Katie Felton

Mr. Haskell

World History

6 January 2005

 

Chapters 20, 21, and 22 Study Guide

 

Ch. 20

Enclosure- the process of taking over and fencing off land formerly shared by peasant farmers. In the 1500s rich landowners enclosed land for pastures for their sheep to increase the wool output.

factories (How they worked)- Factories are places that brought together workers and machines to produce large quantities of goods.

turnpike- A privately built road that charged a fee to traveler who used them. These turnpikes an improvement individuals made to the local systems of transportation in the 1700s

urbanization- This is a movement of people to cities. During the age of the Industrial Revolution many people urbanized to claim jobs at the factories.

Utilitarianism- The idea that the goal of society should be “the greatest happiness for the greatest number” of its citizens. In the 1800 Jeremy Bentham went around preaching this idea.

Socialism- A system where people as a whole rather than private individuals would  own and operate the means of production. Socialism grew out of the Enlightenment and  was developed to end poverty and injustice in the economy.

Communism- A form of socialism that sees class struggle between employers and employees as inevitable. Karl Marx came up with the idea of communism.

Proletariat- They were the working class. Marx classified the proletariats as the “have- nots”

Michael Faraday

John Wesley- He founded the Methodist Church. Wesley stressed the need for a personal sense of faith.

Karl Marx- He was a German philosopher. He formed communism and Marxism.

Thomas Malthus- He predicted that the population would outpace the food supply. He believed the poor had too many children.

John Stuart Mill- He was Jeremy Bentham’s chief follower. He argued that actions are right if they promote happiness and wrong if they cause pain.

James Watt- Watt improved the steam engine. Watt’s steam engine became the main power source of the early industrial revolution.  

Abraham Darby- Darby used coal instead of wood for smelting iron. Darby found a way to remove the impurities from coal.

David Ricardo- He was a influential British economist. He noted that when wages were high families had more children but when wages were low they had less.  

Jeremy Bentham- He preached utilitarianism. To Bentham laws and actions should make the majority happiest.  

Robert Owen- He was a poor Welsh boy that later became a successful mill owner. He refused to use child labor.

Britain's population growth (why did it happen?)- The poor were having lots of children because they had good wages since the Industrial Revolution.

Importance of coal to Industrialization- Coal powered almost everything in the Industrial revolution. It was the source of power for many machines and railroads.

Agricultural Revolution- The Agricultural Revolution developed many new tools to help farmers work the land more easier. Because it was easier to farm large fields the crop production was better.

textile industry- During the Industrial Revolution the textile industry grew tremendously. They invented many new machines such as the spinning jenny and the water frame to produce more textiles faster.

laissez faire economics (Adam Smith)-  Smith believed that free market would help everyone not just the rich. Free market would produce more goods at a lower price. 

Ch. 21

Ideology-  A system of thought and belief. This system plunged Europe into a period of turmoil that lasted for 30 years.

universal manhood suffrage-  giving all adult men the right to vote. In the later 1800s liberals threw there support behind universal manhood suffrage and social reform. 

Autonomy- To have self- rule. In the 1817 the Serbs achieved autonomy in the Ottoman empire.

el Grito de Dolores- This is the speech that Father Hidalgo made on September 16, 1810. It called the people of Mexico to fight for independence and liberty.

February Days- In February of 1848 the government of France took steps to try and silence critics and prevent public meetings. Because of this angry crows took to the streets.

Frankfurt Assembly-  A meeting of delegates from many German states throughout 1848. They gave the crown of united Germany to Fredrick William IV.

Simon Bolivar- Bolivar was an educate creoles. He led an uprising that established a republic in Venezuela in 1810.

Miguel Hidalgo- Hidalgo was a creole priest in Mexico. In 1810 he raised a cry for freedom.

Louis Kossuth- A Hungarian nationalist. He led the demand for independence from Austria.

Tupac Amaru- Tupac demanded that the Spanish government end the brutal system of forced Indian labor. In 1780 he led a revolt against the Spanish.  

Louis XVIII- The Congress of Vienna restored him to the French throne. He was careful to shun absolutism.

Toussaint L'Ouverture-  He was the leader of the slave revolt in Haiti in 1791. In 1798 enslaved Haitians became free and L’Ouventure had accomplished his goal.

Louis Napoleon- He was the president of France. Later in 1852 he proclaimed himself emperor.

Louis Philippe- As king under Philippe the bourgeoisie prospered. He was called the “citizen king”

Clemens Von Metternich- He dominated Austrian politics for more than 30 years. Fled Austria when revolts broke out.

Pedro- In 1822 Dom became emperor of independent Brazil. He also accepted a constitution that provided freedom of the press and religion as well as an elected legislature.  

Revolts in Austrian empire- Metternich fled when he tried to suppress them. One was led by Louis Kossuth.

goals of nationalists- To become an independent state. They also wanted a government led by the people.

conservative ideology in Europe- They liked the old order and monarchs. They wanted to keep the king.

Ch. 22

interchangeable parts- These are identical components that could be used I place of one another. Manufacturers designed products with interchangeable parts to simplify assembly and repair.

assembly line- A way of production that moves the product along a belt from one work station to the next. Tc8he assembly line made production faster and the price of the product cheaper.

Corporation- Theses are businesses that are owned by many investors who buy shares of stock. Stockholders risk only the amount they invest in the company and cannot he held responsible for any debts of the corporation.  

Cartel- An association to fix prices.  Large corporations would form a cartel, set production quotas or divide up markets.

women's suffrage- The right to vote for women. In 1848 the Seneca Falls Convention demand the right to vote for women.

Racism- The belief that  one racial group is superior to another. Social Darwinism encouraged racism.c2

social gospel- A movement that urged Christians to social service. Protestant churches in Europe and the United States backed the social gospel.

Romanticism- A nineteenth-century artistic movement that appealed to emotion rather than reason. From about 1750 to 1850 romanticism shaped western literature and arts.

Realism- An artistic movement whose aim was to represent the world as it is.

Impressionism- Paintings that tired to capture fleeting visual impressions. They had schools of painting in the late1800s and the early 1900s that taught this type of art.

Social Darwinism- Some thinkers used Darwin’s theory to support their own beliefs about society. These ideas became known as Social Darwinism.

Darwin- He was a British naturalist that published the book On the Origin of
Species in 1859. He argued that all life forms evolved into their present state over millions of years.

Joseph Lister

factory life ( How it changed the lives of workers)- factory workers lived a hard and dirty life. They worked 12 to 16 hours a day with very low pay.