Katie Felton
Mr. Haskell
World History
10 December 2004
A Turning Point in History
A. Most on the people in 1750 worked the land and lived a simple life
B. By the 1850’s country villages became industrial towns.
C. People started to work indoors behind desks or in factories instead of outside in fields.
A New Agricultural Revolution
A. In the 1600’s the Dutch built dikes to reclaim land from the sea.
B. By the 1700’s British farmers mixed different soils to her higher crop yields and tried new methods of crop rotation.
C. Rich landowners pushed enclosure or the process of taking over and fencing off land formerly shared by peasant farmers.
The Population Explosion
A.
B. The
population of
C. The
population of
An Energy Revolution
A. Giant water wheels powered the first factories.
B. In 1712 the steam engine was invented to pump the water out of mines
C. By 1769 the steam engine was virtually the main power source of the early industrial revolution.
Why
A. Although
small,
B.
C.
The Age of Iron and Coal
A. In the 1700’s the British turned to coal for fuel instead of wood as in earlier years.
B. The
Darby family was the leaders on developing
C. In 1779 Abraham Darby III made the world’s first cast iron bridge.
Revolutionary Changes in the Textile Industry
A.
B. Since the putting out system was slow, James Hargtreaves invented the spinning jenny in 1764 which spun many threads at one time.
C. Soon they made bigger weaving machines and put them in factories.
Revolution in Transportation
A. In the 1700’s some capitalists invested in turnpikes or privately built roads that charged a few to use them.
B. The steam locomotive was what made possible the growth of railroads.
C. In the 1800’s steam-powered freighters with iron hulls were carrying 10 to 20 times more cargo than older wooden ships.
Looking Ahead
A. In response to growing demand inventors developed machines that could produce large quantities of good more efficiently.
B. Prices fell as the supply of goods increased; this made goods more affordable and created more consumers that further fed the demand for goods.
C. In the 1800’s the economical and social changes swept into industrializing nations of the world.
The New
A. The Industrial Revolution brought rapid urbanization.
B. Changes in farming, soaring population and the increasing demand for workers led people from farms to cities.
C. There became a growth in the middle class.
Factory System
A. The factory schedule was ridged and work shifts lasted 12 to 16 hours.
B. If workers were to become injured or sick they lost their job.
C. Women made up most of the industrial work force.
Patience Kershaw’s Life Underground
A. The horrors of child labor slowly came out in the 1830’s and 1840’s.
B. Some children worked as young as five years old.
C. Some of them were stunted in growth or had twisted limbs and many died
The Working Class
A. Luddites were people who rioted against factories and usually smashed machines and burned factories.
B. If
caught Luddites were hanged or sent to penal colonies in
C. In
1819 workers held a rally in
The New Middle Class
A. Middle class families lived in solid well furnished houses.
B. The new middle class valued hard work and determination.
C. They had confidence in themselves and often little sympathy for the poor.
Benefits and Problems
A. The hardships brought by the Industrial Revolution were terrible.
B. Reformers pressed laws to improve working conditions.
C. Unions won the right to bargain with employers about better wages and hours.
Laissez-Faire Economics
A. The prophet of laissez-faire economics was Adam Smith
B. Tomas Malthus predicted that with this type of economy the population would outpace the food supply.
C. David Ricardo noted that when wages were high families had more children.
The Utlilitarians
A. By 1800 Jeremy Bentham was preaching utilitarianism or the idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.
B. He supported individual freedom which he thought ensured happiness
C. He also saw the need for government to intervene in some circumstances
Emergence of Socialism
A. Laissez-faire thinkers formed socialism to end poverty and injustice.
B. Under socialism people as a whole would own and operate large businesses that produced and distributed goods
C. Many socialist tried to build self-sufficient communities.
The “Scientific Socialism” of Karl Marx
A. Marx theorized that economics was the leading force in history.
B. Socialist
political parties emerged in
C. Marx
claimed his ideas were based on scientific laws.