by an ascent to Pik Korzhenevskaya (7106m, the Pamirs): J. Ahlberg, I. Priimets, E. Saar, J. Sumeri

1979

• Helme Suuk is the first Estonin woman to ascend over 7000m high peak ( Pik Lenin (7134m, the Pamirs) in course of an expedition led by I. Priimets)

1982

• Urmas Grauen climbs through a 1200m long route "Kamin Kagor" (Central Asia), rated 6 (RUS)
• the 350th anniversary of the initial establishment of the University of Tartu by the Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus II is commemorated by "Firn" with an expedition to the Tanimas mountain range in Central Pamirs led by Kalev Muru; two virgin peaks are ascended and named respectively as "Tartu Ülikool 350" (6350m) - K. Muru + Anu Kallavus, K. Hansen, Andres Paris, Kalle Aedviir, Jaan Künnap, and "J.F.Parrot" (6277m) - Alfred Lõhmus + H. Suuk, I. Parmas, Ivo Goldi, Ants Salk, Ants Stern
• before the expedition Estonian climbers participate vigorously in several SU high-mountain training camps - there is a record number of 148 participants from Estonia during the summer months

1983

• I. Priimets is the first Estonian climber to ascend (with a group from MAL) Pik Pobeda (7439m, Tien Shan), thus becoming the first Estonian with the title of 'Snow Leopard'
• six Estonian climbers get their Mountain Guide papers (Russian "Instruktor Alpinizma") from the special Guide School located in the Bezengi region of Central Caucasus
• Rein Grauberg ("Firn") dies in result of an illness strike happened while he approached Pik Lenin (the Pamirs) with a group of hikers
• Jaak Sumeri (Viljandi) dies in result of a strike while working as a Mountain Guide in a Russian alpine camp in Central Asia

1984

• in course of Estonian Pamirs expedition led by I. Priimets a 6047m high virgin peak is ascended and called "Tallinn" (in honour of the Estonian capital) by three separate groups using different routes: (17 august) I. Priimets + U. Grauen, E. Branno, R. Loik; (18 aug.) J. Künnap + A. Kallavus, K. Muru, A. Paris, A. Stern, T. Lepik; (19 aug.) I. Goldi + H. Suuk, E. Haavik, A. Salk, Ü. Treijar, R. Tanner, V. Park, L. Hiiesalu, P. Väinastu; on 18 and 20 august, A. Lõhmus and K. Hansen ascend two virgin peaks (5750m and 5700m), one of which is named "Kalev"
• another five Estonians attend the Guide School in Caucasus and get their Mountain Guide papers

1985

• Tiina Tamm ("Firn") perishes in a crevasse region while descending Pik Lenin (the Pamirs) after a nonofficial attempt to climb the mountain with V. Tamm

1986

• A. Kallavus is the first Estonian woman to perform a technical ascent rated 5B (RUS): she performs two such ascents in the Fan Mountains region of Pamiro-Alai in a pair with Vladimir Vladimirov
• Balticum'86, an annual meeting of climbers from Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania combined with the competition of reports on the summer ascents, is organized by Firn and held at Sangaste Castle in South Estonia

1987

• on 8 august, the first Estonians (A. Lõhmus, K. Muru, J. Künnap) ascend Khan Tengri (7010m, Tien Shan) with a Russian group, all acquiring the title of 'Snow Leopard'
• climbing activities based on the Alpine Camp "Artuch" (Pamiro-Alai)

1989

• two Estonians of a group led by Tõivo Sarmet ascend Khan Tengri (7010m, Tien Shan)
• eleven climbers ascend Pik Lenin (7134m) in the Pamirs in course of an expedition led by Mihhail Sobelman
• in course of an Estonian expedition to Pamiro-Alai a group of climbers led by K. Muru ascend an over 5000m high virgin peak, naming it after the University of Tartu; climbing activities in the Ark valley region

1990

• in course of expedition to the Pamirs and Tien Shan led by V. Vladimirov, Pik Lenin (7134m) is ascended by 15 and Khan Tengri (7010m) by 7 climbers (both groups guided by J. Künnap); H. Suuk is the first Estonian woman to ascend Khan Tengri
• a group of 5 climbers led by T. Sarmet ascends peak Estonia (6211m) and Pik Lenin (7134m) in the Pamirs
• multiple ascents to Mt. Elbrus (5642m, the highest peak of Europe, Central Caucasus) in course of an expedition led by Urmas Grauen

1991

• an expedition to Central Pamirs led by U. Grauen is held in course of preparation to the planned Annapurna expedition; two virgin peaks over 5000m are ascended and named correspondingly "Norma" (5467m) and "Paide"; 11 climbers ascend Pik Lenin (7134m) via the normal route
• in course of expedition to the Pamirs led by V. Vladimirov, Pik Korzhenevskaya (7106m) is ascended by 5 and Pik Kommunizma (7495m) by 7 climbers (both groups guided by J. Künnap); H. Suuk is the first Estonian woman to acquire the title of 'Snow Leopard'
• in the Pamirs, a group led by T. Sarmet ascends Pik Korzhenevskaya (7106m, 4 climbers on the top) and Pik Kommunizma (7495m, 3 climbers)
• Olev Sõerumäe is the first Estonian resident to ascend Mont Blanc (4807m, Western Alps)
• organization of the Annapurna expedition fails due to financial problems...
• Estonia (being represented by "Firn") becomes a member of UIAA

1992

• three Estonian groups (led by V. Vladimirov, U. Grauen, and T. Sarmet) climb in the Pamirs; 8 climbers ascend Pik Lenin (7134m)

1993

• two climbers of two groups (led by T. Sarmet and Peedo Nelke) ascend Khan Tengri (7010m, Tien Shan)
• the first Estonian group of 11 climbers (led by V. Vladimirov and J. Künnap; incl. the first woman H. Suuk) ascends Mont Blanc (4807m, from the French side)
• "Alpikirka" ("Ice Axe", in Estonian), a book by Peeter Varep (1914-1984) containing his memoirs on the history of mountaineering in Estonia, is printed in Tallinn

1994

• Matterhorn (4478m) is ascended via the classical Hörnli Ridge (Hörnligrat) route by the first seven Estonian climbers (incl. the first woman) in course of an expedition to Swiss Alps led by Erika Ader (Nõo)
• two groups of climbers from Tallinn (led by V. Vladimirov - 15 climbers and U. Grauen - 11 climbers incl. the first two Estonian women Els Kütt and Aili Grauen) ascend Mt. Kilimanjaro (5963m, the highest peak of the continent of Africa)
• in an attempt to ascend Pik Pobeda (7439m, Tien Shan), a group of 3 climbers led by T. Sarmet reach so-called Black Obelisk (7100m)
• the Estonian membership in UIAA is stopped (postponed due to financial problems)

1995

• Rein Grabbi (residing in USA) is the first Estonian to ascend Aconcagua (6962m, the highest peak of the continent of South America, the Andes)
• Matterhorn (4478m) is ascended (via Hörnligrat) by a group of 5 climbers led by T. Sarmet

1996

• "Firn" resumes its activities after nearly two years of stagnation caused by recent political and economical changes in Estonia, and a new group of dedicated young people (mainly students) starts with training and alpine education process

1997

• Aleksei Kovalchuk is the first climber from Estonia to climb over 8000m: he ascends Cho Oyu (8201m, Himalaya)
• two groups from Tallinn led by T. Sarmet (4 climbers) and J. Künnap (3 climbers) ascend Aconcagua (6962m, the Andes)
• "The First Estonian Women's Expedition Elbrus'97" is organized by "Firn" (and led by K. Muru) - some young climbers ascend the Eastern Summit of Mt. Elbrus (5621m) in Central Caucasus
• the "Rock Climbing Club of Tallinn" (" Tallinna Kaljuronimisklubi") is founded by 14 active climbers in Tallinn; the first in Estonia climbing gym is opened in Tallinn
• the "Mountain Expeditions Club" ("Mägiekspeditsioonide Klubi" = MEK) is founded in Tallinn

1998

• the tradition of an annual ice-climbing competition held at Rannamõisa see-bank near Tallinn is revived by MEK
• a series (becoming annual) of "Opened Estonian Rock Climbing Competitions" is initiated by the Rock Climbing Club of Tallinn
• Estonian flag is for the first time hoisted as high as 8600m by Boris Slepikovsky (Sillamäe) who participates with A. Kovalchuk in an international expedition to Mt. Everest (Himalaya), both climbing over 8500m
• five Estonian climbers ascend Cho Oyu (8201m) from Tibet in course of the First Estonian Himalayan Expedition led by T. Sarmet: on 9 October - Aarne Sarapuu and Tarmo Riga; on 11 Oct. - Margus Proos, Raivo Plumer, T. Sarmet

1999

• in course of an expedition organized by the MEK and led by T. Sarmet, seven Estonian climbers (T. Sarmet, Ivar Lai, Urmas Leppmets, Ivar Mäerand, R. Plumer, Raul Vahisalu, Andrus Öövel) ascend Mt. McKinley (6194m, Alaska) on 31 May
• a group organized by the "Youth Travel Club" ("Noorte Matkaklubi", Tallinn) and led by its founder Valdo Kangur makes on 15 April a winter ascent to the Eastern Summit of Mt. Elbrus (5621m, Central Caucasus) and descends using snowboards (Valdek Udris, Kristjan-Erik Suurväli, Marek Hajetski, Erik Hajetski) and skis (V. Kangur, Peeter Luik, Renee Tuul; also Ilka Uusitalo and Mika Seppänen from Finland)
• the Mountaineering Club Firn ("Alpiklubi Firn") is founded on 18 May by an initiative group of 21 climbers in Tartu to continue the activities of the 'previous edition' of "Firn" (with official name "Tartu Alpiklubi Firn"), which is officially discontinued being unable to fit the new law system; the descendant club has a new statute and well defined membership, but the symbolics of the old "Firn" is taken over
• the "Jaan Künnap's Mountaineering Club" (" Jaan Künnapi Alpinismiklubi", JKAK) is created in Tallinn in place of the disappeared Mountaineering Club of Tallinn by an experienced Estonian climber and art photographer Jaan Künnap
• an 'Estonian invasion' to Mont Blanc (4807m, Western Alps): somehow, several Estonian groups with far over 100 participants ascend the 'Top of the Western Europe' during the summer months, mostly from the Italian side (via the Aiguilles Grises route, but also via the Three-Mont-Blanc route)
• in course of an expedition to the Pamirs organized by JKAK (becoming, as well as Mt. Elbrus expedition, an annual enterprise), two climbers (Alar Linna, Erik Hints) ascend Pik Lenin (7134m)
• Balticum'99 is organized by "Firn" and held in Tartu
• a reunion meet dedicated to the 40th anniversary of "Firn" is held in Tartu; four of the historical presidents of "Firn" participate in the show

2000

• the first Estonian Open Interclub Icewall-Climbing Competition is organized at the end of March by NMK and JKAK at Rannamõisa
• in course of an expedition organized by NMK and led by V. Kangur six Estonian climbers (Toomas Sumeri, B. Slepikovsky, Toomas Holmberg, Jüri Vilismäe, V. Kangur, V. Udris) ascend Pik Lenin (7134m); on 21 August V. Udris descends from the top with his snowboard (second such descent at all and the first one via the North Face of the peak)
• the tradition of electing the club's best climbers and hikers of the season is revived by "Firn" on the basis of the new statute
• "Firn" decides to establish an electronic database containing information on the routes passed by Estonian climbers and hikers; the database is still under construction
• to commemorate the first ascent to Annapurna (8091m) by Maurice Herzog and Louis Lachenal in 1950, a new Challenge Prize of the best Estonian mountaineer of the year is established by JKAK; Valdek Udris (Tallinn) becomes the first winner of the Prize

2001

• the tradition of Estonian "mountaineer's pentathlon" - a complex of contests including cross-country skiing, running, climbing and some gymnastic exercises - is revived by "Firn" under the new name of AMMV; the first skiing competition of this new series is held in January at Kääriku (Southern Estonia); "Firn" is the first club to win the new Challenge Prize called "Sõitis Mäkke" ("Rode Into a Hill") that is established for the best club team in the Skiing Relay-Race Competition
• three JKAK climbers (Priit Melnik, Enn Nõmmik, Alar Sikk) ascend Mt. McKinley (6194m, Alaska)
• two Estonian climbers (R. Plumer, T. Riga) ascend Broad Peak (8047m) in Karakoram (Pakistan) in course of the Expedition organized by MEK and led by T. Sarmet
• two climbers (Urmas Peiker, Hannes Oja) ascend Pik Lenin (7134m)
• on 23 August, V. Udris and Mart Toom ascend Matterhorn (4478m) via the Lion Ridge (Liongrat) route from the Italian side
• the design of an official flag of "Firn" is established in result of a contest
• the first in Estonia artificial climbing wall with a rock-like relief is opened in September in a new shoping center "Lõunakeskus" (LK) in Tartu; the LK wall is administered by "Firn"

2002

• on 8 February, Toivo Laan ("Firn") ascends Mt. Ararat (5165m), being the first Estonian on the top (after J.J.F.Parrot in 1829)
• on 15 May, A. Kovalchuk (Tallinn) is one of the climbers to ascend Lhotse (8516m, Himalaya) in course of an expedition organized by climbers from St.Petersburg
• on July 30, the flag of "Firn" is for the first time hoisted on the top of the Italian summit of Matterhorn (4477m) by five climbers from Tartu (Viktor Palm, Priit Rooden, Meeri Sassian, Vladimir Shor, Marko Veisson) after ascending it via the south-west ridge (Liongrat, from the Italian side)
• five climbers (led by J. Künnap) ascend Pik Lenin (7134m)

2003

• on May 22, A. Sikk (Võru) ascends Mt. Everest (8850m) from the North Side with Saulius Vilius (Lithuania) in course of the First Estonian Mt. Everest expedition led by T. Sarmet (MEK); Alar Sikk is the first Estonian climber to reach the highest summit on the Earth; I. Lai reaches the altitude of 8550m
  everestnews.com
• two climbers (Leivo Sepp, Marko Kalve) ascend Pik Lenin (7134m)

2004

• in April-May, Rain Lond and M. Kalve cross the Greenland icefield on skis from east to west without dogs or any external support in course of their Greenland expedition (32 days, ~570 km), thus repeating the achievement of the historic expedition led by Fridtjof Nansen back in 1888
• an expedition to Khan Tengri (7010m, Tien Shan) organized by JKAK fails due to severe avalanche hazard
• a new handbook for hikers and climbers ('Matkaspordi Käsiraamat', in Estonian, compiled by J. Künnap) contains a section on the history of mountaineering in Estonia

2005

• in course of an expedition organized by JKAK, two climbers (K.-E. Suurväli, Meelis Nurk) ascend Aconcagua (6962m, the Andes)
• a joint Estonian - Lithuanian expedition to Gasherbrum II (8035m, Karakoram) fails due to severe avalanche hazard
• on July 21, V. Palm and M. Veisson are the first Estonian climbers to ascend the North Summit of Ushba (4694m, Central Caucasus)
• on August 11, Johan Kütt ascends Pik Lenin (7134m)

2006

• on July 20, Mart Kainel and Jaan Ainelo ascend Matterhorn (4478m) via the classical Hörnli Ridge (Hörnligrat) route
• Eveli Habakuk (accompanied with a French climber) ascends Illimani (6438m) and Huayna Potosi (6088m) in Bolivian Andes
• on August 7, five climbers (K.-E. Suurväli + Priit Joosu, H. Oja, P. Rooden, Priit Simson) ascend Pik Korzhenevskaya (7106m); on August 17, P. Joosu ascends Ismail Samani (7495m, the former Pik Kommunizma)
• on August 17, T. Laan and Kalle Ribelus ascend Pik Lenin (7134m)
• in August, 22 Estonian climbers (two of them only 13 years old) ascend Kazbek (5047m) in Central Caucasus in course of an expedition to Georgian mountains organized by V. Kangur (becoming an annual enterprise)
• on 5 October, five climbers (Silver Aid, Marko Aid, Peeter Pihelgas, Eduard Aksjonov, Jürgen Saarniit) ascend Mt. Ararat (5165m)
• on 26 November, 37 Estonian climbers ascend Mt. Kilimanjaro (5963m), thus establishing a new world record of the number of climbers (all belonging to the same nation) ascending Mt. Kilimanjaro in one day (the previous record was 32 climbers from USA)
• on 18 December, A. Sikk and Andras Kaasik ascend Aconcagua (6962m, the Andes) in course of the first Estonian Antarctica expedition

2007

• on 13 January, five climbers (Jane Riga, A. Sikk, P. Melnik, T. Riga, T. Sumeri) ascend Vinson Massif (4892m, the highest peak of the continent of Antarctica) in course of the first Estonian Antarctica expedition
• on 20 July, three climbers (J. Kütt, Tõnu Põld, Olavi Vaino) ascend Matterhorn (4478m)
• on 21 July, a group of climbers led by V. Kangur ascends Kazbek (5047m) in Central Caucasus
• E. Habakuk ("Firn") ascends (with a French group) Mt. McKinley (6194m, Alaska), being the first Estonian woman to ascend the peak
• on 16 August, five climbers (Tiina Tamm, P. Joosu, J. Saarniit, Üllar Põld, Raimo Rotberg) ascend Pik Lenin (7134m); T. Tamm (Tallinn) is the second Estonian woman to ascend the peak
• in course of an expedition organized by V. Kangur, four climbers (Argo Mere, Fred Viidul, Tarmo All, I. Mäerand) ascend Pik Lenin (7134m); on 18 August, A. Mere is the first Estonian to descend the peak with skis (via its North Face); a day later, V. Kangur repeats such a descent starting from the altitude of 6900m
• a new 8m high artificial climbing wall with a rock-like relief (being the second wall of this type in Tartu) is opened in the new sports hall of the University of Tartu
• on 2 December, A. Sikk, A. Kaasik, and Ervin Mast are the first Estonian climbers to ascend Carstensz Pyramid (or Puncak Jaya, 4884m), the highest mountain of the continent of Australia and Oceania, located on the island of New Guinea
• in the end of December, E. Habakuk ascends Aconcagua (6962m, the Andes)

2008

• in January, T. Riga and J. Riga ascend five volcanoes in Ecuador Andes: Pasachoa (4199m), Corazon (4791m), Iliniza Norte (5126m), Cotopaxi (5897m), and Chimborazo (6267m)
• on 27 January, A. Sikk ascends Mt. Kilimanjaro (5963m), becoming the first Estonian climber to ascend the highest mountains on the seven continents (the Seven Summits)
• in course of their one month long (starting 8 May) Greenland expedition, Timo Palo (Estonia) and Audun Tholfsen (Norway) cross the Greenland icefield on skis from east to west without dogs or any external support
• on 9 July, Eva Liivak ("Firn") falls to her death while descending in a group of 6 from the summit of Aiguille du Chardonnet (3824m, French Alps)

This page exists since November 18, 1997