Katie Felton

Mr. Haskell

World History

15 November 2004

 

 

Chapters 14 and 18 Study Guide

Ch 14

Annul- this means to cancel or invalidate. Henry VIII wanted the pope of the time to      annual his marriage to Catherine of Aragon.

Gravity- this is a force that tends to pull one mass to another. Isaac Newton discovered this force.

Patron- A patron is a financial supporter of the arts. Lorenzo was a generous patron and under him poets and philosophers frequently visited the Medici palace.

Perspective- A technique that makes things n the distance seem smaller and things close up larger. Through this Renaissance artists could paint pictures that look three dimensional. 

Theocracy- A government  run by the church leaders is also called a theocracy. John Calvin set up one of these in the city-state Geneva in Switzerland.  

John Calvin- was a Protestant reformer that broke away from the Catholic Church just as Martin Luther had. Calvin taught that God was all powerful and Humans were by nature sinful.

Henry VIII- Henry was the founder of the Church of England after he broke away from the Catholic church after the Pope wouldn’t annul his marriage. Besides making himself the head of the church and allowing the English Bible the worship was the same as Catholics

Leonardo da Vinci-  a famous artist, inventor, scientist  and sculptor of the Renaissance. His most famous painting is the Mona Lisa.  

Lorenzo de' Medici- He was a clever politician that held Florence together in difficult times. He helped many artists and himself was poet.

Niccolò Machiavelli- He wrote The Prince which told of the way a person should rule. Machiavelli served Florence as a diplomat and took some of his material for his book from his own accounts.

Heliocentric- Is a sun-centered universe. Nicolaus Copernicus proposed this idea.

Humanism- Humanism focused on worldly subjects rather than religious ones. This was the heart of the Italian Renaissance and the intellectual movement.

Indulgence- A pardon for sins committed during a person’s lifetime. For a time the Catholic Church sold indulgences before Martin Luther recognized it was wrong and started a revolt.

Predestination- The idea of that God had long ago determined who would gain salvation. Calvin preached this idea and Calvinist tried to live like saints.

Recant- Luther had to recant or give up his views when he didn’t agree with the Catholic Church. He refused and the church later excommunicated him all together.

Copernicus- He was Polish scholar who wrote On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. He studied the planets and their orbit.

Dürer- was a\=- artist that helped spread the ideas of Italian Renaissance. Because of his mind and many interests he was called the, “German Leonardo”.  

Luther- He was a reformer that recognized the corruption of the Catholic Church and wrote the 95 thesises. Many people followed his ideas and later they founded the Lutheran Church.

Newton- He discovered the force of Gravity, which made the plants move the was they do. In 1687 he published Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy.

Patrarch- was an early Renaissance humanist. He hunted down and assembled libraries of Greek and Roman manuscripts.

The focus of the Renaissance was humanism and worldly subjects rather than religious ones. The main area of study in schools were grammar, rhetoric, poetry, and history.

The printing of the reformation were very realistic and contained perspective. Many famous painters came from this era and influenced art greatly.

Results of Reformation were that Rome was more pious and across Catholic Europe piety, charity, and religious art flourished. The reformation stopped the Protestant tide and even returned some areas to the Catholic Church.

The causes of Renaissance were the reawakened interest in classical learning and culture of ancient Rome. Renaissance minds set out to transform their age after the disorder and disunity of the medieval world. 

 

Ch18

Hobbes- believed that people were driven by selfishness and greed. In 1651 he published Leviathan

Locke- believed that people had a natural right of life, liberty and property. His ideas influenced much of the U.S. Declaration of Independence.

Joseph II- was the most radical enlightenment despot and successor of Maria Theresa. He ended censorship and attempted to bring the Catholic Church under royal control.

constitutional govt.- a government whose power id defined and limited by law. The British Constitution is made up of all the acts of Parliament through the centuries.   

enlightened despot- were absolute rulers that used their power to bring about political and social change. Philosophers encouraged European rulers to adopt their ideas to bring about reform.

natural laws- theses laws governed human nature. Because of these laws and reason Enlightenment thinkers could solve every social, political, and economic problem.

natural rights- these rights belonged to everyone fro birth. The rights were life, liberty and property.

physiocrat- was an Enlightenment thinker who searched for natural law to explain economics. They rejected mercantilism which required government regulation.

Bach- was a towering musical figure of the period. He wrote complex and beautiful religious works for organ and choirs.

Diderot- he wrote the Encyclopedia which he labored over for 25 years. He gathered articles from all over and formed a 28-volume book and it was almost banned in France.

Tom Paine- wrote Common Sense, a pamphlet that declared the Americans independence from Britain. In this document Paine echoed the themes of the Enlightenment.

Rousseau- believed that people were basically good but became corrupted by society. In 1762 he published The Social Contract.

Robert Walpole­- was Britain’s first prime minister. He molded the cabinet into a unified body and required that all members agree on major issues.

Baroque- huge, colorful paintings full of excitement. These paintings glorified historic battles or the lives of saints.

free market- is the natural forces of supply and demand. Adam Smith argued that the free market should be allowed to operate and regulate business.

laissez faire- a policy that allowed business to operate with little of no government interference. Physiocrat urged this policy and supported free trade and wanted to lift all tariffs.

salon- were informal gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophers and others exchanged ideas. They originated in the 1600’s when noblewomen in Paris began inviting a few friends to their homes for poetry readings.

social contract- an agreement by which people gave up the state of nature for an organized society. Hobbes came up with this contract so people could escape the “brutal” life.