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What is science?
The Webster dictionary defines science as � knowledge covering general truth or the operation of general laws especially as obtained and tested through scientific methods�. When studying a certain subject scientifically there are a number of key approaches one can take. Most scientists would take the data, analyze it and come up with a theory to explain it. A theory is a plausible or scientifically accepted general principle to explain a phenomenon. Meanwhile a hypothesis is conjecture or an assumption or an argument in the sake of theorizing. Yet another method in scientific study is corollary; proposition inferred immediately from proven theory with little or additional proof.
In scientific study of any phenomenon, theories and hypothesis as useless without the fundamental data to back them. The first step in study a phenomenon is gather all possible data and then formulate theories to fit the data. One of the most fundamental pitfall scientist falls is when they try to gather data that support an idea that they have already created. Keeping these in mind as you read the rest of this webpage.
Theories
Since scientists and researchers started studying this phenomenon seriously various theories have been put forward to explain UFOs and their origin. By now UFOs are no longer a mystery. We have explained them as ET vehicles but their origin still remains a mystery. I will discus some of the scientifically sound theories put forward to explain this.
1. Mar, Moon and Venus
In 1877 while studying the surface of Mars, astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli created a flurry when he announced that he had discovered a network of what he called �canali�. But canali was wrongly translated into English as �canal� instead of it�s true Italian meaning, �channels�. In 1976 Viking probes 1 and 2 proved that there aren�t any canals on Mars and the effect was produced due to a natural discoloration of the surface. Yet they did confirm that there are riverbeds created by free flowing water. These two probes sent more than 60,000 high-resolution images back to us. D&M pyramid and the �face� of Cydonia was first discovered on frame 35A72 by Dr. Tobias Owen, professor of astronomy at university of Hawaii. Later Richard Hoagland while doing an extensive search into this anomaly found another frame 70A13 to support his theory of earlier advanced civilization on Mars. After an extensive research Richard Hoagland came to the conclusion that the �face�, D&M pyramid, �fort� and the �city� on a small area of the planet is conclusive evidence that an advanced civilization existed on Mars a few millions years ago.
Meteorites from Mars are technically known as �SNC� meteorites. One such meteorite ALH84001 was found in Antarctica in 1984. In August of 1996 NASA announced that they have found microscopic life on this meteorite. This implied that microscopic fossils of bacteria like organisms have lived on Mars more than 3.6 million years ago.
Phobos 1 and 2 was launched by the Soviet in July of 1988 towards Mars. Phobos 1 was lost two months later due to a supposed communication error. Phobos 2 arrived at Mars in January of 1989. The main purpose of the mission was to photograph the small moonlet of Mars, Phobos, hence its name. All went well until March 28 1989 when they lost radio contact with Phobos 2. There are two point to this mystery. The last photo taken by Phobos shows a long �cigar� shaped shadow on the surface closely resembling a UFO. Scientists verified that this was not an optical illusion and the long object or �UFO� is above the Phobos 2 and the surface. The Soviets who are more liberal than us speculated that their probe had photographed a UFO. Second, the last bit of information from the spacecraft indicated that it plunged to the ground in a tailspin almost as if struck by a missile. All data is identical to that of a plane going down after being struck by a missile.
Existence of an advanced earlier civilization and evidence of micro organisms on Mars doesn�t support my ETH theory. Again we must look else where to explain the origin of UFOs.
2. Time Travel
The idea of time travel has been depicted in science fiction novels since G. H. Wells. The basis of this concept can also be traced back to Einstein�s relativity theory.
As we reach speed of light time slows down until at c time stops. Once the velocity becomes greater than c we experience negative time dilation allowing us to travel back in time. Traveling forward in time is the reversal of the same concept. For the time being, ignoring the complication of traveling faster than light, if we are capable of time travel there are a few paradoxes that complicates matter.
Imagine a time traveler that travels back in time and kills his own grandmother. In theory the time traveler will never be born and thus the journey never takes place. But if the journey never occur his grandmother would be alive.
Another paradox that is a result of time travel is the �duplicate theory�. If you can travel back in time to kill your grandmother, you would also be able to travel a few minutes or hours back in time. The time traveler would then meet another version of himself. If the two of them again travel back a few hours theyr would meet another version of themselves.
There are two possibilities to resolve this paradox. The past is totally defined and everything has happened or must happened and nothing can alter it. Another words the time traveler will NEVER be able to kill his grandmother.
Second theory involves quantum physics which rules subatomic levels of the universe. This means that when the time traveler kill the grandmother he immediately creates a new quantum universe i.e. a parallel universe where the grandmother never exist and thus the time traveler is never born. Meanwhile the original universe remain unchanged. This theory was put forward by Dr. Stephen Hawking.
3. Hallow Earth Theory
Hallow Earth theory has been written about for more than a century. The Scandinavians tells of the legends of the �Ultima Thule�, a paradise inside the earth. It is supposed to be inhabited by gentle giants, a super race of GODs. The legend tells of an opening over the North Pole that allowed these giants to enter our world. They are supposed to have far advanced technology and have an average life span of over 400 years. Hitler was so impressed with this legend that he sent an investigation party in April of 1942 to search the North Pole.
Supporters of the Hallow Earth theory quote Admiral Byrd as having seen fresh water lakes, lush forest and mountains as he flew over the North Pole in 1947. They point out that Byrd stated that he flew beyond the North Pole and not over it.
Recently the supporters of this theory also include the South Pole as another point of entry into the hallow earth. It should be notes that many UFOs are spotted coming from both the south and North Pole. Supporters believe that these UFO originate from the hallow inside of the earth and enter our world through the poles. But most scientists have a more scientist explanation to the numerous numbers of UFOs coming from the pole. They believe that these UFOs enter our atmosphere to avoid the high radiation belt surrounding the equatorial regions of the earth.
4. Dimensional Travel
Yet another theory that can be derived from Einstein's relativity theory is the existence of multi dimensions. Today we know that for any given matter there exists an opposing matter called, anti-matter. This anti-matter is unaffected by the gravitational pull of the earth. This explains the UFO's fantastic velocity.
Some physicists such as Dr. Stephen Hawkins and Dr. Barry H. Downing theorized that it is possible for several systems to coexist as long as each had a gravitational system that is not attracted to any other. According to Einstein our universe is curved in a positive or negative direction. The universe can be thought of as a closed curve. Then there exist an inside and an outside. You could move from inside curvature to the outside curvature or vice versa provided that you understood the spatial curvature and the gravitational formula for each space and their relationship.
In other word these UFOs comes from an another dimension that is parallel to ours and exist in the same space time continuum. These UFOs does not actually travel but jumps from their dimension to ours. Some have explained the UFOs merging into cigar shaped UFO as evidence. They explain that the cigar shaped UFO is in reality a warp in the space time continuum.
But it is important to understand that this is only theory in the realm of theoretical physics and that we have not yet found such dimension.
5. Black Holes, Worm Holes, and White Holes
When a star has used up all its energy it dies depending on the size. If it is 3 times the size of our Sun or larger, it begins to shrink until the internal pressure causes a tremendous explosion. This violent death of a star is known as a Super Nova. But since the star is huge to begin with, the remaining star matter collapses at its center. As it collapses on itself the dense matter become so strong that even the sub atomic forces holding protons and electrons are overwhelmed. This is called a black hole and it is so dense that not even light can escape it gravitational field.
Before observing black holes scientists predicted they existed by using Einstein�s relativity theory. According Einstein�s theory, due to the massiveness of a black hole space-time continuum is distorted and this point is called �singularity�. Now imagine space-time continuum as flat stretch piece of rubber. Then place a heavy ball in the middle. This heavy ball represents a black hole. You would notice the rubber sheet is misshapen around the ball just as a black hole would distort the space-time continuum around it. (see if IV) Kip Thorn and Michael Morris at Caltech in California postulated that when to singularities find each other or join up, it form a wormhole. This wormhole creates a pathway between point A and B. Thus providing a fast and quick form of interstellar travel.
Therefore we could travel from one part of the universe to another in an instant through a wormhole. Draw back to this theory is that wormholes are theoretical and have not yet located one. Second problem is it is almost impossible to know which part of the universe is linked until you actually travel through it.
Einstein�s Constant c
We have looked at time travel, dimensional travel, and space travel. But in each of these theories the fundamental law governing them is the Einstein�s law of relativity. Einstein's relativity theory and his special relativity theory elaborate on number of properties when a particle travel at or approach speed of light. But the basic property that we are interested in the property governing speed and velocity that can be applied (or prohibits as the case may be) to space travel.
Every object can be represented in a 3 dimensional coordinates i.e. length, breadth and height. This coordinate system was derived by Newton. But every coordinate system must have a reference point. That is (0,0,0) coordinate where length zero, breadth zero, and height zero. Yet this system become inadequate when measuring celestial object. When measuring stars, galaxies and planets our reference point is Earth. But the pitfall we fall into in our calculation is due to the fact that the Earth is constantly moving relative to what we want to measure.
In 1918 Einstein got around this problem by using a 4 dimensional coordinate system. He added "time" as an extra coordinate. Imagine a plane traveling from New York to London. As the pilot takes his coordinates he must continuously take into account the speed of his plane in order to obtain accurate results.
Using this forth coordinate in his calculations Einstein was surprised at the result when the reference point is moving at high speed. Lets find out what Einstein found. Suppose a spaceship A is moving at 0.75c (75% of speed of light) in one direction and another spaceship B approaches in opposite direction at 0.75c (where speed of light c=186,000miles/sec). Issac Newton�s law of physics set back in 1680 tells us that their relative speed should be 1.5c. But according Einstein�s equation their relative speed is only 0.96c.
What is apparent is that if c is a constant, then space and time must be relative. In other words, if the crew of spaceship A and B are to see light traveling at a constant velocity irrespective of their own velocity they must measure time differently. That is the time scale is different at different speeds. In lay mans term, faster one travels, the shorter any given distance. That is, as we approach speed of light their time slows down.
What does this mean to space travel? Faster one travels longer the distance the space ship needed to travel since time slows down. This property has been proven since 1905 in experiments conducted in particle accelerators where protons are accelerated close to speed of light. We do not notice this in our everyday life since we don�t travel anywhere nearly fast enough. But during a recent space shuttle mission the clocks on board lost one tenth of a million second.
Another property that is effected traveling close to speed of light is the weight of the body.(Keep in mind that mass is NOT the same as weight) According to Einstein�s equation E=MC2, the faster we travel the heavier we become. As we approach speed of light the weight of our space ship becomes infinity. Thus the power plant needed to propel this heavy spaceship would be too big to be practical.
But these are all scientific or technological limitation that another advanced civilization might have overcome. Yet one aspect of Einstein relativity theory that we cannot overcome is what we call �twin brother paradox�. Let us assume that one identical twin A get on a space ship bound to the nearest star at 0.75c. While the other twin B remain on Earth. The nearest star is 2.6 light years away. Twin A will spend only 0.975 years on his spaceship as he travel to his destination. Yet his twin brother B on Earth would have aged 3.9 years. If the twin A is on spaceship traveling at 0.55c, he would spend 0.225 years on his way to the nearest star. While his brother B would have aged 22 years. This is to our nearest neighbor but imagine stars and galaxies that are over billions and billions of light years away.
Conclusion
This was not just a lesson in physics and math. We have looked at different concepts put forward to explain the origin of the UFOs. We have eliminated all except other solar systems. It is possible that other civilizations might exists somewhere else in the universe, but the problem we encounter is their or our ability to travel such vast distances of spaces without violating the fundamental laws of physics. It is now where we look else for the origin of these UFO and thus my thesis and now a book.