The Bermuda Triangle
by
Rohn DeSilva

The Bermuda Triangle, sometimes know as Devil�s Triangle, is approximately 1.5 million square miles in size. Depending on what article or book you read or what researcher you ask the shape of the triangle varies. For simplicity many bound the Bermuda Triangle to be triangle formed by Miami, Bermuda and Puerto Rico as the vertices. In my extensive research into the topic I came to the conclusion that the shape of the Bermuda Triangle is an area that isn�t rigidly defined as many suggest. The effect of the triangle and can be felt as far north as Azores or as far south as the Gulf of Mexico and thus encompassing a larger area. Vincent Gaddis is credited with the popularizing the term Bermuda Triangle in the article he wrote in Argosy magazine in 1964. But as early as October of 1952 George X. Sand in an article titled �Sea Mystery at our Back Door� in Fate magazine noticed the unusually high number of disappearances of ship and planes. Even before George X. Sand articles, an article appeared in September 16, 1950 issue of Associate Press written by E. V. W. Jones. He also noted the unusual occurrences in this region. Then in 1974 Charles Berlitz�s book titled �The Bermuda Triangle� became an overnight success selling more than five million hardbound copies. Later the paperback edition would sell even more copies.

The Bermuad Triangle has claimed more than 100 ship and planes and more than 1,000 lives. Yet it was the disappearance of Flight 19 that fueled the legend of the Bermuda Triangle. And it was Charles Berlitz's book "The bermuda Triangle" that started my interest in this subject. In my research I came to the conclusion that there are two unique and major characteristics of the Triangle. First the extremely high number of disappearances of ships and planes. Second the high frequency distribution of UFO sightings within this area. Although Berlitz mentioned this unusual high number of UFO sightings but failed to offer any explanation or make a connection with the disappearances.
Even as far back as 1492 Columbus wrote that his men were frightened of strange lights in the sky (could they be UFOs) and the sudden erratic behavior of their compass needle. They were also amazed at the total lack of wind for days at a time. This omnipresent calmness might have started such legends of "Sea of Lost Ships", the "Graveyard of Lost Ships" and the "Sea of Fear".

On May 16, 1767 HMS Harwhal log read,

"For a fortnight we have been becalmed in the midst of this damnable Sargasso Sea � within the grasp of some strange force that will not let us go. Though we have had not a whisper of a breeze for days, oddly there is the sound of wind about us. Strange light appearing as huge green puff were spotted at night".

The Captain also reported that they spotted an approaching ship, which they recognized as Westbury Star of Liverpool. The sails were neatly trimmed and was attacking a brisk wind as she passed within a few hundred yards. Yet the Captain swore upon his honor that there was not the slightest breeze to ripple their rigging.

In 1881 an American schooner Ellen Austin while sailing west of Azores encountered an abandoned schooner. The captain of Ellen Austin took advantage of this by putting a salvage crew or �prize crew� as it is sometimes called. Before the crew could under way a sudden squall caused the two ships to be separated. In less than half an hour this sudden and furious squall was gone replaced by calm sea. It was two days later before the derelict was sighted again. But the prize crew had vanished. The captain of Ellen Austin was persistent and placed a second prize crew on the mysterious and dangerous ship. Shortly afterwards another squall came up and contact was again lost and neither the ship nor the second prize crew was ever seen again.

Other ships abandoned with the vessel in perfect sailing conditions include Mary Celeste in November 1972, it was Carol Deering in February 1921, John and Mary found deserted in April 1932, Gloria Colite in February 3 1940, Cuban vessel Rubicon in October 22 1944. In all the derelicts found in the Bermuda Triangle the crew and any humans on board had vanished completely for ever. Interestingly animals and pets are sometimes found on these ships. Charles Berlitz asked in his book, �Could it be that something or someone � is collecting people like specimens?�

One of the most remarkable incidents is the total disappearance of an entire training squadron of flight 19 and a giant rescue bomber. At 2:10 PM on December 5, 1945 five navy Grumman TBM-3 Avengers left the Fort Lauderdale on a training flight lead by an experienced pilot Lieutenant Charles Taylor. A little over hour after take off all five planes disappeared some where over the Bermuda triangle. But prior to their disappearance flight leader Charles informed his station that they were lost and did not know which way was east or west. He also indicated that every thing looked strange and couldn�t differentiate the sky from the ocean. Later researched by Berlitz also indicated that their instrument were acting �crazy�, especially their compasses and gyroscopes. At this time communication between the flight was lost. Yet the tower could hear communication between the planes. Some forty miles away was another planes piloted by training instructor Lieutenant Robert Cox. Cox could pick up their transmission but for some reason flight 19 couldn�t hear him. By now every Ham radio operators up and down the coast were tuned to the lost flight 19 and was monitoring their frequency. Then as night fell one of them caught flight 19 last message. According Berlitz the message was cryptic and ominous: �Don�t come after us � they look like they are from outer space��

Even before this last weird message the Navy was launching the biggest search in the history. The history�s most intensive search consisted of 240 planes and sixty seven additional planes from the aircraft carrier Solomons, four destroyers, several submarines, eighteen coast guard vessels, search and rescue cutters, and hundreds of private yacht and planes. The greatest search effort in the history covered over 100,000 of square miles. But ironically a few hours later they were searching for six planes and not five when one of the twin engine Martin Marine rescue plane with thirteen-crew member aboard also vanished.

The search did not even produce the smallest pieces of evidence, an oil slick or any survivors. It seems that six planes and twenty-three people just disappeared off the face of the earth without a trace. Berlitz in his book wrote that almost four hours after they disappeared the call number of the flight FT was heard transmitted. If this and the cryptic massage received earlier were accurate that would mean they were still in the air long after their fuel supply was exhausted.

As the National Airlines flight 727 approached Miami International they requested for a time check and set the instrumental panel clock. But a few minutes later at the Miami Air Traffic Control Center 727 suddenly disappeared from the radar screen. Within a few minutes Coast Guard was alerted and a rescue and search, and an emergency procedures were poised and prepared for the worst.

But meanwhile the flight 727 was proceeding without any incidents except for that the co-pilot noticed that they were surrounded by green hazy mist. A stewardess checking the schedule arrival with the captain was told that she had just performed her last cabin check, including several passenger chores in less than three minutes. Then exactly ten minutes later the pilot and co-pilot were puzzled to see that the mist had disappeared completely.

Back at the Miami International everyone was preparing for a major disaster when suddenly exactly ten minutes later the flight 727 re-appeared on the radar. When the plane landed the crew was a little surprised to see all emergency equipment. That was until one of the supervisors told them that they were ten minutes late. Both the pilot and the co-pilot told argued that they were on time and took the investigators to check the clocks in the cockpit. In spite of the fact that twenty minutes earlier they had set their clock on a Miami Control Tower check, the instrumental panel clock and all the crew�s watches were exactly ten minutes slow.

Some have theorized that the flight 727 was stuck in anther time dimension for a period of ten minutes, thereby stopping all clocks and watches. Before we reject the �time space-continuum� theory these incidents are frequent in the Bermuda Triangle. Carolyn Cascio, a licensed pilot, and her passenger could be clearly seen by the two employees of the airport at Grand Turk Island. But they were unable to communicate with the pilot.

On the ground both the airport personnel and a few people on the island watched the plane circle overhead easily within their visual range. Time after time the airport manager tried to contact the pilot. There was no response. Yet they could hear the pilot�s comments. They were startled to hear the comments made by the pilot.

"I don�t understand it,� the pilot said, "this should be Grand Turk, but there�s nothing there. It�s the right place on the map and the shape is right, but this island looks uninhabited � no building � roads � nothing."

The airport managed again tried to make radio contact with no success. Then they were horrified to see the confused pilot simply banked the aircraft away and flew out of sight � never to hear from again. Some, including myself, have suggested that the plane somehow slipped into another time-dimension in the past where the airport and the road didn�t exist.

Lawrence D. Kusche attributed catastrophic weather to explain the disappearance of ships and planes in his book �The Bermuda Triangle: Mystery Solved�. Yet like most skeptics he completely ignored such strange aspects such as the lack of distress signals sent or the absence of wreckage. Kusche also conveniently does not mention the strange occurrences such as the loss or gain on time, strange cloud formations and UFO sightings. It is a well-known fact that in the Bermuda Triangle the compass needle point to true north rather than magnetic north. It apparent from extensive research that there are strong magnetic vortices within the Triangle. According to fundamental laws of Einstein these strong magnetic fluxes could create a distortion in the space-time continuum. When a plane or ship enter this vortex they would simply be �transported� to another dimension provided the magnetic flux is strong enough to distort the space-time continuum. This could explain the complete disappearance of ship and plane and the lack of wreckage.

If a vessel was to travel by the edge of this vortex, again a loss or gain in time could be experienced rather than total disappearance. This could also account for spinning of the compass needle and the strange green haze reported so many times. Experiments have shown us that a green haze usually results in a strong electromagnetic force.

Although the above theory is the most logical explanation, a few other hypotheses have been offered to explain the Bermuda Triangle. Due to the high frequency of UFO sightings some have suggested that these UFOs are space-napping humans and our technology � planes and ships. An interesting aspect of this theory is that in all the derelicts found abandoned only people were found missing and yet their pet, dogs, cats and birds, were found almost starved. Is it possible that UFOs are only interested in humans and not other living creatures.

Charles Berlitz, the author of Bermuda Triangle and an authoritative on Atlantis, theorized a connection between Atlantis, Bermuda Triangle and the disappearance of ships and planes. Plato in his Timaeus and Critias dialogue describes a land of Golden Age of man, a great and wonderful world empire in the Atlantic. Most experts on Atlantis agree that this empire had an advanced technological civilization unsurpassed even today. Some suggest that they developed the power inherent in nuclear fission (not fusion). Edgar Cayce, �sleeping prophet� and psychic healer, gave hundreds of trace interviews about Atlantis between 1923 and 1944. However in June 1940, he unexpectedly declared:

Poseidia will be among the first portions of Atlantis to rise again � expected in �68 � and �69 � not so far away.

As expected in 1968 the Bimini �Wall� or �Road� was first discovered by Dr. J. Manson Valentine with divers Jacques Mayol, Harold Climo and Robert Angove. Cayce described the use of lasers and masers and nuclear energy in Atlantis. At that moment (in 1942) lasers were still some year ahead in the future. He also described a gigantic crystal power source, which was used in communication with forces from outside.

Berlitz suggest that this crystal power source is still active under the Atlantic Ocean. Frequently this power source becomes active for some unknown reason. If a ship or a plane was unfortunate enough to enter the field generated by the crystal, they would be destroyed, pushed in to another dimension or atomized. An interesting connection to this is the behavior of the mysterious �white waters� noted by Columbus to our astronomers. No one has satisfactorily explained the mystery.

In all most every book written about the Bermuda Triangle mentions the Philadelphia Experiment either briefly or in details. Yet the Nay experiment had little to do with the Bermuda Triangle and the disappearances of planes and ships. But science used in the experiment can be used to explain what is happening within the triangle.

Bermuda Triangle isn�t the only area on earth where planes and ship had disappeared. Devil Sea off Japan and the Great Lakes Triangle have similar characteristics. For more information read �Bermuda Triangle� by Charles Berlitz and �The Great Lakes Triangle� by Jay Gourley.

Most investigators, including Carlos M. Allende and Dr. Morris K. Jessup, claim that the experiment was an investigation into Albert Einstein�s �Unified Field Theory for Gravitation and Electricity�. Einstein published his Unified Field Theory around 1925-27 in Germany in a Prussian scientific journal, but it was later withdrawn as incomplete. Yet according to Allende, in his letters, Lord Bertrand Russell considered Einstein�s Unified Field Theory complete but felt that �man is not ready for it ��. Simply put, the Unified Field Theory is a mathematical explanation using a set of equations to describe the relationship between three basic universal forces: electromagnetic, gravitational and nuclear. Einstein suggested that there might be a �fourth� universal force, which could be perpendicularly related to gravity, in the same way that electricity is related to magnetism. Interestingly in 1974 two elementary particles, known as J or psi, were discovered in New York and California. According to Einstein this weak fourth force could be either inter-dimensional or �time-related�.

In June 1943, before it was officially commissioned, the USS Eldridge, DE (Destroyer Escort)-173 was being fitted with tons of experimental electronics equipment. This included two massive generators of 74KVA each, mounted where the forward turret would have been, distributing their power through four magnetic coils mounted on deck. Three RF transmitters (2 magnetic CW each mounted on deck), three thousand �6L6� power amplifier tubes (used to drive the field coils of the two generators), special synchronizing and modulation circuits, and a host of other specialized hardware were employed to generate a massive electromagnetic field which, when properly configured would be able to bend light and radio waves around the ship, thus making it invisible to enemy observers.

These heavy electronic equipment could explain a discrepancy of 660 tons between the US Naval records (1,240 tons) and the Greek records (1,900 tons) of displacement. According to experts the only way for a ship to gain 660 tons of buoyancy is for something of that weight to have been removed from the ship before it�s sale to the Greek navy.

The experiment took place at the Philadelphia Naval yards and also at sea. At 0900 hours o July 22nd, 1943 the power to the generators were turned on and the massive electromagnetic field was build up around the ship. A green fog was seen to slowly envelop the ship, concealing it from view. Then the fog it self disappeared \, taking the Eldridge w3ith it, leaving only undisturbed water where the ship had been anchored only a few minutes before. To the amazement of the elite officers of the navy, the ship and the crew were not only radar invisible but invisible to the eye as well. After fifteen minutes the generators were shutdown, the greenish fog reappeared and the Eldridge began to dematerialize.

The final test was conducted on the 28th of October 1943 at 17:15. As the electromagnetic field generators were turned on again, the Eldridge became invisible - only a faint outline of the hull remained visible in the water. Everything went as predicted for a few seconds, and then in a blinding flash the ship completely vanished. Within seconds it reappeared miles away in Norfolk, Virginia and was seen for several minutes. Then the Eldridge disappeared from Norfolk and reappeared back in Philadelphia�s naval yard. This time most of the men were violently sick, while some of them were simply �missing never to return�. But the strangest of all were five men who were fused to the metal in the ship�s structures.

The final experiment took place in full view of the merchant ship S.S. Andrew Furuseth and other observation ships. The Andrew Furuseth becomes a significant because one of its crewmen is Carlos M. Allende, a.k.a. Carl Allen. In January 13, 1955 Dr. Morris K. Jessup published �The case for the UF� through Citadel Press. This is the first truly �scientific� attempt to examine the question of UFOs and their means of propulsion. It was not too long after the appearance of the paperback edition (about mid-October 1955) that Dr. Jessup received the first of three strange letter from one Carlos Miguel Allende. It was in the second letter that Carl Allen (2nd letter was signed Carl Allen) described in details the Philadelphia Experiment the third letter was information on the Philadelphia Experiment, Einstein�s Unified Field Theory and the Navy. Although Dr. Jessup was curious to learn more, he was busy on his second book reply to the third letter. Almost certainly the matter would have been completely written off as that of a raving crackpot.

In late July or early August of 1955, the office of Naval Research, Washington 25 DC, received an envelope postmarked �Seminole, Texas 1953� and the words �happy Easter� written on it in ink. Inside the envelope is the now famous annotated copy of Morris K. Jessup�s �The case for the UFO�. At least three different colors of ink used and Navy erroneously assumed that there three different authors. But what seems even more bizarre is that the author seems to posses intimate knowledge of UFOs, their mean of propulsion, origin, background and history. For some unknown reason the book was not thrown into the trash. It eventually ended in the hands of Commander George W. Hoover, ONR�s Special Project Officers, and Captain Sidney Sherby. Both these men were deeply involved in the Navy�s Project Vanguard, the code name for the Americas� effort to develop its first earth satellite and anti-gravity research.

This annotated book was shown to the author, Morris K. Jessup Dr. Jessup was troubled and amazed at the in depth knowledge of the annotator on subjects such as magnetic fields, gravity fields, sheets of diamond, cosmic rays, force cutters, inlay work, clear talk, teleporting, nodes, vertices, magnetic nets. As he read the annotation Jessup realized that the author of these annotations is one other than his mysterious correspondent, Carlos M. Allende. Satisfied with the conclusion, Jessup explained about the three letters and Carlos M. Allende to Commander Hoover. Commander Hoover and Captain Sherby of the ONR were so fascinated that they made an all out effort located Allende. It can be logically deduced that ONR felt that Allende had knowledge that was vital to their research.

All the information, data, facts and evidence given so far is accurate and can easily be verified by any competent researcher.

Meanwhile the floor of the King�s Chamber is in shape of a perfect �golden rectangle�. To accomplish such a shape designers of the pyramid need the knowledge of the Fibonacci series and the logarithmic spiral, latter being a function of pi. The Fibonacci series is a set of integers that can used expressed as,

The descending passage of the pyramid holds a straight line accuracy of one fiftieth (1/50) of an inch over its 150 foot length. While the going through the bedrock below the pyramid the straight line accuracy is held to a one quarter (1/4) of an inch for the entire 350 foot length. Chuck Missle, an engineer and astronomer who holds a graduate degrees in math, engineering and business from UCLA, admits that we could not duplicate this accuracy even with our modern laser-boring technology.

Over two million blocks of limestones are fitted to a tolerance of one two thousand of an inch that not even a razor blade could be inserted. The fact is that the stones of the pyramid are fitted to a higher accuracy than the tolerance used for the heat shields of the space shuttle. Wow!!!!!!!!

The sides of the great pyramid run almost exactly north to south and east to west and the deviation is within three arc minutes from the true north and NOT magnetic north. In comparison the famous Paris Observatory built to modern astronomical standards has a deviation of six arc minutes. This kind of accuracy has never been achieved in any modern astronomical observatory in the world so far. But what is even more amazing is that the pyramid might have been built aligned perfectly with true north and the error of three arc minutes could be due to the earth�s shift in poplar axis. Geographically the pyramid sits on the only intersecting lines of longitude and latitude that divides the earth into two equal ladmasses and oceans.

The descending passage of the pyramid slope at a steep angle of 26. The opening that faces north lies 600 feet above. Out of curiosity Howard-Vyse, an expert Egyptologist, asked well-known astronomer Sir John Herschel if this narrow tunnel could be in the direction of the earth�s pole star. After calculation he determined that earth�s current pole star, Polaris, could not be seen. But after further calculation taking into account the earth�s precession over the last 4,00 years another pole star, dimmer �Thuban� is in the constellation Draco, is aligned perfectly. Using this bit of information and the 26,000 year precession-period of the earth another expert Piazzi Smyth, Astronomer Royal of Scotland, dated the age of the pyramid as either 2123 BC or 3440 BC.

Now let us look at the Great Pyramid in details. The pyramid of Khufu (also called Cheops by the Greeks) was built between 2600 and 2500 BC as a tomb for the pharaoh. The two smaller pyramids of Giza complex were attributed to Cheop�s successor, Kephren , and his wife and daughter. Yet the indisputable fact remains that no dead king or any other mummified corpse has never been found in any pyramid. According to the Greek historian, Herodotus, to whom the most of what we know about the Great Pyramid is credited to, tell us that it was built over a twenty-year period. We also know for a fact, thanks to archeology, 2.6 million blocks of limestones used were queried on the east coast of the Nile, while the Great Pyramid is located on the west side. How were these huge blocks transported?

There are two schools of thought. One insists that the blocks were �rolled� along a causeway on log that were placed in front of the block, retrieved from the rear as the stone passed and placed in the front to give the huge stone continues path to roll on. I see two draw backs to this theory known as the �rollers�. One of the most logical and abundant source of trees for purpose is the date palm tree. These trees native to the Nile, were a precious food source and would not be cut down simply to be used in transporting stones. Assuming that tree logs were imported, they would simply be crushed under the huge sixty tone stones.

The other group insist that these stone were transported by thousands of Egyptians pulling these stones n some kind of ramp. These scholars are called �rampers�. These scholars also suggest that these stone were pulled up a ramp to next level of as the ramp systematically extended as each level was completed. According Dr. Joseph Davidovits, a proponent of this theory, �we know that sixty tones can easily be hauled over a flat terrain. Fifty-five pounds of force are exerted to pull three hundred and thirty five pounds, indicating that four hundred men are required to pull the [sixty-tone] colossus.� It is ridiculous to imagine 400 men all packed into a sixty feet wide causeway (according another expert Tompkins).

Davidovits goes on to point out that incline ramp of three to one and four to one were necessary. This would mean it would take somewhere between hundred forty to two hundred men to raise one block. But we know that the pyramid is made of 2.6 million blocks. To raise this many it would take 130,000 blocks per year to accomplish this feat, averaging 1,400 blocks per day. If we assume a team of one hundred and fifty men per block, each team making four trips a day it would require 52,00 men working together at one time. It is even ridiculous to imagine. Dr. Rita Evenly Freed, curator of the Department of Egyptian and Ancient Near Eastern Art at the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, believe that the Fourth Dynasty had nowhere near the population to supply such a vast number of laborers.

Egyptologists also suggest that the Great Pyramid was accomplished after a century of �trial and error�. If Canby is right then all other pyramids are precursors to the Great Pyramid. Yet dating methods shows us that the Great Pyramid is the oldest pyramid and all other are unsuccessful attempts to duplicate it. There are roughly a hundred of pyramidal structures along the west coast of Nile some of them so badly eroded as to be barely recognizable as pyramids.

Any architect with experience in building large construction projects would point out is vital to make a geological study to determine if the site can support the structure. The Egyptians must have been the world�s best geologists to chose this particular site for the Great Pyramid of Giza. They were far superior to modern day geologists that they were able to chose the west bank of the Nile rather than the east bank. And from the entire west bank of the Nile in Egypt they chose the Giza as their best choice. In comparison modern office building settle at a rate of five inches every two hundred years. The US Capitol building has settled five inches in the past two hundred years while the Great Pyramid of Giza weighing fourteen billion pounds (14x109) has settled only half a inch in 5,000 years. Feel free to say wow!!!!!!!

It may be that somebody had gotten lucky in selecting the site at Giza and marked off the only thirteen acres available in the whole of Egypt to built the Great Pyramid. They might also have been lucky in that the site divides the earth into two equal ladmasses and therefore less subjected to earthquakes and ground shift. It is amazing what little trial and error can accomplish. Now all they have to do is built the pyramid to the exact geometric standards I mentioned earlier with the crude and ancient tools.

I have given information to disprove that the ancient Egyptians built this marvel the Great Pyramid of Giza. Yet I refuse to speculate on the real builders and the reason for building such a perfect structure. I leave it up to my readers to make up their own minds from the given fact. If you do have an answer let me know please.

A gigantic �pillar of fire� rose into the sky to such a height that Siberians in towns several hundred miles away saw it. The air was wracked by a series of claps that would be heard more than 500 miles away. It was followed by a searing thermal current that swept across Northern wood igniting the tall confer that burned for days. Citizens 400 miles away had to shield their faces from the fierce heat.

475 miles south-southwest of the epicenter hurricane like gusts rattled doors, windows and lamps in Kanski, a small station town on the newly completed Trans-Siberian Railway. Within two minutes an additional shock waves struck the town.

As the thick dark masses rose to an altitude above 12 miles the Tunguska region was showered by an ominous �black-rain�. This is the result of sudden air condensation and the fountain of dust particles and debris sucked into the swirling vortex of the explosion. The recorded seismic shocks were first mistaken for earthquake tremors.

Leonid Kulik, a remarkable scientist at the new Soviet Academy of Science, collected information about meteorite falls in the USSR territory. A friend gave him a newspaper clipping describing the event of June 1908. The first expedition to investigate the mystery of the Tunguska explosion was in 1927 lead by Leonid Kulik. Kulik, a meteorite expert, believed that the explosion was due to a meteorite strike. Yet after several expeditions Kulik failed to produce any sign of meteorite. He was especially puzzled (frustrated according others) at the lack of a crater at the epicenter. Kulik gathered a lot of information that is still debated today.

Information and data gathered point to a striking resemblance to the first nuclear explosion at Hiroshima. At the epicenter of the blitz a large number of trees were left standing though stripped of their branches and leaves. At Hiroshima American observers noticed that there was very little damage at the center of the blast. Similarly trees had remained upright at the center just like in Tunguska.

There had been at least two blasts, an explosion and a ballistic shock wave. Curiously new growth of trees at the center is very much accelerated compared with other group of trees in that part of Siberia. Similarly the trees and plants at Hiroshima seems to grow more quickly. Dr. Vasilieyev of the Tomsk University point out that �Some of the trees and plants just stopped growing. Others have grown many times many hundred percent faster than they were doing before 1908�. Dr. Vasilieyev who strongly supported an atomic and thermonuclear explosion wrote, �There have been most violent genetic changes, not only in plants but in small insect life. There are ants and other insects quite unlike anywhere else�.

Yet Dr. Vasilieyev found no evidence of abnormal radiation residual. But then these tests were not done until 1960. But there is evidence of absolute electromagnetic chaos at the center of the site. When the Americans and Russians tested their H-bombs in the 1950s they noticed that on the opposite side of the earth it produced an extraordinary bright aurora light and disturbance in the ionosphere. Remarkably at the magnetic opposite of the earth Ernest Shackleton, British explorer, noticed the most extraordinary display of aurora lights at the time of the Tunguska explosion.

Above all the �pillar of smoke� observed at Tunguska resembled the most sinister symbol in mankind�s nightmare - the mushroom cloud of a nuclear explosion. The Russian scientist noticed that the Tunguska explosion had been thousand times more powerful than the Hiroshima bomb. The blisters on the Tunguska reindeers were very similar to the radiation burns suffered by the cattle of New Mexico after test dust cloud hit them. The similarities were too close to ignore.

Results from Hiroshima and H-bomb test, scientists were able to calculate the height at which the Tunguska object had immolated; about five miles up in the air. But what could have caused an appearance of a nuclear explosion before nuclear physics was born? It would be close to four decades in the future before the first nuclear explosion by the Americans.

The strange irregular or oval shape boundaries of the blast region had already been noted by E. L. Krinov during the third expedition in 1929. 1928 aerial photograph further verified this oval pattern. Felix Zigel noted that the epicenter of the explosion and the zone of trees left standing occupy on eccentric position in the region of the catastrophe. The zone of destruction is elongated in a direction that is parallel to the trajectory but at a large angle to it. Therefore Zigel characterized the blast as �directive� - the effect of the explosion was �not the same in all directions�. Following his expeditions in 1959 and 1960 A. V. Zolotov came up with an explanation to the unusual oval shape: the blast had an unusual oval shape because the explosive material was enclosed in some type �container�.

The concrete proof of such a non-explosive container had already been acquired by Kulik. In the late fifties soil samples were subjected to extreme magnification and laboratory tests confirming they contained small extraterrestrial matter. A. A. Yavnel conducted these experiments and showed that Tunguska soil contain concentration of spherical globules composed primarily of silicate and magnetite, a magnetized iron oxide. These particles appeared to have coalesced under tremendous heat like the trinitite found at Alamogordo atomic test site. In 1962 Florensky conducted more chemical analysis on soil samples he had collected. As expected, he fund thousands of �tiny brilliant spheres�, many fused together, were found imbedded like pellets in the earth and trees. More detailed analysis revealed small amount of Cobalt and Nickel as well as traces of Copper and Germanium in these spheres. This was further proof of an artificial craft. �Remember that the ship must have had electrical and technical instruments�, Kazantsev elaborated, also Copper wire and surely means of communication - semi-conductors containing Germanium�.

After calculating the path of the Tunguska object A. Y. Manotskov, an airplane designer, came to the conclusion that the object was traveling at a velocity much slower than that of a natural cosmic object. Meteorites travel at speed between 9 and 13 miles per hour. Sometimes as fast as 28 mi./h. According to Manotskov 1908 object had a speed of 0.7km/sec or 2,400 km/h - less than a mile per second, which is comparable to a high-altitude reconnaissance plane. Boris Liapunov, a Soviet rocket specialist, concurred with Manotskov that the object behaved in its entry and velocity like a supersonic craft.

Next investigators tried to determine the flight trajectory of the object hopping this would uncover the true identity of the unknown object. Voznesensky, Suslov and Astapovich, based their opinion primarily on eyewitness report and seismic data, and decided that the object moved from south-southwest to north-northeast. Meanwhile Krinov proposed that �the trajectory ran from southeast to northwest� and placed the �projected position on to the earth�s surface of the beginning of the trajectory as corresponding approximately to the north shore of the lake Baikal�.

Both the general pattern of the toppled trees and the relationship between the center of the fallen deadwood and searing effect convinced Florensky that the object came from east southwest. According to V. G. Konenkin the most probable trajectory is east southwest to west-northwest. After examining the standing trees that bore traces of ballistic and blast shock Zolotov came to the conclusion that the object appeared from southwest.

At first the problem appeared impossible to resolve, eyewitness testimony and forest damage could be produced to support either directions. It seems that both paths were accurate. Thus the startling answer is that the object had switched directions in its journey over Siberia. Florensky and Zolotov found ballistic evidence to prove that some type of flight correction was performed in the atmosphere. Felix Zigel, professor of aerodynamics at the Moscow Institute of Aviation, and his latest study of all the eyewitness and physical data convinced him �before the blast the Tunguska body describe in the atmosphere a tremendous arc of about 375 miles in extent (in azimuth)�. Zigel and others, Soviet rocket and aviation experts believed that the remarkable cylindrical object could only have been an �artificial flying craft from some other planet�.

All evidence gathered by the Russians point to the �spaceship� theory. These independent thinkers and scientists even have a theory as to what it was doing here. It was short of water for its� nuclear powered plant and was aiming for lake Baikal (Baykal), the largest body of freshwater in the world. In spite of all the evidence skeptics are always looking for new theories. In the early days of the Tunguska expeditions Kuliks� fellow scientists criticized him for searching for the non-existing meteoric impact point. Then in 1930s two astronomers, F. J. W. Whipple, head of the Kew Observatory in London and the Russian I. S. Astopovich, concluded independently that the Tunguska object is a gaseous comet. This explains the absence of an impact crater. But this theory also falls apart under vigorous scrutiny.

Then in 1973 A. A. Jackson and M. P. Ryan of the center for Relativity Theory at the University of Texas decided that it must have been a mini version of a black hole. Using advanced Calculus they managed to show that their little black hole could have passed right through the earth and emerged on the other side, somewhere in the Atlantic between Iceland and Newfoundland. But the Russians found no traces of Tunguska-like upheaval in that area where the black hole postulated. So much for that theory.

Again Clyde Cowan and Hall Craneel of the Catholic University of Washington and C. R. Atluri and W. F. Libby of University of California in Los Angeles treated us to high powered calculus in suggesting that anti matter was responsible for the Tunguska explosion. But evidenced failed to show enhanced radiation to prove this theory.

This means we are left with the only possible explanation - the �spaceship theory� that conformed to all the data and evidence.