AP European History – Mr. O’Donnell

Chapter 15 Outline & Vocabulary

I. England / Great Britain (after Restoration)

A. Habeas Corpus Act (1679): no arbitrary arrest and speedy trial

B. Parliament was split and fragmented into two political parties

1. Tories: king’s supporters, nobles

2. Whigs: middle-class and merchants; also high aristocracy

C. Scotland gained its independence in 1660 as result of Restoration

D. Charles II attempted to impose Anglicanism in Scotland; war resulted

E. James II (1685-1688): sought to “Catholicize” England;

1. forced to abdicate to France

F. Glorious Revolution (1688)

1. William III (William of Orange) and Mary II:

2. Protestantism secured in England

3. Act of Toleration: granted religious freedom

4. (except to Catholics, Presbyterians, & Congressionalist

G. Bill of Rights (1689): constitutional monarchy

1. British Constitution: consisted of habeas corpus act, petition of right, and bill of rights

2. John Locke: Two Treatises on Government: philosophical argument for supremacy of Parliament

H. Act of Settlement (1701): only Anglican could succeed to the throne

I. Queen Anne (1702-1714):

1. Act of Union (1707) English and Scottish Parliaments merged = Great Britain

2. Royal veto used for last time

J. Cabinet System of preparing laws for Parliament developed during early 18^th century

K. Hanoverian Kings: George I, George II, George III

1. Prime Minister (PM) became leader of cabinet and responsible to majority party in the House of Commons

2. Robert Walpole (1721-1742) became first prime minister

L. Weaknesses of British democracy / Constitutional Monarchy

1. Limited suffrage- own land to vote

2. unfair representation (“rotton boroughs”)

3. open voting – pressure placed on people who to vote for

4. religious-property requirements for office (own land / no Catholics)

5. hereditary House of Lords

II. United Provinces of the Netherlands: 17^th century = “Golden Age of the Netherlands”

A. Confederation of 7 provinces: each province autonomous with its leader--stadtholder

B. wealthiest and most civilized country in Europe

C. Calvinism strongest religion

D. Amsterdam became center of commerce (replacing Antwerp)

E. Impact of War of Spanish Succession (Treaty of Utrecht)

III. ABSOLUTISM IN EASTERN EUROPE

A. Three aging empires: gave way to new empires of Austria, Prussia, and Russia

B. Holy Roman Empire: religious divisions and war in 16^th and 17^th century

C. Ottoman Empire: could not maintain possessions in E. Europe and Balkans

D. Poland: liberum veto – voting in Polish parliament had to be unanimous (= weak gov’t)

E. serfdom: beginning in 16^th century and continuing into 18^th century, mass of peasantry became serfs

F. robot: peasants owed lord 3 to 4 days a week of forced labor

Multinational empire: Austrian, Hungarian, & Bohemian kingdoms

Austria:

A. Cosmopolitan aristocracy: serfdom

B. Leopold I (1658-1705): successfully repelled Turks

C. Turkish threat: relatively religiously tolerant empire

D. Suleiman the Magnificent (d. 1566): nearly conquered Austria in 1529, captured Belgrade (Serbia), nearly 1/2 of Eastern Europe including all Balkan territories, most of Hungary, and part of southern Russia.

E. “Janissary corps”: former Christian children dedicated fully to the military

F. siege of Vienna, 1683: last attempt by Turks to take Central Europe

G. Pragmatic Sanction (1713) issued by Charles VI: Habsburg territories indivisible; only Habsburgs could rule

Prussia: House of Hohenzollern

A. Frederick William – The “Great Elector”(1640-1688)

1. Brandenburg-Prussia rule consolidated after 30 Years’ War: military force & taxation

2. Junkers: nobility sided with king for stability; hereditary serfdom in 1653

3. Created most efficient army in Europe

B. Frederick I (Elector Frederick III) “The Ostentatious” (1688-1713); 1^st “King of Prussia”

1. Allied with Habsburgs in War of League of Augsburg and War of Spanish Succession

C. Frederick William I (1713-1740) “The Soldiers’ King”

1. Established Prussian absolutism

2. “Sparta of the North”: Largely a military state – best army in Europe

3. Junkers became officers caste in army in return for king’s absolutism

Russia:

A. Slavic and Viking ancestry: 1^st millenium AD

B. Boyars: Russian nobles

C. Mongols – “Golden Horde” took control in 13^th c: left legacy of ruthless rule

D. Ivan III “Ivan the Great” (1442-1505)

1. “Third Rome”: Assumed leadership of Orthodox Christian Church;

E. Ivan IV “Ivan the Terrible” (1533-1584), first to take title “tsar” “czar”

1. Married a Romanov

2. Defeated last of Mongols: conquered Baltic, Far East, and Black Sea region

3. Began “westernizing”

5. Peasants fled oppressive rule: became “Cossacks”; led to more severe serfdom

6. 60,000 people killed in one week in Novograd

7. “Time of Troubles”, 1584: period of chaos after Ivan’s death

F. Romanov Dynasty (1613-1917)

1. Michael Romanov (1613-1645)

a. Created Russian empire across Asia to the Pacific (largest nation by 1689)

b. “Old Believers” (The Raskolniki): resisted westernization, severely persecuted.

2. Peter the Great (1682-1725)

a. 1698, put down revolt by strelski (Moscow Guards)

b. westernization (modernization): mostly for military purposes

c. state-regulated monopolies created; industrial serfdom

d. Table of Ranks: educational training for new civil service (mostly of nobles)

e. St. Petersburg begun in 1703 on Baltic; largest city in Northern Europe by his death.

f. “Winter Palace” sought to emulate Versailles.

G. Great Northern War (1700-1721)

1. Charles XII, 18-yr-old Swedish king

2. Battle of Poltava, 1709: Peter defeated Sweden

3. Treaty of Nystad (1721): Peter gained Baltic states “window to the West”

Chapter 15

1. Treaty of Utrect-

2. Mississippi Bubble-

3. Parlements-

4. Whigs & Tories-

5. Great Northern War-

6. “Quieta non movere”-

7. “Liberum veto”-

8. Sejm-

9. Pragmatic Sanction-

10. Streltsy-

11. Boyars-

12. Cardinal Fluery-

13. Robert Walpole-

14. King John III Sobieski-

15. Louis XV-