BOOK X. 
ARGUMENT. 
IN THIS BOOK AUGUSTIN TEACHES THAT THE GOOD ANGELS WISH GOD ALONE, WHOM THEY 
THEMSELVES SERVE, TO RECEIVE THAT DIVINE HONOR WHICH IS RENDERED BY SACRIFICE, 
AND WHICH IS CALLED "LATREIA." HE THEN GOES ON TO DISPUTE AGAINST PORPHYRY ABOUT 
THE PRINCIPLE AND WAY OF THE SOUL'S CLEANSING AND DELIVERANCE. 
CHAP. 1.--THAT THE PLATONISTS THEMSELVES HAVE DETERMINED THAT GOD ALONE CAN 
CONFER HAPPINESS EITHER ON ANGELS OR MEN, BUT THAT IT YET REMAINS A QUESTION 
WHETHER THOSE SPIRITS WHOM THEY DIRECT US TO WORSHIP, THAT WE MAY OBTAIN 
HAPPINESS, WISH SACRIFICE TO BE OFFERED TO THEMSELVES, OR TO THE ONE GOD ONLY. 
IT is the decided opinion of all who use their brains, that all men desire to be 
happy. But who are happy, or how they become so, these are questions about which 
the weakness of human understanding stirs endless and angry controversies, in 
which philosophers have wasted their strength and expended their leisure. To 
adduce and discuss their various opinions would be tedious, and is unnecessary. 
The reader may remember what we said in the eighth book, while making a 
selection of the philosophers with whom we might discuss the question regarding 
the future life of happiness, whether we can reach it by paying divine honors to 
the one true God, the Creator of all gods, or by worshipping many gods, and he 
will not expect us to repeat here the same argument, especially as, even if he 
has forgotten it, he may refresh his memory by reperusal. For we made selection 
of the Platonists, justly esteemed the noblest of the philosophers, because they 
had the wit to perceive that the human soul, immortal and rational, or 
intellectual, as it is, cannot be happy except by partaking of the light of that 
God by whom both itself and the world were made; and also that the happy life 
which all men desire cannot be reached by any who does not cleave with a pure 
and holy love to that one supreme good, the unchangeable God. But as even these 
philosophers, whether accommodating to the folly and ignorance of the people, 
or, as the apostle says, "becoming vain in their imaginations,"(1) supposed or 
allowed others to suppose that many gods should be worshipped, so that some of 
them considered that divine honor by worship and sacrifice should be rendered 
even to the demons (an error I have already exploded), we must now, by God's 
help, ascertain what is thought about our religious worship and piety by those 
immortal and blessed spirits, who dwell in the heavenly places among 
dominations, principalities, powers, whom the Platonists call gods, and some 
either good demons, or, like us, angels,--that is to say, to put it more 
plainly, whether the angels desire us to offer sacrifice and worship, and to 
consecrate our possessions and ourselves, to them or only to God, theirs and 
ours. 
For this is the worship which is due to the Divinity, or, to speak more 
accurately, to the Deity; and, to express this worship in a single word as there 
does not occur to me any Latin term sufficiently exact, I shall avail myself, 
whenever necessary, of a Greek word. <greek>Latreia</greek>, whenever it occurs 
in Scripture, is rendered by the word service. But that service which is due to 
men, and in reference to which the apostle writes that servants must be subject 
to their own masters,(2) is usually designated by another word in Greek,(3) 
whereas the service which is paid to God alone by worship, is always, or almost 
always, called <greek>latreia</greek> in the usage of those who wrote from the 
divine oracles. This cannot so well be called simply "cultus," for in that case 
it would not seem to be due exclusively to God; for the same word is applied to 
the respect we pay either to the memory or the living presence of men. From it, 
too, we derive the words agriculture, colonist, and others.(1) And the heathen 
call their gods "coelicolae," not because they worship heaven, but because they 
dwell in it, and as it were colonize it,--not in the sense in which we call 
those colonists who are attached to their native soil to cultivate it under the 
rule of the owners, but in the sense in which the great master of the Latin 
language says, "There was an ancient city inhabited by Tyrian colonists."(2) He 
called them colonists, not because they cultivated the soil, but because they 
inhabited the city. So, too, cities that have hired off from larger cities are 
called colonies. Consequently, while it is quite true that, using the word in a 
special sense, "cult" can be rendered to none but God, yet, as the word is 
applied to other things besides, the cult due to God cannot in Latin be 
expressed by this word alone. 
The word "religion" might seem to express more definitely the worship due to God 
alone, and therefore Latin translators have used this word to represent 
<greek>qrhskeia</greek>; yet, as not only the uneducated, but also the best 
instructed, use the word religion to express human ties, and relationships, and 
affinities,it would inevitably introduce ambiguity to use this word in 
discussing the worship of God, unable as we are to say that religion is nothing 
else than the worship of God, without contradicting the common usage which 
applies this word to the observance of social relationships. "Piety," again, or, 
as the Greeks say,<greek>eusebeia</greek>, is commonly understood as the proper 
designation of the worship of God. Yet this word also is used of dutifulness to 
parents. The common people, too, use it of works of charity, which, I suppose, 
arises from the circumstance that God enjoins the performance of such works, and 
declares that He is pleased with them instead of, or in preference to 
sacrifices. From this usage it has also come to pass that God Himself is called, 
pious,(3) in which sense the Greeks never use <greek>eusebein</greek>, though 
<greek>eusebeia</greek>is applied to works of charity by their common people 
also. In some passages of Scripture, therefore, they have sought to preserve the 
distinction by using not <greek>eisebeia</greek>, the more general word, but 
<greek>qeosebeia</greek>, which literally denotes. the worship of God. We, on 
the other hand, cannot express either of these ideas by one word. This worship, 
then, which in Greek is called <greek>latreia</greek>, and in Latin "servitus" 
[service], but the service due to God only; this worship, which in Greek is 
called <greek>qrhskeia</greek>, and in Latin "religio," but the religion by 
which we are bound to God only; this worship, which they call 
<greek>qeosebeia</greek>, but which we cannot express in one word, but call it 
the worship of God,--this, we say, belongs only to that God who is the true God, 
and who makes His worshippers gods.(4) And therefore, whoever these immortal and 
blessed inhabitants of heaven be, if they do not love us, and wish us to be 
blessed, then we ought not to worship them; and if they do love us and desire 
our happiness, they cannot wish us to be made happy by any other means than they 
themselves have enjoyed,--for how could they wish our blessedness to flow from 
one source, theirs from another ? 
CHAP. 2.--THE OPINION OF PLOTINUS THE PLATONIST REGARDING ENLIGHTENMENT FROM 
ABOVE. 
But with these more estimable philosophers we have no dispute in this matter. 
For they perceived, and in various forms abundantly expressed in their writings, 
that these spirits have the same source of happiness as ourselves,--a certain 
intelligible light, which is their God, and is different from themselves, and 
illumines them that they may be penetrated with light, and enjoy perfect 
happiness in the participation of God. Plotinus, commenting on Plato, repeatedly 
and strongly asserts that not even the soul which they believe to be the soul of 
the world, derives its blessedness from any other source than we do, viz., from 
that Light which is distinct from it and created it, and by whose intelligible 
illumination it enjoys light in things intelligible. He also compares those 
spiritual things to the vast and conspicuous heavenly bodies, as if God were the 
sun, and the soul the moon; for they suppose that the moon derives its light 
from the sun. That great Platonist, therefore, says that the rational soul, or 
rather the intellectual soul,--in which class he comprehends the souls of the 
blessed immortals who inhabit heaven,--has no nature superior to it save God, 
the Creator of the world and the soul itself, and that these heavenly spirits 
derive their blessed life, and the light of truth from their blessed life, and 
the light of truth, the source as ourselves, agreeing with the gospel where we 
read, " There was a man sent from God whose name was John; the same came for a 
witness to bear witness of that Light, that through Him all might believe. He 
was not that Light, but that he might bear witness of the Light. That was the 
true Light which lighteth every man that cometh into the world;"(1) a 
distinction which sufficiently proves that the rational or intellectual soul 
such as John had cannot be its own light, but needs to receive illumination from 
another, the true Light. This John himself avows when he delivers his witness: 
"We have all received of His fullness."(2) 
CHAP. 3.--THAT THE PLATONISTS, THOUGH KNOWING SOMETHING OF THE CREATOR OF THE 
UNIVERSE, HAVE MISUNDERSTOOD THE TRUE WORSHIP OF GOD, BY GIVING DIVINE HONOR TO 
ANGELS, GOOD OR BAD 
This being so, if the Platonists, or those who think with them, knowing God, 
glorified Him as God and gave thanks, if they did not become vain in their own 
thoughts, if they did not originate or yield to the popular errors, they would 
certainly acknowledge that neither could the blessed immortals retain, nor we 
miserable mortals reach, a happy condition without worshipping the one God of 
gods, who is both theirs and ours. To Him we owe the service which is called in 
Greek <greek>latreia</greek>, whether we render it outwardly or inwardly; for we 
are all His temple, each of us severally and all of us together, because He 
condescends to inhabit each individually and the whole harmonious body, being no 
greater in all than in each, since He is neither expanded nor divided. Our heart 
when it rises to Him is His altar; the priest who intercedes for us is His 
Only-begotten; we sacrifice to Him bleeding victims when we contend for His 
truth even unto blood; to Him we offer the sweetest incense when we come before 
Him burning with holy and pious love; to Him we devote and surrender ourselves 
and His gifts in us; to Him, by solemn feasts and on appointed days, we 
consecrate the memory of His benefits, lest through the lapse of time ungrateful 
oblivion should steal upon us; to Him we offer on the altar of our heart the 
sacrifice of humility and praise, kindled by the fire of burning love. It is 
that we may see Him, so far as He can be seen; it is that we may cleave to Him, 
that we are cleansed from all stain of sins and evil passions, and are 
consecrated in His name. For He is the fountain of our happiness, He the end of 
all our desires. Being attached to Him, or rather let me say, re-attached,--for 
we had detached ourselves and lost hold of Him,--being, I say, re-attached to 
Him,(3) we tend towards Him by love, that we may rest in Him, and find our 
blessedness by attaining that end, For our good, about which philosophers have 
so keenly contended, is nothing else than to be united to God. It is, if I may 
say sod by spiritually embracing Him that the intellectual soul is filled and 
impregnated with true virtues. We are enjoined to love this good with all our 
heart, with all our soul, with all our strength. To this good we ought to be led 
by those who love us, and to lead those we love. Thus are fulfilled those two 
commandments on which hang all the law and the prophets: "Thou shalt love the 
Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy mind, and with all thy soul;" 
and" Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself."(4) For, that man might be 
intelligent in his self-love, there was appointed for him an end to which he 
might refer all his actions, that he might be blessed. For he who loves himself 
wishes nothing else than this. And the end set before him is "to draw near to 
God."(5) And so, when one who has this intelligent self-love is commanded to 
love his neighbor as himself, what else is enjoined than that he shall do all in 
his power to commend to him the love of God? This is the worship of God, this is 
true religion, this right piety, this the service due to God only. If any 
immortal power, then, no matter with what virtue endowed, loves us as himself, 
he must desire that we find our happiness by submitting ourselves to Him, in 
submission to whom he himself finds happiness. If he does not worship God, he is 
wretched, because deprived of God; if he worships God, he cannot wish to be 
worshipped in God's stead. On the contrary, these higher powers acquiesce 
heartily in the divine sentence in which it is written, "He that sacrificeth 
unto any god, save unto the Lord only, he shall be utterly destroyed."(6) 
CHAP. 4.--THAT SACRIFICE IS DUE TO THE TRUE 
GOD ONLY. 
But, putting aside for the present the other religious services with which God 
is worshipped, certainly no man would dare to say that sacrifice is due to any 
but God. Many parts, indeed, of divine worship are unduly used in showing honor 
to men, whether through an excessive humility or pernicious flattery; yet, while 
this is done, those persons who are thus worshipped and venerated, or even 
adored, are reckoned no more than human; and who ever thought of sacrificing 
save to one whom he knew, supposed, or feigned to be a god? And how ancient a 
part of God's worship sacrifice is, those two brothers, Cain and Abel, 
sufficiently show, of whom God rejected the elder's sacrifice, and looked 
favorably on the younger's. 
CHAP. 5.--OF THE SACRIFICES WHICH GOD DOES NOT REQUIRE, BUT WISHED TO aS 
OBSERVED FOR THE EXHIBITION OF THOSE THINGS WHICH HE DOES REQUIRE. 
And who is so foolish as to suppose that the things offered to God are needed by 
Him for some uses of His own? Divine Scripture in many places explodes this 
idea. Not to be wearisome, suffice it to quote this brief saying from a psalm: 
"I have said to the Lord, Thou art my God: for Thou needest not my goodness."(1) 
We must believe, then, that God has no need, not only of cattle, or any other 
earthly and material thing, but even of man's righteousness, and that whatever 
right worship is paid to God profits not Him, but man. For no man would say he 
did a benefit to a fountain by drinking, or to the light by seeing. And the fact 
that the ancient church offered animal sacrifices, which the people of God 
now-a-days read of without imitating, proves nothing else than this, that those 
sacrifices signified the things which we do for the purpose of drawing near to 
God, and inducing our neighbor to do the same. A sacrifice, therefore, is the 
visible sacrament or sacred sign of an invisible sacrifice. Hence that penitent 
in the psalm, or it may be the Psalmist himself, entreating God to be merciful 
to his sins, says, "If Thou desiredst sacrifice, I would give it: Thou 
delightest not in whole burnt-offerings. The sacrifice of God is a broken heart: 
a heart contrite and humble God will not despise."(2) Observe how, in the very 
words in which he is expressing God's refusal of sacrifice, he shows that God 
requires sacrifice. He does not desire the sacrifice of a slaughtered beast, but 
He desires the sacrifice of a contrite heart. Thus, that sacrifice which he says 
God does not wish, is the symbol of the sacrifice which God does wish. God does 
not wish sacrifices in the sense in which foolish people think He wishes them, 
viz., to gratify His own pleasure. For if He had not wished that the sacrifices 
He requires, as, e.g., a heart Contrite and humbled by penitent sorrow, should 
be symbolized by those sacrifices which He was thought to desire because 
pleasant to Himself, the old law would never have enjoined their presentation; 
and they were destined to be merged when the fit opportunity arrived, in order 
that men might not suppose that the sacrifices themselves, rather than the 
things symbolized by them, were pleasing to God or acceptable in us. Hence, in 
another passage from another psalm, he says, "If I were hungry, I would not tell 
thee; for the world is mine and the fullness thereof. Will I eat the flesh of 
bulls, or drink the blood of goats?"(3) as if He should say, Supposing such 
things were necessary to me, I would never ask thee for what I have in my own 
hand. Then he goes on to mention what these signify: "Offer unto God the 
sacrifice of praise, and pay thy vows unto the Most High. And call upon me in 
the day of trouble: I will deliver thee, and thou shall glorify me."(4) So in 
another prophet: "Wherewith shall I come before the Lord, and bow myself before 
the High God? Shall I come before Him with burnt-offerings, with calves of a 
year old? Will the Lord be pleased with thousands of rams, or with ten thousands 
of rivers of oil? Shall I give my first-born for my transgression, the fruit of 
my body for the sin of my soul? Hath He showed thee, 0 man, what is good; and 
what doth the Lord require of thee, but to do justly, and to love mercy, and to 
walk humbly with thy God?"(5) In the words of this prophet, these two things are 
distinguished and set forth with sufficient explicitness, that God does not 
require these sacrifices for their own sakes, and that He does require the 
sacrifices which they symbolize. In the epistle entitled "To the Hebrews" it is 
said, "To do good and to communicate, forget not: for with such sacrifices God 
is well pleased."(6) And. so, when it is written," I desire mercy rather than 
sacrifice,"(7) nothing else is meant than that one sacrifice is preferred to 
another; for that which in common speech is called sacrifice is only the symbol 
of the true sacrifice. Now mercy is the true sacrifice, and therefore it is 
said, as I have just quoted, "with such sacrifices God is well pleased." All the 
divine ordinances, therefore, which we read concerning the sacrifices in the 
service of the tabernacle or the temple, we are to refer to the love of God and 
our neighbor. For "on these two commandments," as it is written, "hang all the 
law and the prophets."(8) 
CHAP. 6.--OF THE TRUE AND PERFECT SACRIFICE. 
Thus a true sacrifice is every work which is done that we may be united to God 
in holy fellowship, and which has a reference to that supreme good and end in 
which alone we can be truly blessed.(9) And therefore even the mercy we show to 
men, if it is not shown for God's sake, is not a sacrifice. For, though made or 
offered by man, sacrifice is a divine thing, as those who called it sacrifice(1) 
meant to indicate. Thus man himself, consecrated in the name of God, and vowed 
to God, is a sacrifice in so far as he dies to the world that he may live to 
God. For this is a part of that mercy which each man shows to himself; as it is 
written, "Have merry on thy soul by pleasing God."(2) Our body, too, as a 
sacrifice when we chasten it by temperance, if we do so as we ought, for God's 
sake, that we may not yield our members instruments of unrighteousness unto sin, 
but instruments of righteousness unto God.(3) Exhorting to this sacrifice, the 
apostle says, "I beseech you, therefore, brethren, by the mercy of God, that ye 
present your bodies a living sacrifice, holy, acceptable to God, which is your 
reasonable service."(4) If, then, the body, which, being inferior, the soul uses 
as a servant or instrument, is a sacrifice when it is used rightly, and with 
reference to God, how much more does the soul itself become a sacrifice when it 
offers itself to God, in order that, being inflamed by the fire of His love, it 
may receive of His beauty and become pleasing to Him, losing the shape of 
earthly desire, and being remoulded in the image of permanent loveliness? And 
this, indeed, the apostle subjoins, saying, "And be not conformed to this world; 
but be ye transformed in the renewing of your mind, that ye may prove what is 
that good, and acceptable, and perfect will of God."(5) Since, therefore, true 
sacrifices are works of mercy to ourselves or others, done with a reference to 
God, and since works of mercy have no other object than the relief of distress 
or the conferring of happiness, and since there is no happiness apart from that 
good of which it is said, "It is good for me to be very near to God,"(6) it 
follows that the whole redeemed city, that is to say, the congregation or 
community of the saints, is offered to God as our sacrifice through the great 
High Priest, who offered Himself to God in His passion for us, that we might be 
members of this glorious head, according to the form of a servant. For it was 
this form He offered, in this He was offered, because it is according to it He 
is Mediator, in this He is our Priest, in this the Sacrifice. Accordingly, when 
the apostle had exhorted us to present our bodies a living sacrifice, holy, 
acceptable to God, our reasonable service, and not to be conformed to the world, 
but to be transformed in the renewing of our mind, that we might prove what is 
that good, and acceptable, and perfect will of God, that is to say, the true 
sacrifice of ourselves, he says, "For I say, through the grace of God which is 
given unto me, to every man that is among you, not to think of himself more 
highly than he ought to think, but to think soberly, according as God hath dealt 
to every man the measure of faith. For, as we have many members in one body, and 
all members have not the same office, so we, being many, are one body in Christ, 
and every one members one of another, having gifts differing according to the 
grace that is given to us."(7) This is the sacrifice of Christians: we, being 
many, are one body in Christ. And this also is the sacrifice which the Church 
continually celebrates in the sacrament of the altar, known to the faithful, in 
which she teaches that she herself is offered in the offering she makes to God. 
CHAP. 7.--OF THE LOVE OF THE HOLY ANGELS, WHICH PROMPTS THEM TO DESIRE THAT WE 
WORSHIP THE ONE TRUE GOD, AND NOT THEMSELVES. 
It is very right that these blessed and immortal spirits, who inhabit celestial 
dwellings, and rejoice in the communications of their Creator's fullness, firm 
in His eternity, assured in His truth, holy by His grace, since they 
compassionately and tenderly regard us miserable mortals, and wish us to become 
immortal and happy, do not desire us to sacrifice to themselves, but to Him 
whose sacrifice they know themselves to be in common with us. For we and they 
together are the one city of God, to which it is said in the psalm, "Glorious 
things are spoken of thee, O city of God;"(8) the human part sojourning here 
below, the angelic aiding from above. For from that heavenly city, in which 
God's will is the intelligible and unchangeable law, from that heavenly 
council-chamber,--for they sit in counsel regarding us,--that holy Scripture, 
descended to us by the ministry of angels, in which it is written, "He that 
sacrificeth unto any god, save unto the Lord only, he shall be utterly 
destroyed,"(9)--this Scripture, this law, these precepts, have been confirmed by 
such miracles, that it is sufficiently evident to whom these immortal and 
blessed spirits, who desire us to be like themselves, wish us to sacrifice 
CHAP. 8.--OF THE MIRACLES WHICH GOD HAS CONDESCENDED TO ADHIBIT THROUGH THE 
MINISTRY OF ANGELS, TO HIS PROMISES FOR THE CONFIRMATION OF THE FAITH OF THE 
GODLY. 
I should seem tedious were I to recount all the ancient miracles, which were 
wrought in attestation of God's promises which He made to Abraham thousands of 
years ago, that in his seed all the nations of the earth should be blessed.(1) 
For who can but marvel that Abraham's barren wife should have given birth to a 
son at an age when not even a prolific woman could bear children; or, again, 
that when Abraham sacrificed, a flame from heaven should have run between the 
divided parts;(2) or that the angels in human form, whom he had hospitably 
entertained, and who had renewed God's promise of offspring, should also have 
predicted the destruction of Sodom by fire from heaven;(3) and that his nephew 
Lot should have been rescued from Sodom by the angels as the fire was just 
descending, while his wife, who looked back as she went, and was immediately 
turned into salt, stood as a sacred beacon warning us that no one who is being 
saved should long for what he is leaving? How striking also were the wonders 
done by Moses to rescue God's people from the yoke of slavery in Egypt, when the 
magi of the Pharaoh, that is, the king of Egypt, who tyrannized over this 
people, were suffered to do some wonderful things that they might be vanquished 
all the more signally! They did these things by the magical arts and 
incantations to which the evil spirits or demons are addicted; while Moses, 
having as much greater power as he had right on his side, and having the aid of 
angels, easily conquered them in the name of the Lord who made heaven and earth. 
And, in fact, the magicians failed at the third plague; whereas Moses, dealing 
out the miracles delegated to him, brought ten plagues upon the land, so that 
the hard hearts of Pharaoh and the Egyptians yielded, and the people were let 
go. But, quickly repenting, and essaying to overtake the departing Hebrews, who 
had crossed the sea on dry ground, they were covered and overwhelmed in the 
returning waters. What shall I say of those frequent and stupendous exhibitions 
of divine power, while the people were conducted through the wilderness?--of the 
waters which could not be drunk, but lost their bitterness, and quenched the 
thirsty, when at God's command a piece of wood was cast into them? of the manna 
that descended from heaven to appease their hunger, and which begat worms and 
putrefied when any one collected more than the appointed quantity, and yet, 
though double was gathered on the day before the Sabbath (it not being lawful to 
gather it on that day), remained fresh? of the birds which filed the camp, and 
turned appetite into satiety when they longed for flesh, which it seemed 
impossible to supply to so vast a population? of the enemies who met them, and 
opposed their passage with arms, and were defeated without the loss of a single 
Hebrew, when Moses prayed with his hands extended in the form of a cross? of the 
seditious persons who arose among God's people, and separated themselves from 
the divinely-ordered community, and were swallowed up alive by the earths a 
visible token of an invisible punishment? of the rock struck with the rod, and 
pouring out waters more than enough for all the host? of the deadly serpents' 
bites, sent in just punishment of sin, but healed by looking at the lifted 
brazen serpent, so that not only were the tormented people healed, but a symbol 
of the crucifixion of death set before them in this destruction of death by 
death? It was this serpent which was preserved in memory of this event, and was 
afterwards worshipped by the mistaken people as an idol, and was destroyed by 
the pious and God-fearing king Hezekiah, much to his credit. 
CHAP. 9.--OF THE ILLICIT ARTS CONNECTED WITH DEMONOLATRY, AND OF WHICH THE 
PLATONIST PORPHYRY ADOPTS SOME, AND DISCARDS OTHERS. 
These miracles, and many others of the same nature, which it were tedious to 
mention, were wrought for the purpose of commending the worship of the one true 
God, and prohibiting the worship of a multitude of false gods. Moreover, they 
were wrought by simple faith and godly confidence, not by the incantations and 
charms composed under the influence of a criminal tampering with the unseen 
world, of an art which they call either magic, or by the more abominable title 
necromancy,(4) or the more honorable designation theurgy; for they wish to 
discriminate between those whom the people call magicians, who practise 
necromancy, and are addicted to illicit arts and condemned, and those others who 
seem to them to be worthy of praise for their practice of theurgy,--the truth, 
however, being that both classes are the slaves of the deceitful rites of the 
demons whom they invoke under the names of angels For even Porphyry promises 
some kind of purgation of the soul by the help of theurgy, though he does so 
with some hesitation and shame, and denies that this art can secure to any one a 
return to God; so teat you can detect his opinion vacillating between the 
profession of philosophy and an art which he feels to be presumptuous and 
sacrilegious. For at one time he warns us to avoid it as deceitful, and 
prohibited by law, and dangerous to those who practise it; then again, as if in 
deference to its advocates, he declares it Useful for cleansing one part of the 
soul, not, indeed, the intellectual part, by which the truth of things 
intelligible, which have no sensible images, is recognized, but the spiritual 
part, which takes cognizance of the images of things material. This part, he 
says, is prepared and fitted for intercourse with spirits and angels, and for 
the vision of the gods, by the help of certain theurgic consecrations, or, as 
they call them, mysteries. He acknowledges, however, that these theurgic 
mysteries impart to the intellectual soul no such purity as fits it to see its 
God, and recognize the things that truly exist. And from this acknowledgment we 
may infer what kind of gods these are, and what kind of vision of them is 
imparted by theurgic consecrations, if by it one cannot see the things which 
truly exist. He says, further, that the rational, or, as he prefers calling it, 
the intellectual soul, can pass into the heavens without the spiritual part 
being cleansed by theurgic art, and that this art cannot so purify the spiritual 
part as to give it entrance to immortality and eternity. And therefore, although 
he distinguishes angels from demons, asserting that the habitation of the latter 
is in the air, while the former dwell in the ether and empyrean, and although he 
advises us to cultivate the friendship of some demon, who may be able after our 
death to assist us, and elevate us at least a little above the earth,--for he 
owns that it is by another way we must reach the heavenly society of the 
angels,--he at the same time distinctly warns us to avoid the society of demons, 
saying that the soul, expiating its sin after death, execrates the worship of 
demons by whom it was entangled. And of theurgy itself, though he recommends it 
as reconciling angels and demons, he cannot deny that it treats with powers 
which either themselves envy the soul its purity, or serve the arts of those who 
do envy it. He complains of this through the mouth of some Chaldaean or other: 
"A good man in Chaldaea complains," he says, "that his most strenuous efforts to 
cleanse his soul were frustrated, because another man, who had influence in 
these matters, and who envied him purity, had prayed to the powers, and bound 
them by his conjuring not to listen to his request. Therefore," adds Porphyry, 
"what the one man bound, the other could not loose." And from this he concludes 
that theurgy is a craft which accomplishes not only good but evil among gods and 
men; and that the gods also have passions, and are perturbed and agitated by the 
emotions which Apuleius attributed to demons and men, but from which he 
preserved the gods by that sublimity of residence, which, in common with Plato, 
he accorded to them. 
CHAP. 10.--CONCERNING THEURGY, WHICH PROMISES A DELUSIVE PURIFICATION OF THE 
SOUL BY THE INVOCATION OF DEMONS. 
But here we have another and a much more learned Platonist than Apuleius, 
Porphyry, to wit, asserting that, by I know not what theurgy, even the gods 
themselves are subjected to passions and perturbations; for by adjurations they 
were so bound and terrified that they could not confer purity of soul,--were so 
terrified by him who imposed on them a wicked command, that they could not by 
the same theurgy be freed from that terror, and fulfill the righteous behest of 
him who prayed to them, or do the good he sought. Who does not see that all 
these things are fictions of deceiving demons, unless he be a wretched slave of 
theirs, and an alien from the grace of the true Liberator? For if the Chaldaean 
had been dealing with good gods, certainly a well-disposed man, who sought to 
purify his own soul, would have had more influence with them than an 
evil-disposed man seeking to hinder him. Or, if the gods were just, and 
considered the man unworthy of the purification he sought, at all events they 
should not have been terrified by an envious person, nor hindered, as Porphyry 
avows, by the fear of a stronger deity, but should have simply denied the boon 
on their own free judgment. And it is surprising that that well-disposed 
Chaldaean, who desired to purify his soul by theurgical rites, found no superior 
deity who could either terrify the frightened gods still more, and force them to 
confer the boon, or compose their fears, and so enable them to do good without 
compulsion,--even supposing that the good theurgist had no rites by which he 
himself might purge away the taint of fear from the gods whom he invoked for the 
purification of his own soul. And why is it that there is a god who has power to 
terrify the inferior gods, and none who has power to free them from fear? Is 
there found a god who listens to the envious man, and frightens the gods from 
doing good? and is there not found a god who listens to the well-disposed man, 
and removes the fear of the gods that they may do him good? O excellent theurgy 
! O admirable purification of the soul !--a theurgy in which the violence of an 
impure envy has more influence than the entreaty of purity and holiness. Rather 
let us abominate and avoid the deceit of such wicked spirits, and listen to 
sound doctrine. As to those who perform these filthy cleansings by sacrilegious 
rites, and see in their initiated state (as he further tells us, though we may 
question this vision) certain wonderfully lovely appearances of angels or gods, 
this is what the apostle refers to when he speaks of "Satan transforming himself 
into an angel of light."(1) For these are the delusive appearances of that 
spirit who longs to entangle wretched souls in the deceptive worship of many and 
false gods, and to turn them aside from the true worship of the true God, by 
whom alone they are cleansed and healed, and who, as was said of Proteus, "turns 
himself into all shapes,"(2) equally hurtful, whether he assaults us as an 
enemy, or assumes the disguise of a friend. 
CHAP. 11.--OF PORPHYRY'S EPISTLE TO ANEBO, IN WHICH HE ASKS FOR INFORMATION 
ABOUT THE DIFFERENCES AMONG DEMONS. 
It was a better tone which Porphyry adopted in his letter to Anebo the Egyptian, 
in which, assuming the character of an inquirer consulting him, he unmasks and 
explodes these sacrilegious arts. In that letter, indeed, he repudiates all 
demons, whom he maintains to be so foolish as to be attracted by the sacrificial 
vapors, and therefore residing not in the ether, but in the air beneath the 
moon, and indeed in the moon itself. Yet he has not the boldness to attribute to 
all the demons all the deceptions and malicious and foolish practices which 
justly move his indignation. For, though he acknowledges that as a race demons 
are foolish, he so far accommodates himself to popular ideas as to call some of 
them benignant demons. He expresses surprise that sacrifices not only incline 
the gods, but also compel and force them to do what men wish; and he is at a 
loss to understand how the sun and moon, and other visible celestial 
bodies,--for bodies he does not doubt that they are,--are considered gods, if 
the gods are distinguished from the demons by their incorporeality; also, if 
they are gods, how some are called beneficent and others hurtful, and how they, 
being corporeal, are numbered with the gods, who are incorporeal. He inquires 
further, and still as one in doubt, whether diviners and wonderworkers are men 
of unusually powerful souls, or whether the power to do these things is 
communicated by spirits from without. He inclines to the latter opinion, on the 
ground that it is by the use of stones and herbs that they lay spells on people, 
and open closed doors, and do similar wonders. And on this account, he says, 
some suppose that there is a race of beings whose property it is to listen to 
men,--a race deceitful, full of contrivances, capable of assuming all forms, 
simulating gods, demons, and dead men,--and that it is this race which bring 
about all these things which have the appearance of good or evil, but that what 
is really good they never help us in, and are indeed unacquainted with, for they 
make wickedness easy, but throw obstacles in the path of those who eagerly 
follow virtue; and that they are filled with pride and rashness, delight in 
sacrificial odors, are taken with flattery. These and the other characteristics 
of this race of deceitful and malicious spirits, who come into the souls of men 
and delude their senses, both in sleep and waking, he describes not as things of 
which he is himself convinced, but only with so much suspicion and doubt as to 
cause him to speak of them as commonly received opinions. We should sympathize 
with this great philosopher in the difficulty he experienced in acquainting 
himself with and confidently assailing the whole fraternity of devils, which any 
Christian old woman would unhesitatingly describe and most unreservedly detest. 
Perhaps, however, he shrank from offending Anebo, to whom he was writing, 
himself the most eminent patron of these mysteries, or the others who marvelled 
at these magical feats as divine works, and closely allied to the worship of the 
gods. 
However, he pursues this subject, and, still in the character of an inquirer, 
mentions some things which no sober judgment could attribute to any but 
malicious and deceitful powers. He asks why, after the better class of spirits 
have been invoked, the worse should be commanded to perform the wicked desires 
of men; why they do not hear a man who has just left a woman's embrace, while 
they themselves make no scruple of tempting, men to incest and adultery; why 
their priests are commanded to abstain from animal food for fear of being 
polluted by the corporeal exhalations, while they themselves are attracted by 
the fumes of sacrifices and other exhalations; why the initiated are forbidden 
to touch a dead body, while their mysteries are celebrated almost entirely by 
means of dead bodies; why it is that a man addicted to any vice should utter 
threats, not to a demon or to the soul of a dead man, but to the sun and moon, 
or some of the heavenly bodies, which he intimidates by imaginary terrors, that 
he may wring from them a real boon,--for he threatens that he will demolish the 
sky, and such like impossibilities,--that those gods, being alarmed, like silly 
children, with imaginary and absurd threats, may do what they are ordered. 
Porphyry further relates that a man, Chaeremon, profoundly versed in these 
sacred or rather sacrilegious mysteries, had written that the famous Egyptian 
mysteries of Isis and her husband Osiris had very great influence with the gods 
to compel them to do what they were ordered, when he who used the spells 
threatened to divulge or do away with these mysteries, and cried with a 
threatening voice that he would scatter the members of Osiris if they neglected 
his orders. Not without reason is Porphyry surprised that a man should utter 
such wild and empty threats against the gods,--not against gods of no account, 
but against the heavenly gods, and those that shine with sidereal light,--and 
that these threats should be effectual to constrain them with resistless power, 
and alarm them so that they fulfill his wishes. Not without reason does he, in 
the character of an inquirer into the reasons of these surprising things, give 
it to be understood that they are done by that race of spirits which he 
previously described as if quoting other people's opinions,--spirits who deceive 
not, as he said, by nature, but by their own corruption, and who simulate gods 
and dead men, but not, as he said, demons for demons they really are. As to his 
idea that by means of herbs, and stones, and animals, and certain incantations 
and noises, and drawings, sometimes fanciful, and sometimes copied from the 
motions of the heavenly bodies, men create upon earth powers capable of bringing 
about various results, all that is only the mystification which these demons 
practise on those who are subject to them, for the sake of furnishing themselves 
with merriment at the expense of their dupes. Either, then, Porphyry was sincere 
in his doubts and inquiries, and mentioned these things to demonstrate and put 
beyond question that they were the work, not of powers which aid us in obtaining 
life, but of deceitful demons; or, to take a more favorable view of the 
philosopher, he adopted this method with the Egyptian who was wedded to these 
errors, and was proud of them, that he might not offend him by assuming the 
attitude of a teacher, nor discompose his mind by the altercation of a professed 
assailant, but, by assuming the character of an inquirer, and the humble 
attitude of one who was anxious to learn, might turn his attention to these 
matters, and show how worthy they are to be despised and relinquished. Towards 
the conclusion of his letter, he requests Anebo to inform him what the Egyptian 
wisdom indicates as the way to blessedness. But as to those who hold intercourse 
with the gods, and pester them only for the sake of finding a runaway slave, or 
acquiring property, or making a bargain of a marriage, or such things, he 
declares that their pretensions to wisdom are vain. He adds that these same 
gods, even granting that on other points their utterances were true, were yet so 
ill-advised and unsatisfactory in their disclosures about blessedness, that they 
cannot be either gods or good demons, but are either that spirit who is called 
the deceiver, or mere fictions of the imagination. 
CHAP. 12.--OF THE MIRACLES WROUGHT BY THE TRUE GOD THROUGH THE MINISTRY OF THE 
HOLY ANGELS. 
Since by means of these arts wonders are done which quite surpass human power, 
what choice have we but to believe that these predictions and operations, which 
seem to be miraculous and divine, and which at the same time form no part of the 
worship of the one God, in adherence to whom, as the Platonists themselves 
abundantly testify, all blessedness consists, are the pastime of wicked spirits, 
who thus seek to seduce and hinder the truly godly? On the other hand, we cannot 
but believe that all miracles, whether wrought by angels or by other means, so 
long as they are so done as to commend the worship and religion of the one God 
in whom alone is blessedness, are wrought by those who love us in a true and 
godly sort, or through their means, God Himself working in them. For we cannot 
listen to those who maintain that the invisible God works no visible miracles; 
for even they believe that He made the world, which surely they will not deny to 
be visible. Whatever marvel happens in this world, it is certainly less 
marvellens than this whole world itself,--I mean the sky and earth, and all that 
is in them,--and these God certainly made. But, as the Creator Himself is hidden 
and incomprehensible to man, so also is the manner of creation. Although, 
therefore, the standing miracle of this visible world is little thought of, 
because always before us, yet, when we arouse ourselves to contemplate it, it is 
a greater miracle than the rarest and most unheard-of marvels. For man himself 
is a greater miracle than any miracle done through his instrumentality. 
Therefore God, who made the visible heaven and earth, does not disdain to work 
visible miracles in heaven or earth, that He may thereby awaken the soul which 
is immersed in things visible to worship Himself, the Invisible. But the place 
and time of these miracles are dependent on His unchangeable will, in which 
things future are ordered as if already they were accomplished. For He moves 
things temporal without Himself moving in time, He does not in one way know 
things that are to be, and, in another, things that have been; neither does He 
listen to those who pray otherwise than as He sees those that will pray. For, 
even when His angels hear us, it is He Himself who hears us in them, as in His 
true temple not made with hands, as in those men who are His saints; and His 
answers, though accomplished in time, have been arranged by His eternal 
appointment. 
CHAP. 13.--OF THE INVISIBLE GOD, WHO HAS OFTEN MADE HIMSELF VISIBLE, NOT AS HE 
REALLY IS, BUT AS THE BEHOLDERS COULD BEAR THE SIGHT. 
Neither need we be surprised that God, invisible as He is, should often have 
appeared visibly to the patriarchs. For as the sound which communicates the 
thought conceived in the silence of the mind is not the thought itself, so the 
form by which God, invisible in His own nature, became visible, was not God 
Himself. Nevertheless it is He Himself who was seen under that form, as that 
thought itself is heard in the sound of the voice; and the patriarchs recognized 
that, though the bodily form was not God, they saw the invisible God. For, 
though Moses conversed with God, yet he said, "If I have found grace in Thy 
sight, show me Thyself, that I may see and know Thee."(1) And as it was fit that 
the law, which was given, not to one man or a few enlightened men, but to the 
whole of a populous nation, should be accompanied by awe-inspiring signs, great 
marvels were wrought, by the ministry of angels, before the people on the mount 
where the law was being given to them through one man, while the multitude 
beheld the awful appearances. For the people of Israel believed Moses, not as 
the Lacedaemonians believed their Lycurgus, because he had received from Jupiter 
or Apollo the laws he gave them. For when the law which enjoined the worship of 
one God was given to the people, marvellous signs and earthquakes, such as the 
divine wisdom judged sufficient, were brought about in the sight of all, that 
they might know that it was the Creator who could thus use creation to 
promulgate His law. 
CHAP. 14.--THAT THE ONE GOD IS TO BE WORSHIPPED NOT ONLY FOR THE SAKE OF ETERNAL 
BLESSINGS, BUT ALSO IN CONNECTION WITH TEMPORAL PROSPERITY, BECAUSE ALL THINGS 
ARE REGULATED BY HIS PROVIDENCE. 
The education of the human race, represented by the people of God, has advanced, 
like that of an individual, through certain epochs, or, as it were, ages, so 
that it might gradually rise from earthly to heavenly things, and from the 
visible to the invisible. This object was kept so clearly in view, that, even in 
the period when temporal rewards were promised, the one God was presented as the 
object of worship, that men might not acknowledge any other than the true 
Creator and Lord of the spirit, even in connection with the earthly blessings of 
this transitory life. For he who denies that all things, which either angels or 
men can give us, are in the hand of the one Almighty, is a madman. The Platonist 
Plotinus discourses concerning providence, and, from the beauty of flowers and 
foliage, proves that from the supreme God, whose beauty is unseen and ineffable, 
providence reaches down even to these earthly things here below; and he argues 
that all these frail and perishing things could not have so exquisite and 
elaborate a beauty, were they not fashioned by Him whose unseen and unchangeable 
beauty continually pervades all things.(2) This is proved also by the Lord 
Jesus, where He says, "Consider the lilies, how they grow; they toil not, 
neither do they spin. And yet I say unto you that Solomon in all his glory was 
not arrayed like one of these. But if God so clothe the grass of the field, 
which to-day is and to-morrow is cast into the oven, how much more shall He 
clothe you, O ye of little faith.!"(2) It was best, therefore, that the soul of 
man, which was still weakly desiring earthly things, should be accustomed to 
seek from God alone even these petty temporal boons. and the earthly necessaries 
of this transitory life, which are contemptible in comparison with eternal 
blessings, in order that the desire even of these things might not draw it aside 
from the worship of Him, to whom we come by despising and forsaking such things 
CHAP. 15.--OF THE MINISTRY OF THE HOLY ANGELS, BY WHICH THEY FULFILL THE 
PROVIDENCE OF GOD. 
And so it has pleased Divine Providence, as I have said, and as we read in the 
Acts of the Apostles,(1) that the law enjoining the worship of one God should be 
given by the disposition of angels. But among them the person of God Himself 
visibly appeared, not, indeed, in His proper substance, which ever remains 
invisible to mortal eyes, but by the infallible signs furnished by creation in 
obedience to its Creator. He made use, too, of the words of human speech, 
uttering them syllable by syllable successively, though in His own nature He 
speaks not in a bodily but in a spiritual way; not to sense, but to the mind; 
not in words that occupy time, but, if I may so say, eternally, neither 
beginning to speak nor coming to an end. And what He says is accurately heard, 
not by the bodily but by the mental ear of His ministers and messengers, who are 
immortally blessed in the enjoyment of His unchangeable truth; and the 
directions which they in some ineffable way receive, they execute without delay 
or difficulty in the sensible and visible world. And this law was given in 
conformity with the age of the world, and Contained at the first earthly 
promises, as I have said, which, however, symbolized eternal ones; and these 
eternal blessings few understood, though many took a part in the celebration of 
their visible signs. Nevertheless, with one consent both the words and the 
visible rites of that law enjoin the worship of one God,--not one of a crowd of 
gods, but Him who made heaven and earth, and every soul and every spirit which 
is other than Himself. He created; all else was created; and, both for being and 
well-being, all things need Him who created them. 
CHAP. 16.--WHETHER THOSE ANGELS WHO DEMAND THAT WE PAY THEM DIVINE HONOR, OR 
THOSE WHO TEACH US TO RENDER HOLY SERVICE, NOT TO THEMSELVES, BUT TO GOD, ARE TO 
BE TRUSTED ABOUT THE WAY TO LIFE ETERNAL. 
What angels, then, are we to believe in this matter of blessed and eternal 
life?--those who wish to be worshipped with religious rites and observances, and 
require that men sacrifice to them; or those who say that all this worship is 
due to one God, the Creator, and teach us to render it with true piety to Him, 
by the vision of whom they are themselves already blessed, and in whom they 
promise that we shall be so? For that vision of God is the beauty of a vision so 
great, and is so infinitely desirable, that Plotinus does not hesitate to say 
that he who enjoys all other blessings in abundance, and has not this, is 
supremely miserable.(2) Since, therefore, miracles are wrought by some angels to 
induce us to worship this God, by others, to induce us to worship themselves; 
and since the former forbid us to worship these, while the latter dare not 
forbid us to worship God, which are we to listen to? Let the Platonists reply, 
or any philosophers, or the theurgists, or rather, periurgists,(3)--for this 
name is good enough for those who practise such arts. In short, let all men 
answer,--if, at least, there survives in them any spark of that natural 
perception which, as rational beings, they possess when created,--let them, I 
say, tell us whether we should sacrifice to the gods or angels who order us to 
sacrifice to them, or to that One to whom we are ordered to sacrifice by those 
who forbid us to worship either themselves or these others. If neither the one 
party nor the other had wrought miracles, but had merely uttered commands, the 
one to sacrifice to themselves, the other forbidding that, and ordering us to 
sacrifice to God, a godly mind would have been at no loss to discern which 
command proceeded from proud arrogance, and which from true religion. I will say 
more. If miracles had been wrought only by those who demand sacrifice for 
themselves, while those who forbade this, and enjoined sacrificing to the one 
God only, thought fit entirely to forego the use of visible miracles, the 
authority of the latter was to be preferred by all who would use, not their eyes 
only, but their reason. But since God, for the sake of commending to us the 
oracles of His truth, has, by means of these immortal messengers, who proclaim 
His majesty and not their own pride, wrought miracles of surpassing grandeur, 
certainty, and distinctness, in order that the weak among the godly might not be 
drawn away to false religion by those who require us to sacrifice to them and 
endeavor to convince us by stupendous appeals to our senses, who is so utterly 
unreasonable as not to choose and follow the truth, when he finds that it is 
heralded by even more striking evidences than falsehood? 
As for those miracles which history ascribes to the gods of the heathen,--I do 
not refer to those prodigies which at intervals happen from some unknown 
physical causes, and which are arranged and appointed by Divine Providence, such 
as monstrous births, and unusual meteorological phenomena, whether startling 
only or also injurious, and which are said to be brought about and removed by 
communication with demons, and by their most deceitful craft,--but I refer to 
these prodigies which manifestly enough are wrought by their power and force, 
as, that the household gods which AEneas carried from Troy in his flight moved 
from place to place; that Tarquin cut a whetstone with a razor; that the 
Epidaurian serpent attached himself as a companion to AEsculapius on his voyage 
to Rome; that the ship in which the image of the Phrygian mother stood, and 
which could not be moved by a host of men and oxen, was moved by one weak woman, 
who attached her girdle to the vessel and drew it, as proof of her chastity; 
that a vestal, whose virginity was questioned, removed the suspicion by carrying 
from the Tiber a sieve full of water without any of it dropping: these, then, 
and the like, are by no means to be compared for greatness and virtue to those 
which, we read, were wrought among God's people. How much less can we compare 
those marvels, which even the laws of heathen nations prohibit and punish,--I 
mean the magical and theurgic marvels, of which the great part are merely 
illusions practised upon the senses, as the drawing down of the moon, "that," as 
Lucan says, "it may shed a stronger influence on the plants?"(1) And if some of 
these do seem to equal those which are wrought by the godly, the end for which 
they are wrought distinguishes the two, and shows that ours are incomparably the 
more excellent. For those miracles commend the worship of a plurality of gods, 
who deserve worship the less the more they demand it; but these of ours commend 
the worship of the one God, who, both by the testimony of His own Scriptures, 
and by the eventual abolition of sacrifices, proves that He needs no such 
offerings. If, therefore, any angels demand sacrifice for themselves, we must 
prefer those who demand it, not for themselves, but for God, the Creator of all, 
whom they serve. For thus they prove how sincerely they love us, since they wish 
by sacrifice to subject us, not to themselves, but to Him by the contemplation 
of whom they themselves are blessed, and to bring us to Him from whom they 
themselves have never strayed. If, on the other hand, any angels wish us to 
sacrifice, not to one, but to many, not, indeed, to themselves, but to the gods 
whose angels they are, we must in this case also prefer those who are the angels 
of the one God of gods, and who so bid us to worship Him as to preclude our 
worshipping any other. But, further, if it be the case, as their pride and 
deceitfulness rather indicate, that they are neither good angels nor the angels 
of good gods, but wicked demons, who wish sacrifice to be paid, not to the one 
only and supreme God, but to themselves, what better protection against them can 
we choose than that of the one God whom the good angels serve, the angels who 
bid us sacrifice, not to themselves, but to Him whose sacrifice we our selves 
ought to be? 
CHAP. 17.--CONCERNING THE ARE OF THE COVENANT, AND THE MIRACULOUS SIGNS WHEREBY 
GOD AUTHENTICATED THE LAW AND THE PROMISE. 
On this account it was that the law of God, given by the disposition of angels, 
and which commanded that the one God of gods alone receive sacred worship, to 
the exclusion of all others, was deposited in the ark, called the ark of the 
testimony. By this name it is sufficiently indicated, not that God, who was 
worshipped by all those rites, was shut up and enclosed in that place, though 
His responses emanated from it along with signs appreciable by the senses, but 
that His will was declared from that throne. The law itself, too, was engraven 
on tables of stone, and, as I have said, deposited in the ark, which the priests 
carried with due reverence during the sojourn in the wilderness, along with the 
tabernacle, which was in like manner called the tabernacle of the testimony; and 
there was then an accompanying sign, which appeared as a cloud by day and as a 
fire by night; when the cloud moved, the camp was shifted, and where it stood 
the camp was pitched. Besides these signs, and the voices which proceeded from 
the place where the ark was, there were other miraculous testimonies to the law. 
For when the ark was carried across Jordan, on the entrance to the land of 
promise, the upper part of the river stopped in its course, and the lower part 
flowed on, so as to present both to the ark and the people dry ground to pass 
over. Then, when it was carried seven times round the first hostile and 
polytheistic city they came to, its walls suddenly fell down, though assaulted 
by no hand, struck by no battering-ram. Afterwards, too, when they were now 
resident in the land of promise, and the ark had, in punishment of their sin, 
been taken by their enemies, its captors triumphantly placed it in the temple of 
their favorite god, and left it shut up there, but, on opening the temple next 
day, they found the image they used to pray to fallen to the ground and 
shamefully shattered. Then, being themselves alarmed by portents, and still more 
shamefully punished, they restored the ark of the testimony to the people from 
whom they had taken it. And what was the manner of its restoration? They placed 
it on a wagon, and yoked to it cows from which they had taken the calves, and 
let them choose their own course, expecting that in this way the divine will 
would be indicated; and the cows without any man driving or directing them, 
steadily pursued the way to the Hebrews, without regarding the lowing of their 
calves, and thus restored the ark to its worshippers. To God these and such like 
wonders are small, but they are mighty to terrify and give wholesome instruction 
to men. For if philosophers, and especially the Platonists, are with justice 
esteemed wiser than other men, as I have just been mentioning, because they 
taught that even these earthly and insignificant things are ruled by Divine 
Providence, inferring this from the numberless beauties which are observable not 
only in the bodies of animals, but even in plants and grasses, how much more 
plainly do these things attest the presence of divinity which happen at the time 
predicted, and in which that religion is commended which forbids the offering of 
sacrifice to any celestial, terrestrial, or infernal being, and commands it to 
be offered to God only, who alone blesses us by His love for us, and by our love 
to Him, and who, by arranging the appointed times of those sacrifices, and by 
predicting that they were to pass into a better sacrifice by a better Priest, 
testified that He has no appetite for these sacrifices, but through them 
indicated others of more substantial blessing,--and all this not that He Himself 
may be glorified by these honors, but that we may be stirred up to worship and 
cleave to Him, being inflamed by His love, which is our advantage rather than 
His? 
CHAP. 18.--AGAINST THOSE WHO DENY THAT THE BOOKS OF THE CHURCH ARE TO BE 
BELIEVED ABOUT THE MIRACLES WHEREBY THE PEOPLE OF GOD WERE EDUCATED. 
Will some one say that these miracles are false, that they never happened, and 
that the records of them are lies? Whoever says so, and asserts that in such 
matters no records whatever can be credited, may also say that there are no gods 
who care for human affairs. For they have induced men to worship them only by 
means of miraculous works, which the heathen histories testify, and by which the 
gods have made a display of their own power rather than done any real service. 
This is the reason why we have not undertaken in this work, of which we are now 
writing the tenth book, to refute those who either deny that there is any divine 
power, or contend that it does not interfere with human affairs, but those who 
prefer their own god to our God, the Founder of the holy and most glorious city, 
not knowing that He is also the invisible and unchangeable Founder of this 
visible and changing world, and the truest bestower of the blessed life which 
resides not in things created, but in Himself. For thus speaks His most 
trustworthy prophet: "It is good for me to be united to God."(1) Among 
philosophers it is a question, what is that end and good to the attainment of 
which all our duties are to have a relation? The Psalmist did not say, It is 
good for me to have great wealth, or to wear imperial insignia, purple, sceptre, 
and diadem; or, as some even of the philosophers have not blushed to say, It is 
good for me to enjoy sensual pleasure; or, as the better men among them seemed 
to say, My good is my spiritual strength; but, "It is good for me to be united 
to God." This he had learned from Him whom the holy angels, with the 
accompanying witness of miracles, presented as the sole object of worship. And 
hence he himself became the sacrifice of God, whose spiritual love inflamed him, 
and into whose ineffable and incorporeal embrace he yearned to cast himself. 
Moreover, if the worshippers of many gods (whatever kind of gods they fancy 
their own to be) believe that the miracles recorded in their civil histories, or 
in the books of magic, or of the more respectable theurgy, were wrought by these 
gods, what reason have they for refusing to believe the miracles recorded in 
those writings, to which we owe a credence as much greater as He is greater to 
whom alone these writings teach us to sacrifice? 
CHAP. 19.--ON THE REASONABLENESS OF OFFERING, AS THE TRUE RELIGION TEACHES, A 
VISIBLE SACRIFICE TO THE ONE TRUE AND INVISIBLE GOD. 
As to those who think that these visible sacrifices are suitably offered to 
other gods, but that invisible sacrifices, the graces of purity of mind and 
holiness of will, should be offered, as greater and better, to the invisible 
God, Himself greater and better than alI others, they must be oblivious that 
these visible sacrifices are signs of the invisible, as the words we utter are 
the signs of things. And therefore, as in prayer or praise we direct 
intelligible words to Him to whom in our heart we offer the very feelings we are 
expressing, so we are to understand that in sacrifice we offer visible sacrifice 
only to Him to whom in our heart we ought to present ourselves an invisible 
sacrifice. It is then that the angels, and all those superior powers who are 
mighty by their goodness and piety, regard us with pleasure, and rejoice with us 
and assist us to the utmost of their power. But if we offer such worship to 
them, they decline it; and when on any mission to men they become visible to the 
senses, they positively forbid it. Examples of this occur in holy writ. Some 
fancied they should, by adoration or sacrifice, pay the same honor to angels as 
is due to God, and were prevented from doing so by the angels themselves, and 
ordered to render it to Him to whom alone they know it to be due. And the holy 
angels have in this been imitated by holy men of God. For Paul and Barnabas, 
when they had wrought a miracle of healing in Lycaonia, were thought to be gods, 
and the Lycaonians desired to sacrifice to them, and they humbly and piously 
declined this honor, and announced to them the God in whom they should believe. 
And those deceitful and proud spirits, who exact worship, do so simply because 
they know it to be due to the true God. For that which they take pleasure in is 
not, as Porphyry says and some fancy, the smell of the victims, but divine 
honors. They have, in fact, plenty odors on all hands, and if they wished more, 
they could provide them for themselves. But the spirits who arrogate to 
themselves divinity are delighted not with the smoke of carcasses but with the 
suppliant spirit which they deceive and hold in subjection, and hinder from 
drawing near to God, preventing him from offering himself in sacrifice to God by 
inducing him to sacrifice to others. 
CHAP. 20.--OF THE SUPREME AND TRUE SACRIFICE WHICH WAS EFFECTED BY THE MEDIATOR 
BETWEEN GOD AND MEN. 
And hence that true Mediator, in so far as, by assuming the form of a servant, 
He became the Mediator between God and men, the man Christ Jesus, though in the 
form of God He received sacrifice together with the Father, with whom He is one 
God, yet in the form of a servant He chose rather to be than to receive a 
sacrifice, that not even by this instance any one might have occasion to suppose 
that sacrifice should be rendered to any creature. Thus He is both the Priest 
who offers and the Sacrifice offered. And He designed that there should be a 
daily sign of this in the sacrifice of the Church, which, being His body, learns 
13 
to offer herself through Him. Of this true Sacrifice the ancient sacrifices of 
the saints were the various and numerous signs; and it was thus variously 
figured, just as one thing is signified by a variety of words, that there may be 
less weariness when we speak of it much. To this supreme and true sacrifice all 
false sacrifices have given place. 
CHAP. 21 .--OF THE POWER DELEGATED TO DEMONS FOR THE TRIAL AND GLORIFICATION OF 
THE SAINTS, WHO CONQUER NOT BY PROPITIATING THE SPIRITS OF THE AIR, BUT BY 
ABIDING IN GOD. 
The power delegated to the demons at certain appointed and well-adjusted 
seasons, that they may give expression to their hostility to the city of God by 
stirring up against it the men who are under their influence, and may not only 
receive sacrifice from those who willingly offer it, but may also extort it from 
the unwilling by violent persecution;--this power is found to be not merely 
harmless, but even useful to the Church, completing as it does the number of 
martyrs, whom the city of God esteems as all the more illustrious and honored 
citizens, because they have striven even to blood against the sin of impiety. If 
the ordinary language of the Church allowed it, we might more elegantly call 
these men our heroes. For this name is said to be derived from Juno, who in 
Greek is called Here, and hence, according to the Greek myths, one of her sons 
was called Heros. And these fables mystically signified that Juno was mistress 
of the air, which they suppose to be inhabited by the demons and the heroes, 
understanding by heroes the souls of the well-deserving dead. But for a quite 
opposite reason would we call our martyrs heroes,--supposing, as I said, that 
the usage of ecclesiastical language would admit of it,--not because they lived 
along with the demons in the air, but because they conquered these demons or 
powers of the air, and among them Juno herself, be she what she may, not 
unsuitably represented, as she commonly is by the poets, as hostile to virtue, 
and jealous of men of mark aspiring to the heavens. Virgil, however, unhappily 
gives way, and yields to her; for, though he represents her as saying, "I am 
conquered by AEneas,"(1) Helenus gives. AEneas himself this religious advice: 
"Pay vows to Juno: overbear 
Her queenly soul with gift and prayer."[2] 
In conformity with this opinion, Porphyry expressing, however, not so much his 
own views as other people's--says that a good god or genius cannot come to a man 
unless the evil genius has been first of all propitiated, implying that the evil 
deities had greater power than the good; for, until they have been appeased and 
give place, the good can give no assistance; and if the evil deities oppose, the 
good can give no help; whereas the evil can do injury without the good being 
able to prevent them. This is not the way of the true and truly holy religion; 
not thus do our martyrs conquer Juno, that is to say, the powers of the air, who 
envy the virtues of the pious. Our heroes, if we could so call them, overcome 
Here, not by suppliant gifts, but by divine virtues. As Scipio, who conquered 
Africa by his valor, is more suitably styled Africanus than if he had appeased 
his enemies by gifts, and so won their mercy. 
CHAP. 22.--WHENCE THE SAINTS DERIVE POWER AGAINST DEMONS AND TRUE PURIFICATION 
OF HEART. 
It is by true piety that men of God cast out the hostile power of the air which 
opposes godliness; it is by exorcising it, not by propitiating it; and they 
overcome all the temptations of the adversary by praying, not to him, but to 
their own God against him. For the devil cannot conquer or subdue any but those 
who are in league with sin; and therefore he is conquered in the name of Him who 
assumed humanity, and that without sin, that Himself being both Priest and 
Sacrifice, He might bring about the remission of sins, that is to say, might 
bring it about through the Mediator between God and men, the man Christ Jesus, 
by whom we are reconciled to God, the cleansing from sin being accomplished. For 
men are separated from God only by sins, from which we are in this life cleansed 
not by our own virtue, but by the divine compassion; through His indulgence, not 
through our own power. For, whatever virtue we call our own is itself bestowed 
upon us by His goodness. And we might attribute too much to ourselves while in 
the flesh, unless we lived in the receipt of pardon until we laid it down. This 
is the reason why there has been vouchsafed to us, through the Mediator, this 
grace, that we who are polluted by sinful flesh should be cleansed by the 
likeness of sinful flesh. By this grace of God, wherein He has shown His great 
compassion toward us, we are both governed by faith in this life, and, after 
this life, are led onwards to the fullest perfection by the vision of immutable 
truth. 
CHAP. 23. --OF THE PRINCIPLES WHICH, ACCORDING TO THE PLATONISTS, REGULATE THE 
PURIFICATION OF THE SOUL. 
Even Porphyry asserts that it was revealed by divine oracles that we are not 
purified by any sacrifices(1) to sun or moon, meaning it to be inferred that we 
are not purified by sacrificing to any gods. For what mysteries can purify, if 
those of the sun and moon, which are esteemed the chief of the celestial gods, 
do not purify? He says, too, in the same place, that "principles" can purify, 
lest it should be supposed, from his saying that sacrificing to the sun and moon 
cannot purify, that sacrificing to some other of the host of gods might do so. 
And what he as a Platonist means by "principles," we know.(2) For he speaks of 
God the Father and God the Son, whom he calls (writing in Greek) the intellect 
or mind of the Father;(3) but of the Holy Spirit he says either nothing, or 
nothing plainly, for I do not understand what other he speaks of as holding the 
middle place between these two. For if, like Plotinus in his discussion 
regarding the three principal substances,(4) he wished us to understand by this 
third the soul of nature, he would certainly not have given it the middle place 
between these two, that is, between the Father and the Son. For Plotinus places 
the soul of nature after the intellect of the Father, while Porphyry, making it 
the mean, does not place it after, but between the others. No doubt he spoke 
according to his light, or as he thought expedient; but we assert that the Holy 
Spirit is the Spirit not of the Father only, nor of the Son only, but of both. 
For philosophers speak as they have a mind to, and in the most difficult matters 
do not scruple to offend religious ears; but we are bound to speak according to 
a certain rule, lest freedom of speech beget impiety of opinion about the 
matters themselves of which we speak. 
CHAP. 24.--OF THE ONE ONLY TRUE PRINCIPLE WHICH ALONE PURIFIES AND RENEWS HUMAN 
NATURE. 
Accordingly, when we speak of God, we do not affirm two or three principles, no 
more than we are at liberty to affirm two or three gods; although, speaking of 
each, of the Father, or of the Son, or of the Holy Ghost, we confess that each 
is God: and yet we do not say, as the Sabellian heretics say, that the Father is 
the same as the Son, and the Holy Spirit the same as the Father and the Son; but 
we say that the Father is the Father of the Son, and the Son the Son of the 
Father, and that the Holy Spirit of the Father and the Son is neither the Father 
nor the Son. It was therefore truly said that man is cleansed only by a 
Principle, although the Platonists erred in speaking in the plural of 
principles. But Porphyry, being under the dominion of these envious powers, 
whose influence he was at once ashamed of and afraid to throw off, refused to 
recognize that Christ is the Principle by whose incarnation we are purified. 
Indeed he despised Him, because of the flesh itself which He assumed, that He 
might offer a sacrifice for our purification,--a great mystery, unintelligible 
to Porphyry's pride, which that true and benignant Redeemer brought low by His 
humility, manifesting Himself to mortals by the mortality which He assumed, and 
which the malignant and deceitful mediators are proud of wanting, promising, as 
the boon of immortals, a deceptive assistance to wretched men. Thus the good and 
true Mediator showed that it is sin which is evil, and not the substance or 
nature of flesh; for this, together with the human soul, could without sin be 
both assumed and retained, and laid down in death, and changed to something 
better by resurrection. He showed also that death itself, although the 
punishment of sin, was submitted to by Him for our sakes without sin, and must 
not be evaded by sin on our part, but rather, if opportunity serves, be borne 
for righteousness' sake. For he was able to expiate sins by dying, because He 
both died, and not for sin of His own. But He has not been recognized by 
Porphyry as the Principle, otherwise he would have recognized Him as the 
Purifier. The Principle is neither the flesh nor the human soul in Christ but 
the Word by which all things were made. The flesh, therefore, does not by its 
own virtue purify, but by virtue of the Word by which it was assumed, when "the 
Word became flesh and dwelt among us."(1) For speaking mystically of eating His 
flesh, when those who did not understand Him were offended and went away, 
saying, "This is an hard saying, who can hear it?" He answered to the rest who 
remained, "It is the Spirit that quickeneth; the flesh profiteth nothing."(2) 
The Principle, therefore, having assumed a human soul and flesh, cleanses the 
soul and flesh of believers. Therefore, when the Jews asked Him who He was, He 
answered that He was the Principle.(3) And this we carnal and feeble men, liable 
to sin, and involved in the darkness of ignorance, could not possibly 
understand, unless we were cleansed and healed by Him, both by means of what we 
were, and of what we were not. For we were men, but we were not righteous; 
whereas in His incarnation there was a human nature, but it was righteous, and 
not sinful. This is the mediation whereby a hand is stretched to the lapsed and 
fallen; this is the seed "ordained by angels," by whose ministry the law also 
was given enjoining the worship of one God, and promising that this Mediator 
should come. 
CHAP. 25.--THAT ALL THE SAINTS, BOTH UNDER THE LAW AND BEFORE IT, WERE JUSTIFIED 
BY FAITH IN THE MYSTERY OF CHRIST'S INCARNATION. 
It was by faith in this mystery, and godliness of life, that purification was 
attainable even by the saints of old, whether before the law was given to the 
Hebrews (for God and the angels were even then present as instructors), or in 
the periods under the law, although the promises of spiritual things, being 
presented in figure, seemed to be carnal, and hence the name of Old Testament. 
For it was then the prophets lived, by whom, as by angels, the same promise was 
announced; and among them was he whose grand and divine sentiment regarding the 
end and supreme good of man I have just now quoted, "It is good for me to cleave 
to God."(4) In this psalm the distinction between the Old and New Testaments is 
distinctly announced. For the Psalmist says, that when he saw that the carnal 
and earthly promises were abundantly enjoyed by the ungodly, his feet were 
almost gone, his steps had well-nigh slipped; and that it seemed to him as if he 
had served God in vain, when he saw that those who despised God increased in 
that prosperity which he looked for at God's hand. He says, too, that, in 
investigating this matter with the desire of understanding why it was so, he had 
labored in vain, until he went into the sanctuary of God, and understood the end 
of those whom he had erroneously considered happy. Then he understood that they 
were cast down by that very thing, as he says, which they had made their boast, 
and that they had been consumed and perished for their inequities; and that that 
whole fabric of temporal prosperity had become as a dream when one awaketh, and 
suddenly finds himself destitute of all the joys he had imaged in sleep. And, as 
in this earth or earthy city they seemed to themselves to be great, he says, "O 
Lord, in Thy city Thou wilt reduce their image to nothing." He also shows how 
beneficial it had been for him to seek even earthly blessings only from the one 
true God, in whose power are all things, for he says, "As a beast was I before 
Thee, and I am always with Thee." "As a beast," he says, meaning that he was 
stupid. For I ought to have sought from Thee such things as the ungodly could 
not enjoy as well as I, and not those things which I saw them enjoying in 
abundance, and hence concluded I was serving Thee in vain, because they who 
declined to serve Thee had what I had not. Nevertheless, "I am always with 
Thee," because even in my desire for such things I did not pray to other gods. 
And consequently he goes on, "Thou hast holden me by my right hand, and by Thy 
counsel Thou hast guided me, and with glory hast taken me up;" as if all earthly 
advantages were left-hand blessings, though, when he saw them enjoyed by the 
wicked, his feet had almost gone. "For what," he says, "have I in heaven, and 
what have I desired from Thee upon earth?" He blames himself, and is justly 
displeased with himself; because, though he had in heaven so vast a possession 
(as he afterwards understood), he yet sought from his God on earth a transitory 
and fleeting happiness;--a happiness of mire, we may say. "My heart and my 
flesh," he says, "fail, O God of my heart." Happy failure, from things below to 
things above! And hence in another psalm He says, "My soul longeth, yea, even 
faileth, for the courts of the Lord."(1) Yet, though he had said of both his 
heart and his flesh that they were failing, he did not say, O God of my heart 
and my flesh, but, O God of my heart; for by the heart the flesh is made clean. 
Therefore, says the Lord, "Cleanse that which is within, and the outside shall 
be clean also."(2) He then says that God Himself,--not anything received from 
Him, but Himself,--is his portion. "The God of my heart, and my portion for 
ever." Among the various objects of human choice, God alone satisfied him. "For, 
lo," he says, "they that are far from Thee shall perish: Thou destroyest all 
them that go a--whoring from Thee,"--that is, who prostitute themselves to many 
gods. And then follows the verse for which all the rest of the psalm seems to 
prepare: "It is good for me to cleave to God,"--not to go far off; not to go 
a-whoring with a multitude of gods. And then shall this union with God be 
perfected, when all that is to be redeemed in us has been redeemed. But for the 
present we must, as he goes on to say, "place our hope in God." "For that which 
is seen," says the apostle, "is not hope. For what a man sees, why does he yet 
hope for? But if we hope for that we see not, then do we with patience wait for 
it."(3) Being, then, for the present established in this hope, let us do what 
the Psalmist further indicates, and become in our measure angels or messengers 
of God, declaring His will, and praising His glory and His grace. For when he 
had said, "To place my hope in God," he goes on, "that I may declare all Thy 
praises in the gates of the daughter of Zion." This is the most glorious city of 
God; this is the city which knows and worships one God: she is celebrated by the 
holy angels, who invite us to their society, and desire us to become 
fellow-citizens with them in this city; for they do not wish us to worship them 
as our gods, but to join them in worshipping their God and ours; nor to 
sacrifice to them, but, together with them, to become a sacrifice to God. 
Accordingly, whoever will lay aside malignant obstinacy, and consider these 
things, shall be assured that all these blessed and immortal spirits, who do not 
envy us (for if they envied they were not blessed), but rather love us, and 
desire us to be as blessed as themselves, look on us with greater pleasure, and 
give us greater assistance, when we join them in worshipping one God, Father, 
Son, and Holy Ghost, than if we were to offer to themselves sacrifice and 
worship. 
CHAP. 26.--OF PORPHYRY'S WEAKNESS IN WAVERING BETWEEN THE CONFESSION OF THE TRUE 
GOD AND THE WORSHIP OF DEMONS. 
I know not how it is so, but it seems to me that Porphyry brushed for his 
friends the theurgists; for he knew all that I have adduced, but did not frankly 
condemn polytheistic worship. He said, in fact, that there are some angels who 
visit earth, and reveal divine truth to theurgists, and others who publish on 
earth the things that belong to the Father, His height and depth. Can we 
believe, then, that the angels whose office it is to declare the will of the 
Father, wish us to be subject to any but Him whose will they declare? And hence, 
even this Platonist himself judiciously observes that we should rather imitate 
than invoke them. We ought not, then, to fear that we may offend these immortal 
and happy subjects of the one God by not sacrificing to them; for this they know 
to be due only to the one true God, in allegiance to whom they themselves find 
their blessedness, and therefore they will not have it given to them, either in 
figure or in the reality, which the mysteries of sacrifice symbolized. Such 
arrogance belongs to proud and wretched demons, whose disposition is 
diametrically opposite to the piety of those who are subject to God, and whose 
blessedness consists in attachment to Him. And, that we also may attain to this 
bliss, they aid us, as is fit, with sincere kindliness, and usurp over us no 
dominion, but declare to us Him under whose rule we are then fellow-subjects. 
Why, then, O philosopher, do you still fear to speak freely against the powers 
which are inimical both to true virtue and to the gifts of the true God? Already 
you have discriminated between the angels who proclaim God's will, and those who 
visit theurgists, drawn down by I know not what art. Why do you still ascribe to 
these latter the honor of declaring divine truth? If they do not declare the 
will of the Father, what divine revelations can they make? Are not these the 
evil spirits who were bound over by the incantations of an envious man,(1) that 
they should not grant purity of soul to another, and could not, as you say, be 
set free from these bonds by a good man anxious for purity, and recover power 
over their own actions? Do you still doubt whether these are wicked demons; or 
do you, perhaps, feign ignorance, that you may not give offence to the 
theurgists, who have allured you by their secret rites, and have taught you, as 
a mighty boon, these insane and pernicious devilries? Do you dare to elevate 
above the air, and even to heaven, these envious powers, or pests, let me rather 
call them, less worthy of the name of sovereign than of slave, as you yourself 
own; and are you not ashamed to place them even among your sidereal gods, and so 
put a slight upon the stars themselves? 
CHAP. 27.--OF THE IMPIETY OF PORPHYRY, WHICH IS WORSE THAN EVEN THE MISTAKE OF 
APULEIUS. 
How much more tolerable and accordant with human feeling is the error of your 
Platonist co-sectary Apuleius! for he attributed the diseases and storms of 
human passions only to the demons who occupy a grade beneath the moon, and makes 
even this avowal as by constraint regarding gods whom he honors; hut the 
superior and celestial gods, who inhabit the ethereal regions, whether visible, 
as the sun, moon, and other luminaries, whose brilliancy makes them conspicuous, 
or invisible, but believed in by him, he does his utmost to remove beyond the 
slightest stain of these perturbations. It is not, then, from Plato, but from 
your Chaldaean teachers you have learned to elevate human vices to the ethereal 
and empyreal regions of the world and to the celestial firmament, in order that 
your theurgists might be able to obtain from your gods divine revelations; and 
yet you make yourself superior to these divine revelations by your intellectual 
life, which dispenses with these theurgic purifications as not needed by a 
philosopher. But, by way of rewarding your teachers, you recommend these arts to 
other men, who, not being philosophers, may be persuaded to use what you 
acknowledge to be useless to yourself, who are capable of higher things; so that 
those who cannot avail themselves of the virtue of philosophy, which is too 
arduous for the multitude, may, at your instigation, betake themselves to 
theurgists by whom they may be purified, not, indeed, in the intellectual, but 
in the spiritual part of the soul. Now, as the persons who are unfit for 
philosophy form incomparably the majority of mankind, more may be compelled to 
consult these secret and illicit teachers of yours than frequent the Platonic 
schools. For these most impure demons, pretending to be ethereal gods, whose 
herald and messenger you have become, have promised that those who are purified 
by theurgy in the spiritual part of their soul shall not indeed return to the 
Father, but shall dwell among the ethereal gods above the aerial regions. But 
such fancies are not listened to by the multitudes of men whom Christ came to 
set free from the tyranny of demons. For in Him they have the most gracious 
cleansing, in which mind, spirit, and body alike participate. For, in order that 
He might heal the whole man from the plague of sin, He took without sin the 
whole human nature. Would that you had known Him, and would that you had 
committed yourself for healing to Him rather than to your own frail and infirm 
human virtue, or to pernicious and curious arts! He would not have deceived you; 
for Him your own oracles, on your own showing, acknowledged holy and immortal. 
It is of Him, too, that the most famous poet speaks, poetically indeed, since he 
applies it to the person of another, yet truly, if you refer it to Christ 
saying, "Under thine auspices, if any traces of our crimes remain, they shall be 
obliterated, and earth freed from its perpetual fear."(1) By which he indicates 
that, by reason of the infirmity which attaches to this life, the greatest 
progress in virtue and righteousness leaves room for the existence, if not of 
crimes, yet of the traces of crimes, which are obliterated only by that Saviour 
of whom this verse speaks. For that he did not say this at the prompting of his 
own fancy, Virgil tells us in almost the last verse of that 4th Eclogue, when he 
says, "The last age predicted by the Cumaean sibyl has now arrived;" whence it 
plainly appears that this had been dictated by the Cumaean sibyl. But those 
theurgists, or rather demons, who assume the appearance and form of gods, 
pollute rather than purify the human spirit by false appearances and the 
delusive mockery of unsubstantial forms. How can those whose own spirit is 
unclean cleanse the spirit of man? Were they not unclean, they would not be 
bound by the incantations of an envious man, and would neither be afraid nor 
grudge to bestow that hollow boon which they promise. But it is sufficient for 
our purpose that you acknowledge that the intellectual soul, that is, our mind, 
cannot be justified by theurgy; and that even the spiritual or inferior part of 
our soul cannot by this act be made eternal and immortal, though you maintain 
that it can be purified by it. Christ, however, promises life eternal; and 
therefore to Him the world flocks, greatly to your indignation, greatly also to 
your astonishment and confusion. What avails your forced avowal that theurgy 
leads men astray, and deceives vast numbers by its ignorant and foolish 
teaching, and that it is the most manifest mistake to have recourse by prayer 
and sacrifice to angels and principalities, when at the same time, to save 
yourself from the charge of spending labor in vain on such arts, you direct men 
to the theurgists, that by their means men, who do not live by the rule of the 
intellectual soul, may have their spiritual soul purified? 
CHAP. 28.--HOW IT IS THAT PORPHYRY HAS BEEN SO BLIND AS NOT TO RECOGNIZE THE 
TRUE WISDOM--CHRIST. 
You drive men, therefore, into the most palpable error. And yet you are not 
ashamed of doing so much harm, though you call yourself a lover of virtue and 
wisdom. Had you been true and faithful in this profession, you would have 
recognized Christ, the virtue of God and the wisdom of God, and would not, in 
the pride of vain science, have revolted from His wholesome humility. 
Nevertheless you acknowledge that the spiritual part of the soul can be purified 
by the virtue of chastity without the aid of those theurgic arts and mysteries 
which you wasted your time in learning. You even say, sometimes, that these 
mysteries do not raise the soul after death, so that, after the termination of 
this life, they seem to be of no service even to the part you call spiritual; 
and yet you recur on every opportunity to these arts, for no other purpose, so 
far as I see, than to appear an accomplished theurgist, and gratify those who 
are curious in illicit arts, or else to inspire others with the same curiosity. 
But we give you all praise for saying that this art is to be feared, both on 
account of the legal enactments against it, and by reason of the danger involved 
in the very practice of it. And would that in this, at least, you were listened 
to by its wretched votaries, that they might be withdrawn from entire absorption 
in it, or might even be preserved from tampering with it at all! You say, 
indeed, that ignorance, and the numberless vices resulting from it, cannot be 
removed by any mysteries, but only by the <greek>patrikos</greek> 
<greek>nous</greek>, that is, the Father's mind or intellect conscious of the 
Father's will. But that Christ is this mind you do not believe; for Him you 
despise on account of the body He took of a woman and the shame of the cross; 
for your lofty wisdom spurns such low and contemptible things, and soars to more 
exalted regions. But He fulfills what the holy prophets truly predicted 
regarding Him: "I will destroy the wisdom of the wise, and bring to nought the 
prudence of the prudent."(2) For He does not destroy and bring to nought His own 
gift in them, but what they arrogate to themselves, and do not hold of Him. And 
hence the apostle, having quoted this testimony from the prophet, adds, "Where 
is the wise? where is the scribe? where is the disputer of this world? Hath not 
God made foolish the wisdom of this world? For after that, in the wisdom of God, 
the world by wisdom knew not God, it pleased God by the foolishness of preaching 
to save them that believe. For the Jews require a sign, and the Greeks seek 
after wisdom; but we preach Christ crucified, unto the Jews a stumbling-block, 
and unto the Greeks foolishness; but unto them which are called, both Jews and 
Greeks, Christ the power of God, and the wisdom of God. Because the foolishness 
of God is wiser than men; and the weakness of God is stronger than men."(1) This 
is despised as a weak and foolish thing by those who are wise and strong in 
themselves; yet this is the grace which heals the weak, who do not proudly boast 
a blessedness of their own, but rather humbly acknowledge their real misery. 
CHAP. 29.--OF THE INCARNATION OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST, WHICH THE PLATONISTS IN 
THEIR IMPIETY BLUSH TO ACKNOWLEDGE. 
You proclaim the Father and His Son, whom you call the Father's intellect or 
mind, and between these a third, by whom we suppose you mean the Holy Spirit, 
and in your own fashion you call these three Gods. In this, though your 
expressions are inaccurate, you do in some sort, and as through a veil, see what 
we should strive towards; but the incarnation of the unchangeable Son of God, 
whereby we are saved, and are enabled to reach the things we believe, or in part 
understand, this is what you refuse to recognize. You see in a fashion, although 
at a distance, although with filmy eye, the country in which we should abide; 
but the way to it you know not. Yet you believe in grace, for you say it is 
granted to few to reach God by virtue of intelligence. For you do not say, "Few 
have thought fit or have wished," but, "It has been granted to few,"--distinctly 
acknowledging God's grace, not man's sufficiency. You also use this word more 
expressly, when, in accordance with the opinion of Plato, you make no doubt that 
in this life a man cannot by any means attain to perfect wisdom, but that 
whatever is lacking is in the future life made up to those who live 
intellectually, by God's providence and grace. Oh, had you but recognized the 
grace of God in Jesus Christ our Lord, and that very incarnation of His, wherein 
He assumed a human soul and body, you might have seemed the brightest example of 
grace!(2) But what am I doing? I know it is useless to speak to a dead 
man,--useless, at least, so far as regards you, but perhaps not in vain for 
those who esteem you highly, and love you on account of their love of wisdom or 
curiosity about those arts which you ought not to have learned; and these 
persons I address in your name. The grace of God could not have been more 
graciously commended to us than thus, that the only Son of God, remaining 
unchangeable in Himself, should assume humanity, and should give us the hope of 
His love, by means of the mediation of a human nature, through which we, from 
the condition of men, might come to Him who was so far off,--the immortal from 
the mortal; the unchangeable from the changeable; the just from the unjust; the 
blessed from the wretched. And, as He had given us a natural instinct to desire 
blessedness and immortality, He Himself continuing to be blessed; but assuming 
mortality, by enduring what we fear, taught us to despise it, that what we long 
for He might bestow upon us. 
But in order to your acquiescence in this truth, it is lowliness that is 
requisite, and to this it is extremely difficult to bend you. For what is there 
incredible, especially to men like you, accustomed to speculation, which might 
have predisposed you to believe in this,--what is there incredible, I say, in 
the assertion that God assumed a human soul and body? You yourselves ascribe 
such excellence " to the intellectual soul, which is, after all, the human soul, 
that you maintain that it can become consubstantial with that intelligence of 
the Father whom you believe in as the Son of God. What incredible thing is it, 
then, if some one Soul be assumed by Him in an ineffable and unique manner for 
the salvation of many? Moreover, our nature itself testifies that a man is 
incomplete unless a body be united with the soul. This certainly would be more 
incredible, were it not of all things the most common; for we should more easily 
believe in a union between spirit and spirit, or, to use your own terminology, 
be tween the incorporeal and the incorporeal, even though the one were human, 
the other divine, the one changeable and the other unchangeable, than in a union 
between the corporeal and the incorporeal. But perhaps it is the unprecedented 
birth of a body from a virgin that staggers you? But, so far from this being a 
difficulty, it ought rather to assist you to receive our religion, that a 
miraculous person was born miraculously. Or, do you find a difficulty in the 
fact that, after His body had been given up to death, and had been changed into 
a higher kind of body by resurrection, and was now no longer mortal but 
incorruptible, He carried it up into heavenly places? Perhaps you refuse to 
believe this, because you remember that Porphyry, in these very books from which 
I have cited so much, and which treat of the return of the soul, so frequently 
teaches that a body of every kind is to be escaped from, in order that the soul 
may dwell in blessedness with God. But here, in place of following Porphyry, you 
ought rather to have corrected him, especially since you agree with him in 
believing such incredible things about the soul of this visible world and huge 
material frame. For, as scholars of Plato, you hold that the world is an animal, 
and a very happy animal, which you wish to be also everlasting. How, then, is it 
never to be loosed from a body, and yet never lose its happiness, if, in order 
to the happiness of the soul, the body must be left behind? The sun, too, and 
the other stars, you not only acknowledge to be bodies, in which you have the 
cordial assent of all seeing men, but also, in obedience to what you reckon a 
profounder insight, you declare that they are very blessed animals, and eternal, 
together with their bodies. Why is it, then, that when the Christian faith is 
pressed upon you, you forget, or pretend to ignore, what you habitually discuss 
or teach? Why is it that you refuse to be Christians, on the ground that you 
hold opinions which, in fact, you yourselves demolish? Is it not because Christ 
came in lowliness, and ye are proud? The precise nature of the resurrection 
bodies of the saints may sometimes occasion discussion among those who are best 
read in the Christian Scriptures; yet there is not among us the smallest doubt 
that they shall be everlasting, and of a nature exemplified in the instance of 
Christ's risen body. But whatever be their nature, since we maintain that they 
shall be absolutely incorruptible and immortal, and shall offer no hindrance to 
the soul's contemplation, by which it is fixed in God, and as you say that among 
the celestials the bodies of the eternally blessed are eternal, why do you 
maintain that, in order to blessedness, every body must be escaped from? Why do 
you thus seek such a plausible reason for escaping from the Christian faith, if 
not because, as I again say, Christ is humble and ye proud? Are ye ashamed to be 
corrected? This is the vice of the proud. It is, forsooth, a degradation for 
learned men to pass from the school of Plato to the discipleship of Christ, who 
by His Spirit taught a fisherman to think and to say, "In the beginning was the 
Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. The same was in the 
beginning with God. All things were made by Him; and without Him was not 
anything made that was made. In Him was life; and the life was the light of men. 
And the light shineth in darkness; and the darkness comprehended it not."(1) The 
old saint Simplicianus, afterwards bishop of Milan, used to tell me that a 
certain Platonist was in the habit of saying that this opening passage of the 
holy gospel, entitled, According to John, should be written in letters of gold, 
and hung up in all churches in the most conspicuous place. But the proud scorn 
to take God for their Master, because "the Word was made flesh and dwelt among 
us."(2) So that, with these miserable creatures, it is not enough that they are 
sick, but they boast of their sickness, and are ashamed of the medicine which 
could heal them. And, doing so, they secure not elevation, but a more disastrous 
fall. 
CHAP. 30.--PORPHYRY'S EMENDATIONS AND MODIFICATIONS OF PLATONISM, 
If it is considered unseemly to emend anything which Plato has touched, why did 
Porphyry himself make emendations, and these not a few? for it is very certain 
that Plato wrote that the souls of men return after death to the bodies of 
beasts.(3) Plotinus also, Porphyry's teacher, held this opinion;(4) yet Porphyry 
justly rejected it. He was of opinion that human souls return indeed into human 
bodies, but not into the bodies they had left, but other new bodies. He shrank 
from the other opinion, lest a woman who had returned into a mule might possibly 
carry her own son on her back. He did not shrink, however, from a theory which 
admitted the possibility of a mother coming back into a girl and marrying her 
own son. How much more honorable a creed is that which was taught by the holy 
and truthful angels, uttered by the prophets who were moved by God's Spirit, 
preached by Him who was foretold as the coming Saviour by His forerunning 
heralds, and by the apostles whom He sent forth, and who filled the whole world 
with the gospel,--how much more honorable, I say, is the belief that souls 
return once for all to their own bodies, than that they return again and again 
to divers bodies? Nevertheless Porphyry, as I have said, did considerably 
improve upon this opinion, in so far, at least, as he maintained that human 
souls could transmigrate only into human bodies, and made no scruple about 
demolishing the bestial prisons into which Plato had wished to cast them. He 
says, too, that God put the soul into the world that it might recognize the 
evils of matter, and return to the Father, and be for ever emancipated from the 
polluting contact of matter. And although here is some inappropriate thinking 
(for the soul is rather given to the body that it may do good; for it would not 
learn evil unless it did it), yet he corrects the opinion of other Platonists, 
and that on a point of no small importance, inasmuch as he avows that the soul, 
which is purged from all evil and received to the Father's presence shall never 
again suffer the ills of this life. By this opinion he quite subverted the 
favorite Platonic dogma, that as dead men are made out of living ones, so living 
men are made out of dead ones; and he exploded the idea which Virgil seems to 
have adopted from Plato, that the purified souls which have been sent into the 
Elysian fields (the poetic name for the joys of the blessed) are summoned to the 
river Lethe, that is, to the oblivion of the past, 
"That earthward they may pass once more, Remembering not the things before, And 
with a blind propension yearn To fleshly bodies to return."(1) 
This found no favor with Porphyry, and very justly; for it is indeed foolish to 
believe that souls should desire to return from that life, which cannot be very 
blessed unless by the assurance of its permanence, and to come back into this 
life, and to the pollution of corruptible bodies, as if the result of perfect 
purification were only to make defilement desirable. For if perfect purification 
effects the oblivion of all evils, and the oblivion of evils creates a desire 
for a body in which the soul may again be entangled with evils, then the supreme 
felicity will be the cause of infelicity, and the perfection of wisdom the cause 
of foolishness, and the purest cleansing the cause of defilement. And, however 
long the blessedness of the soul last, it cannot be rounded on truth, if, in 
order to be blessed, it must be deceived. For it cannot be blessed unless it be 
free from fear. But, to be free from fear, it must be under the false impression 
that it shall be always blessed,--the false impression, for it is destined to be 
also at some time miserable. How, then, shall the soul rejoice in truth, whose 
joy is rounded on falsehood? Porphyry saw this, and therefore said that the 
purified soul returns to the Father, that it may never more be entangled in the 
polluting contact with evil. The opinion, therefore, of some Platonists, that 
there is a necessary revolution carrying souls away and bringing them round 
again to the same things, is raise. But, were it true, what were the advantage 
of knowing it? Would the Platonists presume to allege their superiority to us, 
because we were in this life ignorant of what they themselves were doomed to be 
ignorant of when perfected in purity and wisdom in another and better life, and 
which they must be ignorant of if they are to be blessed? If it were most absurd 
and foolish to say so, then certainly we must prefer Porphyry's opinion to the 
idea of a circulation of souls through constantly alternating happiness and 
misery. And if this is just, here is a Platonist emending Plato, here is a man 
who saw what Plato did not see, and who did not shrink from correcting so 
illustrious a master, but preferred truth to Plato. 
CHAP. 31.--AGAINST THE ARGUMENTS ON WHICH THE PLATONISTS GROUND THEIR ASSERTION 
THAT THE HUMAN SOUL IS CO-ETERNAL WITH GOD. 
Why, then, do we not rather believe the divinity in those matters, which human 
talent cannot fathom? Why do we not credit the assertion of divinity, that the 
soul is not co-eternal with God, but is created, and once was not? For the 
Platonists seemed to themselves to allege an adequate reason for their rejection 
of this doctrine, when they affirmed that nothing could be everlasting which had 
not always existed. Plato, however, in writing concerning the world and the gods 
in it, whom the Supreme made, most expressly states that they had a beginning 
and yet would have no end, but, by the sovereign will of the Creator, would 
endure eternally. But, by way of interpreting this, the Platonists have 
discovered that he meant a beginning, not of time, but of cause. "For as if a 
foot," they say, "had been always from eternity in dust, there would always have 
been a print underneath it; and yet no one would doubt that this print was made 
by the pressure of the foot, nor that, though the one was made by the other, 
neither was prior to the other; so," they say, "the world and the gods created 
in it have always been, their Creator always existing, and yet they were made." 
If, then, the soul has always existed, are we to say that its wretchedness has 
always existed? For if there is something in it which was not from eternity, but 
began in time, why is it impossible that the soul itself, though not previously 
existing, should begin to be in time? Its blessedness, too, which, as he owns, 
is to be more stable, and indeed endless, after the soul's experience of 
evils,--this undoubtedly has a beginning in time, and yet is to be always, 
though previously it had no existence. This whole argumentation, therefore, to 
establish that nothing can be endless except that which has had no beginning, 
falls to the ground. For here we find the blessedness of the soul, which has a 
beginning, and yet has no end. And, therefore, let the incapacity of man give 
place to the authority of God; and let us take our belief regarding the true 
religion from the ever-blessed spirits, who do not seek for themselves that 
honor which they know to be due to their God and ours, and who do not command us 
to sacrifice save only to Him, whose sacrifice, as I have often said already, 
and must often say again, we and they ought together to be, offered through that 
Priest who offered Himself to death a sacrifice for us, in that human nature 
which He assumed, and according to which He desired to be our Priest. 
CHAP. 32.--OF THE UNIVERSAL WAY OF THE SOUL'S DELIVERANCE, WHICH PORPHYRY DID 
NOT FIND BECAUSE HE DID NOT RIGHTLY SEEK IT, AND WHICH THE GRACE OF CHRIST HAS 
ALONE THROWN OPEN. 
This is the religion which possesses the universal way for delivering the soul; 
for except by this way, none can be delivered. This is a kind of royal way, 
which alone leads to a kingdom which does not totter like all temporal 
dignities, but stands firm on eternal foundations. And when Porphyry says, 
towards the end of the first book De Regressu Animoe, that no system of doctrine 
which furnishes the universal way for delivering the soul has as yet been 
received, either from the truest philosophy, or from the ideas and practices of 
the Indians, or from the reasoning(1) of the Chaldaeans, or from any source 
whatever, and that no historical reading had made him acquainted with that way, 
he manifestly acknowledges that there is such a way, but that as yet he was not 
acquainted with it. Nothing of all that he had so laboriously learned concerning 
the deliverance of the soul, nothing of all that he seemed to others, if not to 
himself, to know and believe, satisfied him. For he perceived that there was 
still wanting a commanding authority which it might be right to follow in a 
matter of such importance. And when he says that he had not learned from any 
truest philosophy a system which possessed the universal way of the soul's 
deliverance, he shows plainly enough, as it seems to me, either that the 
philosophy of which he was a disciple was not the truest, or that it did not 
comprehend such a way. And how can that be the truest philosophy which does not 
possess this way? For what else is the universal way of the soul's deliverance 
than that by which all souls universally are delivered, and without which, 
therefore, no soul is delivered? And when he says, in addition, "or from the 
ideas and practices of the Indians, or from the reasoning of the Chaldaeans, or 
from any source whatever," he declares in the most unequivocal language that 
this universal way of the soul's deliverance was not embraced in what he had 
learned either from the Indians or the Chaldaeans; and yet he could not forbear 
stating that it was from the Chaldaeans he had derived these divine oracles of 
which he makes such frequent mention. What, therefore, does he mean by this 
universal way of the soul's deliverance, which had not yet been made known by 
any truest philosophy, or by the doctrinal systems of those nations which were 
considered to have great insight in things divine, because they indulged more 
freely in a curious and fanciful science and worship of angels? What is this 
universal way of which he acknowledges his ignorance, if not a way which does 
not belong to one nation as its special property, but is common to all, and 
divinely bestowed? Porphyry, a man of no mediocre abilities, does not question 
that such a way exists; for he believes that Divine Providence could not have 
left men destitute of this universal way of delivering the soul. For he does not 
say that this way does not exist, but that this great boon and assistance has 
not yet been discovered, and has not come to his knowledge. And no wonder; for 
Porphyry lived in an age when this universal way of the soul's deliverance,--in 
other words, the Christian religion,--was exposed to the persecutions of 
idolaters and demon-worshippers, and earthly rulers,(2) that the number of 
martyrs or witnesses for the truth might be completed and consecrated, and that 
by them proof might be given that we must endure all bodily sufferings in the 
cause of the holy faith, and for the commendation of the truth. Porphyry, being 
a witness of these persecutions, concluded that this way was destined to a 
speedy extinction, and that it, therefore, was not the universal way of the 
soul's deliverance, and did not see that the very thing that thus moved him, and 
deterred him from becoming a Christian, contributed to the confirmation and more 
effectual commendation of our religion. 
This, then, is the universal way of the soul's deliverance, the way that is 
granted by the divine compassion to the nations universally. And no nation to 
which the knowledge of it has already come, or may hereafter come, ought to 
demand, Why so soon? or, Why so late?--for the design of Him who sends it is 
impenetrable by human capacity. This was felt by Porphyry when he confined 
himself to saying that this gift of God was not yet received, and had not yet 
come to his knowledge. For though this was so, he did not on that account 
pronounce that the way it self had no existence. This, I say, is the universal 
way for the deliverance of believers, concerning which the faithful Abraham 
received the divine assurance, "In thy seed shall all nations be blessed."(1) 
He, indeed, was by birth a Chaldaean; but, that he might receive these great 
promises, and that there might be propagated from him a seed "disposed by angels 
in the hand of a Mediator,"(2) in whom this universal way, thrown open to all 
nations for the deliverance of the soul, might be found, he was ordered to leave 
his country, and kindred, and father's house. Then was he himself, first of all, 
delivered from the Chaldaean superstitions, and by his obedience worshipped the 
one true God, whose promises he faithfully trusted. This is the universal way, 
of which it is said in holy prophecy, "God be merciful unto us, and bless us, 
and cause His face to shine upon us; that Thy way may be known upon earth, Thy 
saving health among all nations."(3) And hence, when our Saviour, so long after, 
had taken flesh of the seed of Abraham, He says of Himself, "I am the way, the 
truth, and the life."(4) This is the universal way, of which so long before it 
had been predicted, "And it shall come to pass in the last days, that the 
mountain of the Lord's house shall be established in the top of the mountains, 
and shall be exalted above the hills; and all nations shall flow unto it. And 
many people shall go and say, Come ye, and let us go up to the mountain of the 
Lord, to the house of the God of Jacob; and He will teach us of His ways, and we 
will walk in His paths: for out of Sion shall go forth the law, and the word of 
the Lord from Jerusalem."(5) This way, therefore, is not the property of one, 
but of all nations. The law and the word of the Lord did not remain in Zion and 
Jerusalem, but issued thence to be universally diffused. And therefore the 
Mediator Himself, after His resurrection, says to His alarmed disciples, "These 
are the words which I spake unto you while I was yet with you, that all things 
must be fulfilled which were written in the law of Moses, and in the prophets, 
and in the Psalms, concerning me. Then opened He their understandings that they 
might understand the Scriptures, and said unto them, Thus it is written, and 
thus it behoved Christ to suffer, and to rise from the dead the third day: and 
that repentance and remission of sins should be preached in His name among all 
nations, beginning at Jerusalem."(6) This is the universal way of the soul's 
deliverance, which the holy angels and the holy prophets formerly disclosed 
where they could among the few men who found the grace of God, and especially in 
the Hebrew nation, whose commonwealth was, as it were, consecrated to prefigure 
and fore-announce the city of God which was to be gathered from all nations, by 
their tabernacle, and temple, and priesthood, and sacrifices. In some explicit 
statements, and in many obscure foreshadowings, this way was declared; but 
latterly came the Mediator Himself in the flesh, and His blessed apostles, 
revealing how the grace of the New Testament more openly explained what had been 
obscurely hinted to preceding generations, in conformity with the relation of 
the ages of the human race, and as it pleased God in His wisdom to appoint, who 
also bore them witness with signs and miracles some of which I have cited above. 
For not only were there visions of angels, and words heard from those heavenly 
ministrants, but also men of God, armed with the word of simple piety, cast out 
unclean spirits from the bodies and senses of men, and healed deformities and 
sicknesses; the wild beasts of earth and sea, the birds of air, inanimate 
things, the elements, the stars, obeyed their divine commands; the powers of 
hell gave way before them, the dead were restored to life. I say nothing of the 
miracles peculiar and proper to the Saviour's own person, especially the 
nativity and the resurrection; in the one of which He wrought only the mystery 
of a virgin maternity, while in the other He furnished an instance of the 
resurrection which all shall at last experience. This way purifies the whole 
man, and prepares the mortal in all his parts for immortality. For, to prevent 
us from seeking for one purgation for the part which Porphyry calls 
intellectual, and another for the part he calls spiritual, and another for the 
body itself, our most mighty and truthful Purifier and Saviour assumed the whole 
human nature. Except by this way, which has been present among men both during 
the period of the promises and of the proclamation of their fulfillment, no man 
has been delivered, no man is delivered, no man shall be delivered. 
As to Porphyry's statement that the universal way of the soul's deliverance had 
not yet come to his knowledge by any acquaintance he had with history, I would 
ask, what more remarkable history can be found than that which has taken 
possession of the whole world by its authoritative voice? or what more 
trustworthy than that which narrates past events, and predicts the future with 
equal clearness, and in the unfulfilled predictions of which we are constrained 
to believe by those that are already fulfilled? For neither Porphyry nor any 
Platonists can despise divination and prediction, even of things that pertain to 
this life and earthly matters, though they justly despise ordinary soothsaying 
and the divination that is connected with magical arts. They deny that these are 
the predictions of great men, or are to be considered important, and they are 
right; for they are rounded, either on the foresight of subsidiary causes, as to 
a professional eye much of the course of a disease is foreseen by certain 
pre-monitory symptoms, or the unclean demons predict what they have resolved to 
do, that they may thus work upon the thoughts and desires of the wicked with an 
appearance of authority, and incline human frailty to imitate their impure 
actions. It is not such things that the saints who walk in the universal way 
care to predict as important, although, for the purpose of commending the faith, 
they knew and often predicted even such things as could not be detected by human 
observation, nor be readily verified by experience. But there were other truly 
important and divine events which they predicted, in so far as it was given them 
to know the will of God. For the incarnation of Christ, and all those important 
marvels that were accomplished in Him, and done in His name; the repentance of 
men and the conversion of their wills to God; the remission of sins, the grace 
of righteousness, the faith of the pious, and the multitudes in all parts of the 
world who believe in the true divinity; the overthrow of idolatry and demon 
worship, and the testing of the faithful by trials; the purification of those 
who persevered, and their deliverance from all evil; the day of judgment, the 
resurrection of the dead, the eternal damnation of the community of the ungodly, 
and the eternal kingdom of the most glorious city of God, ever-blessed in the 
enjoyment of the vision of God,--these things were predicted and promised in the 
Scriptures of this way; and of these we see so many fulfilled, that we justly 
and piously trust that the rest will also come to pass. As for those who do not 
believe, and consequently do not understand, that this is the way which leads 
straight to the vision of God and to eternal fellowship with Him, according to 
the true predictions and statements of the Holy Scriptures, they may storm at 
our position, but they cannot storm it. 
And therefore, in these ten books, though not meeting, I dare say, the 
expectation of some, yet I have, as the true God and Lord has vouchsafed to aid 
me, satisfied the desire of certain persons, by refuting the objections of the 
ungodly, who prefer their own gods to the Founder of the holy city, about which 
we undertook to speak. Of these ten books, the first five were directed against 
those who think we should worship the gods for the sake of the blessings of this 
life, and the second five against those who think we should worship them for the 
sake of the life which is to be after death. And now, in fulfillment of the 
promise I made in the first book, I shall go on to say, as God shall aid me, 
what I think needs to be said regarding the origin, history, and deserved ends 
of the two cities, which, as already remarked, are in this world commingled and 
implicated with one another.