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LATE MIDDLE AGES
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16th and 17th CENTURIES
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18th CENTURY
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19TH CENTURY
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MARRIAGE AND FAMILY:
·
Nuclear family
- Divorce nonexistent
- Marriages arranged for economic reasons.
- Prostitution in urban areas
- Ave. age for men: mid-late 20s
- Avg. age for women: less than 20 years old.
- Church encouraged cult of paternal care.
- Many couples did not observe church regulations
on marriage.
- Manners shaped men to please women.
- Relative sexual equality
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MARRIAGE AND FAMILY:
·
Nuclear family
- Divorce available in certain cases
- More prostitution
- Marriages still based on economics but
increasingly more romantic.
- Average age for marriage: 27 for men; 25 for
women.
- Increased infanticide.
- Low rate of illegitimate births.
- Dramatic population growth until 1650; growth
slows until 1750.
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MARRIAGE AND FAMILY:
·
Nuclear family
- Growth of Cottage Industry.
- Marriages based more on romance.
- Average age for marriage: late 20s or later;
takes longer for couple to be ready economically for marriage.
- Many women don’t marry; "spinsters"
- Illegitimate birth explosion:1750-1850
- Increase in infanticide.
- Foundling hospitals created
- Young people increasingly worked away from home
in the city.
- "Spare the rod, spoil the child."
- Rise of humanitarianism (influenced by
Enlightenment.
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MARRIAGE AND FAMILY:
·
Ideal of
romantic love now most important reason
- Fewer children per family; more love towards
children
- Middle class more apt to consider economic
reasons
- Many men married late
- Women closely monitored
- Sexual double standard
- Rate of illegitimacy declined after 1850 in
working classes
- Prostitution sought by middle & upper
middle class men
- Freud: early childhood vital
- Lower class kids less dependent on parents
financially than middle class kids
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STATUS OF WOMEN:
- women
better than in next two centuries.
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STATUS OF
WOMEN:
Status of
upper-class women declines in Renaissance.
- Most women not affected by Renaissance.
- Educated women allowed involvement but subservient
to men.
- Sexual double standard
- Woman was to make herself pleasing to the man (Castaglione)
- Rape not considered serious crime.
- Protestant Reformation: women’s occupation is
in the home.
- Catholic orders for women grew.
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STATUS OF WOMEN:
·
Protestant women
still
·
expected to manage the home.
- Upper-class Catholic women had self-development
options in religious orders.
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STATUS OF WOMEN:
·
After 1850,
increasingly
·
separate spheres: men worked in factories; women stayed at
home.
- By late-19th century, women worked
outside the home only in poor families
- Middle class women began working to organize
and expand their rights
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EDUCATION:
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EDUCATION:
·
Mostly for
upper-classes
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EDUCATION:
·
Protestantism
spurred increased education for boys and girls.
- Humanitarianism of Enlightenment led to
improved education
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EDUCATION:
- Increase among middle class
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RELIGION:
- Dominated by Catholic Church
- Reform movements: Wyclif
and Hus.
- Some persecution of witches
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RELIGION:
·
Protestant
Reformation
- Catholic Counter Reformation
- Religious wars
- "New Monarchs" and Absolute Monarchs
take control of national churches.
- Major persecution of alleged witches.
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RELIGION:
·
Protestant
"Pietism" in Germany.
- Rise of Methodism
- Catholic piety remains.
- Decrease in witch hunts
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RELIGION: Rerum Novarum Syllabus of Errors Kulturkampf
Increased emphasis on morality
among middle class
- Decline among urban working classes.
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NUTRITION AND HEALTH
- Poor harvests created malnutrition.
- Black Plague resulted in loss of 1/3 of
population.
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NUTRITION and HEALTH:
·
Poor life
expectancy (about 25 years)
- Price Revolution = less food consumption due to
higher prices (until about 1650).
- Bread is staple food for poor classes.
- Upper-classes eat large quantities of meat.
- Smallpox and famines still ravaged parts of Europe.
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NUTRITION and HEALTH
·
Improved diet:
more vegetables (esp. potato).
- Increased life expectancy from 25 years to 35
years.
- Major advances in control of plague and disease
(esp. Small Pox—Edward Jenner)
- William Harvey: Circulation of Blood
- Development of public health
- Hospital reform
- Reform for mental health institutions
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NUTRITION and HEALTH
- Public Health Movement: Bentham
& Chadwick
- Bacterial Revolution: Pasteur-"germ
theory"
- Antiseptic (Lister)
- Increased life expetancy
- Significant decline in infant mortality after
1890
- Poor living conditions in cities
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SOCIAL STRUCTURE:
- Feudalism dominated most of Europe.
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SOCIAL STRUCTURE:
·
Population
growth began in 16th century until about 1650.
- Cities grew faster than rural areas.
- Two major hierarchies existed:
Countryside: landlords, peasants,
landless laborers
Urban: merchants, artisans,
laborers
Clergy, lawyers, teachers, & civil
servants fit awkwardly in both
hierarchies.
·
Advancement up
the hierarchy possible through education.
- Enclosure movement
- Putting out system
- Serfdom in eastern Europe
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SOCIAL STRUCTURE:
·
Cottage
Industry in rural areas.
- Growth of cities.
- Serfdom in eastern
Europe.
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SOCIAL STRUCTURE:
- Increased standard of living for average person;
higher wages
- Society more diverse and less unified
Middle Class
Banking; industry;
large-scale
commerce
- Diversified middle class groups
Moderately
successful industrialists, merchants, professionals (doctors, lawyers)
Shopkeepers, small
traders
Lower Class: (80% of population)
- Highly skilled: Foremen; highly skilled
handicraft trades
- Semi skilled: Craftspeople
- Low skilled: day laborers; domestic servants
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SLAVERY: Few Africans lived in Europe.
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SLAVERY:
African
slavery introduced. Dramatic increase in slave trade in New World.
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SLAVERY Still exists in Portuguese, Spanish and British
empires.
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SLAVERY: Ends in Latin America as
Spanish and Portuguese leaders are overthrown and Latin
American
countries become independent.
- Britain ends slavery in 1833
- France ends slavery in 1848
- Remains in U.S. until 1865
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