Katie Felton

Mr. Haskell

World History

13 May 2005

 

CH. 31

Appeasement - giving in to the demands of an aggressor in order to keep peace; Hitler’s successful challenge of the hated Versailles treaty increased his popularity in Germany. Western democracies denounced his moves but took no real action. Instead they adopted a policy of appeasement.

 Blitzkrieg – Blitzkrieg was Hitler’s lightning war, in which planes would bomb and shoot troops or civilians, followed closely by tanks and troop transports. In September of 1939 Nazi forces used this against Poland, which fell quickly.

 Cold war - was a state of tension and hostility among nations without armed conflict between the major rivals; at first, the focus was Eastern Europe, where Stalin and the western power had very different goals

 Collaborator - in WWII terms was someone who helped the Nazi’s hunt down Jews. The Vichy government in France, for example, shipped tens of thousands of Jews to their death.

 Containment (policy)  – limiting communism to the areas already under Soviet control; The Truman Doctrine was rooted in the idea of containment

 Genocide - the deliberate attempt to destroy and entire religious group or ethnic group. Hitler’s “Final Plan” was a mass genocide against the Jews and other minorities he claimed were racially inferior enter the Holocaust.

 Kamikaze - undertook suicide missions; to save their homelands, young Japanese became kamikaze pilots crashing their planes loaded with explosives into American warships

 Pacifism - is the opposition to all war. Widespread pacifism and disgust with the last war pushed governments to seek peace at any price

 Winston Churchill - he predicted that Munich did not bring peace.  Instead Europe plunged rapidly toward war.

 Francisco Franco - Franco was a right wing general that led a revolt to set off a bloody Spanish civil war. In 1939 he succeeded in the overthrow, he created a fascist dictatorship like those of Hitler’s Germany and Mussolini’s Italy.

 Dwight Eisenhower - supreme Allied commander; he and other Allied leaders faced the enormous task of planning the operation and assembling troops and supplies

 Haile Selassie - he appealed to the League of Nations for help.  The league voted sanctions, or penalties

 Harry Truman – An American President. He bombed Japan and set up the Truman Doctorate.

 Dunkirk - in a desperate gamble, the British sent every available naval vessel, merchant ship, and even every pleasure boat across the choppy channel to pluck strand troops off the beaches of Dunkirk and Ostend.

 El Alamein - in Egypt, the British under General Bernard Montgomery finally stopped Pommel’s advance during the long, fierce Battle of El Alamein.

 Guernica - among the worst horrors was a German air raid on Guernica, a small Spanish market town of no military value; estimated 1,600 people were killed

Hiroshima - On August 6, 1945 an American plane dropped an atomic bomb on the mid size town of Hiroshima. The bomb completely flattened four square miles and instantly killed 70000 people. More died of radiation in the following years

Nagasaki - second atomic bomb, on Nagasaki. This bomb killed more than 40,000 people

Pearl Harbor  - As tension grew between America and Japan, General Tojo ordered a surprise attack on the American fleet at Pearl Harbor. On December 7, 1941 Japanese airplanes struck, destroying 19 ships, numerous planes, and killing 2400 people.

Operation Barbarossa - Hitler embarked on Operation Barbarossa in June of 1941; conquest of Soviet Union; motives: wanted to fain “living space” for Germans and to win control of regions rich in resources

D-Day - allies invade France; June 6, 1944. All of France was freed within a month, 176,000 troops were ferried across the English Channel

Battle of Midway - Six months after Pearl Harbor, American warships and airplanes severely damaged Japanese fleets at the Battle of Midway Island. This was the first in a series of island hopping campaigns to get closer to Japan itself.

Holocaust - In some cases, friends, neighbors, or others concealed or protected Jews from the Holocaust; Italian peasants, for example, hid Jews in their villages, and Denmark as a nation saved almost all its Jewish population

Cold War rivals (which nations) - The Cold War was “fought” between the Soviet Union and the United States. It was an ideological war, Soviet communism versus American democracy for control of Southeast Asian countries and the Slavic nations of Eastern Europe

Francisco Franco - right-wing general; led a revolt that touched off a bloody civil war. Franco’s forces, called Nationalists, rallied conservatives to their banner

Benito Mussolini - Italian fascist leader. During the war he switched loyalties, exchanging belief in class struggle for intense nationalism

Adolph Hitler - Hitler was elected chancellor legally through a democratic voting process. He built up the German army in defiance of the Treaty of Versailles. He also saw the desire for peace as a weakness, and somewhat followed Mussolini’s Italian fascist government.

Tojo Hideki - extreme militarist general who gained power in Japan. He didn’t want peace, hoped to seize lands in Asia and the Pacific and attacked Pearl Harbor

Neville Chamberlin - British prime minister; told cheering crowds that he had achieved “peace for out time;” declared that the Munich Pact had “saved Czechoslovakia from destruction and Europe from Armageddon.”

Franklin Roosevelt - American President; found ways around the Neutrality Acts to provide aid, including warships, to Britain as it stood alone against Hitler; convinced congress to pass the Lend-Lease Act

 Stalingrad - one of the costliest battles of the war; Hitler was determined to capture Stalin’s namesake city. Stalin was equally determined to defend it; Germans surrounded city, Russians encircled their attackers; Germans surrender because: trapped, without food or ammunition, no hope of escape; battle cost the Germans 300,000 killed, wounded, or captured soldiers

 Explain 2 reasons why the US used the atomic bomb against Japan, to end WWII and have Japan surrender. Two to not loose as many lives, as it would have taken if they would have gone in on foot.