Outpost teleports are just what the name implies: a teleport to a regional outpost. These teleports are a convenient way to travel from your home city to distant regions (and sometimes back to your home city) very quickly and can be quite a time saver depending on your circumstances. Personally, I have used them for: getting to and from Jeuno via Qufim Island (pre-airship pass), quick access to farming locations, general travel when a WHM teleport to a crag is not available, and getting back quickly to my home city from distant regions (only available if your home city controls the region).
In summary, to teleport to/from a regional outpost, you must:
Have completed an Outpost Supply Quest to a region.
Meet the minimum level requirement for teleports to that region.
Have the necessary amount of gil.
It is true that outpost teleports are somewhat "iffy" since it is so dependent upon Conquest results but considering the amount of time taken just getting around the vast lands of FFXI it never hurts to have another option for getting where you want to go. I hope this information proves useful in your travels in Vana'diel. Most likely, you will get the most use out of outpost teleporting prior to acquiring an Airship Pass but even after they can be useful.
The first step is to do an Outpost Supply Quest to a region. You can do this at any time to any region for which your city has control and for which you meet the minimum level requirement for Outpost Supply Quests to that region. Note that you can complete Outpost Supply Quests even before you are of a sufficient level to actually teleport to that outpost. Here's how to do one.
Talk to any gate guard in your home city. (These are the same NPCs which cast Signet in your home city.)
Say "I want to go on a supply quest."
Select the region for which you want to complete a supply quest. (NOTE: Your city must control the region for it to be listed. More regions will become available the higher your level.)
Travel to that region. (Doesn't matter how you get there.)
Talk to an outpost guard. (This can be either a guard at the actual outpost or the "border" guard for that region.
Once you completed the above steps, you will then be able to teleport directly to that outpost if you fulfill all the other requirements as detailed below (i.e., be of a high enough level and have enough gil on hand).
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Teleporters
Once you have done at least one Outpost Supply Quest to a particular region, you may teleport there from your home city no matter who then controls the region. Keep in mind that some regions will not be available to you until you are of a high enough level and that the price will vary depending on several factors (more on these caveats below).
Each city has one Outpost Teleporter. This NPC can teleport you (for the appropriate fee, of course) to any region for which you have successfully completed an Outpost Supply Quest.
Outpost Teleporters
Bastok-Conrad (Metalworks) F-8
San d'Oria-Jeanvirguad (North San d'Oria) D-9
Windurst-Rottata-(Port Windurst) D-5
If any city controls the region, you also have the option of teleporting from that region's outpost back to your home city. Talk to the shop NPC standing next to the Outpost's guard for this service. The price will be more if the controlling city is one other than your own. (Details on prices are covered in a later section.)