Katie Felton

Mr. Haskell

World History

3 February 2005

Chapter 27 Outline

 

ESLR 1. Utilize appropriate skills in reading, writing, and listening

ESLR 4. Develop career an technological skills need to pursue future goals.

 

Pressure for Peace

A.     The Swedish inventor of dynamite, Alfred  Noble, came to regret the military uses of his invention

B.      He set up the Noble Peace Prize in his will, to award each year the individual whose work advanced the cause of peace.

C.      The women’s struggle for suffrage throughout Europe supported the peace movement.

Aggressive Nationalism

A.    Nationalism was strong in both Germany and France.

B.     Russia sponsored a powerful form of nationalism called Pan-Slavism

C.     Austria-Hungary was afraid that nationalism might foster rebellions in their empire.

Economic and Imperial Rivalries

A.    Britain felt threatened by Germany’s rapid economy growth

B.     By 1900 Germany’s factories overproduced Britain

C.     In 1905 and 1911 competition for colonies almost brought Germany and France to the brink of war.

Militarism and the Arms Race

A.    Militarism is the glorification of the military that rose up in the 1800s.

B.     The rise of militarism grew partly out of the ideas of Social Darwinism

C.     As international tensions grew the great powers expanded their armies and navies

A Tangle of Alliances

A.    The first alliances had their origins on Bismarck’s day

B.     In 1894 a rival bloc occurred when France an Russia signed an alliance

C.     Germany signed a treaty with the Ottoman empire while Britain grew close with Japan

A Murder with Millions of Victims

A.       On June 28, 1914 Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary visited Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia.

B.        June 28 was the date on which the Serbia had been conquered by the Ottoman empire in 1389

C.        On the same date in 1912 Serbia had at last freed itself from Turkish rule

Peace Unravels

A.     Francis Joseph and his government in Vienna blamed Serbia for his nephew, Francis Ferdinand’s death.

B.      Austria sent Serbia a sweeping ultimatum or final set of demands

C.      Kaiser William II advised Francis Joseph to take a strong stand against Serbia

Whose Fault?

A.     A war broke out because of an assassination and each side blamed the other side

B.      Each great power believed its cause was just

C.      Most people on both sides were equally committed to military action

The Western Front

A.    As the war began, German forces swept through Belgium toward Paris.

B.     On the Western Front armies burrowed in trenches that stretched from th Swiss frontier to the English Channel

C.     In 1916 both the Allies an Central Powers launched a massive offensives to break the stalemate.

The War Beyond Europe

A.    European colonies were drawn into the struggle

B.     Many people volunteered to go into the army eagerly expecting that their services would be a step toward citizenship or independence

C.     The Ottoman empire joined the Central Powers in 1914

Effects of the Stalemate

A.    Modern, mechanized war was the result of what we now call total war

B.     Early in the war both sides set up a system to recruit, arm, transport, and supply armies that numbered in millions

C.     Total war also meant controlling the publics opinion through propaganda

Women at War

A.    Women played a major part in total war

B.     When food storages threatened Britain, volunteers in the Women’s Land Army went to the fields to grow their country’s food

C.     Military nurses shared the dangers of the men whose wounds they treated

Collapsing Morale

A.    By 1917 the morale of both troops and civilians had plunged

B.     Germany started sending 15 year-olds recruits to the front  and Britain was on the brink of bankruptcy.

C.     As morale collapsed troops mutinied in some French units

The United States Declares War

A.    The United States joined the war in 1917

B.     One reason the US joined the war was that German submarines attacked on merchant and passengers ships that carried American citizens

C.     In January 1918 President Wilson issued the Fourteen points

Campaign to Victory

A.    A final show down got underway in early 1918

B.     In September, German commanders told the Kaiser that the war could not be won

C.     On November 11, 1918 the Great War ended

The Costs of War

A.    More than 8.5 million people died

B.     Famine threatened many regions

C.     In 1918 a deadly epidemic of influenza swept over the country

The Paris Peace Conference

A.     Wilson was one of three strong personalities who dominated the Paris Peace Conference

B.      He wanted the Fourteen Points to be the basis for peace

C.      Among the most difficult issues were the secret agreements made by the Allies during the war

The Treaty of Versailles

A.    The Germans were ordered to sign the treaty drawn up by the Allies

B.     The treaty forced Germany to assume full blame for causing the war

C.     The Germans signed because they had on choice

Other Settlements

A.    The Allies drew up other treaties with other Central Powers

B.     A band of mew nations emerged where the German, Austrian, and Russian empires had once ruled

C.     Poland retained independence after 100 years of foreign rule

Hopes for Global Peace

A.    Millions of people looked to the League of Nations to ensure the peace

B.     More than 40 nations joined the league

C.     They agreed to negotiate disputes rather than resort in war