URBANIZATION IN THE LATE 19TH CENTURY
2) First Industrial Revolution: 1780-1850 – textiles, coal, iron, railroads
3) Industrial Revolution attracted huge numbers of workers into the cities
4)
5)
Other
countries followed
7)
Parks
and open spaces almost nonexistent
8)
Many
people lived in extremely overcrowded attics or cellars (as many as 10 per room)
9)
Open
drains and sewers flowed along streets with garbage and excrement
10)
Total
absence of public transportation
11) Edwin Chadwick became most important
reformer of living conditions in cities.
12) Influenced
by Jeremy Bentham:
idea of “greatest good for greatest number”
13) Believed
disease and death caused poverty
14) “Sanitary
idea” most important: believed disease could be prevented by cleaning up the
urban environment
15) Adequate
supply of clean piped water to carry off excrement of communal outhouses.
16) Would
cost only 1/20 of removing it by hand.
17)
18) Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) developed
germ theory of disease
19) pastueurization: fermentation caused by growth of
living organisms and the activity of these organisms could be suppressed by
heating the beverage.
20) Joseph Lister developed “antiseptic
principle” in performing surgeries.
21) Diseases
such as typhoid, typhus, cholera, and yellow fever were now under control.
Second Industrial
Revolution: last half 19th century
22)
Four major aspects
23)
Steel production: steel rails, skyscrapers
24)
Oil: lighting, internal combustion engine for
factory machines
25)
electricity: increasingly powered cities
26)
chemicals:
27)
By 1890s
28) Expansion
of industry and technology created growing demand for experts with specialized
knowledge.
29) Professionals:
Engineering, architecture, chemistry, accounting and surveying.
30)
Management of large public and private
institutions also emerged as a profession
Urban planning & public transportation
31)
32) Baron von Haussman
redeveloped
33) New
system of aqueducts doubled fresh water supply and sewer systems were
modernized.
34) Cities
such as
35) Mass
transportation:
36) By
1890s electric streetcar had revolutionized city transportation; created
suburbs on outskirts
37) By
1900, only 9% of
38) Increase
in standard of living eventually resulted from urbanization
39) Gap
between wealthy and working class still remained enormous
40) Industrial
and urban development made society more diverse and less unified.
41) Diversity
within middle class
42) Upper
middle class: bankers, industrial leaders, large-scale commerce
43) Diversified
middle class: businessmen, professionals, merchants, doctors and lawyers
44) Lower
middle class: independent shopkeepers and small traders
45) Workingclass: about 80% of population
46) Many
were peasants and hired hands (especially in
47) Less
unified and homogenous compared to middle classes
48) Highly
skilled workers were at the top of workingclass
(about 15% of pop.)
49) Semi-skilled
workers: carpentry, bricklaying, successful factory workers
50) Unskilled
workers and domestic servants were at the bottom.
51) Changing
family
52) Romantic
love most important reason for marriage by 1850
53) High
rate of illegitimacy reversed after 1850; much premarital sex but more people
married
54) prostitution:
middle and upper class men most active customers (married late)
55) After
1850 the work of most wives increasingly distinct and separate from their
husbands.
56) Middle-class
women begin to organize and resist their second-class status to husbands
57) Child
rearing more child-centered with wife dominating the home domain.
58)
Bacterial Revolution: Pasteur and Lister
59) Dmitri Mendeleev
(1834-1907): codified rules of chemistry in the periodic law and the periodic
table in 1869.
60)
August
Comte (1798-1857): father of “sociology”
61) positivism: All intellectual activity progresses
through predictable stages; thus humans would soon discover the eternal laws of
human relations through the study of sociology..
62)
Charles
Darwin: On the Origin of Species by
the Means of Natural Selection, 1859
63)
Theory of evolution: All life had gradually
evolved from a common ancestral origin in an unending “struggle for survival;”
species most able to adapt survived
64)
Thomas
Huxley became
65)
66)
Social
Darwinism: Herbert Spencer
applied
67) Realism: belief that literature and art should depict life as it really was.
68) Largely a reaction to the failed Revolutions of 1848-49 and subsequent loss of idealism
Literature
69)
70) Honoré de Balzac (1799-1850): The Human Comedy -- depicts urban society as grasping, amoral, and brutal, characterized by a Darwinian struggle for wealth and power
71) Gustave Flaubert (1821-1880): Madame Bovary -- portrays the provincial middle class as petty, smug, and hypocritical
72) Thomas Hardy: Tess of the d'Urbervilles
73) Émile Zola (1840-1902): The giant of realist literature
74) Portrayed seamy, animalistic view of working-class life
75)
76)
77) Fatalistic view of history but regards human love, trust, and everyday family ties are life’s enduring values
78)
Art
79) Edgar Degas (1834-1917) – French
realist: Women Ironing accurately
captures the hard work and fatigue of unskilled labor
80) Impressionism: (began in
81) Monet, Manet,
Renoir, Pisarro
Late-19th century
Literature: Oscar Wilde, James Joyce
Religion: Rerum Novarum
issued by Pope Leo XIII
82) Found
fault with capitalism for poverty, insecurity, and degradation of the laboring
classes.
83) Declared
much in socialism is Christian in principle
84) Catholic
(or Christian) socialist parties and labor unions began to appear at the turn
of the century
NATIONALISM IN THE LATE 19TH AND EARLY 20TH
CENTURY
85) Nationalism
became a dominant force in Western society beginning in the late 19th
century
86) Constitution:
Unicameral legislature (National Assembly); strong executive power;
popularly-elected president of the Republic
87) President Louis Napoleon: seen by
voters as a symbol of stability and greatness
88) Dedicated
to law and order, opposed to socialism and radicalism, and favored the conservative classes—the Church, army,
property-owners, and business.
89) Universal
suffrage
90) Falloux Law: Napoleon returned control of
education to the Church (in return for support)
91) The
Assembly did not grant Louis Napoleon either payment of personal debt or allowance for a 2nd presidential term
resulting in his plotting a coup
i.
The
92) Emperor Napoleon III, 1851: took control of gov’t in coup d’etat (December 1851) and became emperor the following year
93) 1851-1860: Napoleon III’s control was direct and authoritarian.
94) 1860-1870:
Regime liberalized by a series of reforms.
95) Economic reforms resulted in a healthy economy
96) Infrastructure:
canals, roads; Baron Haussmann redevelops
97) Movement
towards free trade
98) Banking:
Credit Mobilier
funded industrial and infrastructure growth
99) Foreign
policy struggles resulted in strong criticism of Napoleon III
100)
101)
Liberal reforms (done in part to divert attention
from unsuccessful foreign policy)
102)
Extended power of the Legislative Assembly
103)
Returned control of secondary education to the
government (instead of Catholic Church)
104)
In response, Pope Pius IX issued Syllabus
of Errors, condemning liberalism.
105)
Permitted trade unions and right to strike
106)
Eased censorship and granted amnesty to
political prisoners
107)
Franco-Prussian war and capture of Napoleon III
results in collapse of 2nd Empire
108)
Napoleon III’s rule
provided a model for other political leaders in
109)
Demonstrated how gov’t
could reconcile popular and conservative forces in an authoritarian nationalism.
Italian Unification
110)
After collapse of revolutions of 1848,
unification movement in
111)
Replaced earlier leaders Mazzini, the once liberal Pius IX, and Gioberti .
112)
Realpolitik instead of romanticism: Machiavellian view of practical politics
i)
Count
Cavour (1810-1861) of Sardinia-Piedmont led the
struggle for Italian unification
113)
King's prime minister between 1852 and 1861
i)
Editor of Il Risorgimento, a
newspaper arguing
114)
Built
(1)
Modeled on French system: some civil
liberties, parliamentary gov't with elections and
parliamentary control of taxes.
ii)
Built up infrastructure (roads, canals)
(1) The
Law on Convents and Siccardi Law sought to curtail influence of the
Catholic Church.
iii) 1864,
Pope Pius IX's Syllabus of Errors warned
Catholics against liberalism, rationalism, socialism, separation of church and
state, and religious liberty.
115)
Cavour sought
unity for the northern and central areas of
i)
1855,
joined
116)
Plombiérčs (1859): gained promise from Napoleon III that
France would support a Sardinian
war with
117)
In return,
118)
119)
120)
121)
1860, Cavour
arranged the annexation of
122)
Nice and
123)
Giuseppe
Garibaldi (1807-1882) liberated southern
124)
May 1860, Garibaldi and his thousand Red Shirts landed in
125)
By September, took control of
126)
Garibaldi allowed his conquests to be
absorbed into Sardinia-Piedmont
127)
February 1861, Victor Emmanuel declared King of
Italy and presided over an Italian
Parliament which represented the entire Italian peninsula except for
128)
1866,
129)
1871,
130)
Though politically unified, a great social
and cultural gap separated the progressive,
industrializing north from the stagnant, agrarian south
German Unification under the Hohenzollerns
131)
During period after 1815
(1)
132)
"grossdeutsch plan":
failed plan for unified
133)
Zollverein (German customs union):
biggest source of tension between
134)
"Kleindeutsch plan": a unified
135)
Otto
von Bismark (1810-1898) led the drive for
Prussian-based Hohenzollern
136)
Came from Junker heritage; obsessed with power
137)
"gap
theory" gained
138)
Army Bill
Crisis created stalemate between king & legislature over reforms of the army.
139)
140)
“The great questions of the day will not be
decided by speeches and resolutions— that
was the blunder of 1848 and 1849—but by blood
and iron.”
141)
Prussian-Danish
War, 1863:
142)
Jointly administered by
143)
Austro-Prussian
War (7 Weeks’ War) or (German Civil
War), 1866
144)
145)
146)
1867, the North German Confederation established
by
147)
Included all German states except
148)
Franco-Prussian
War (1870-1871)
149)
150)
151)
Treaty of
152)
The German Empire proclaimed on
153)
William I became Emperor of Germany (Kaiser
Wilhelm)
154)
155)
Crimean War (1855-56)
156)
Failure
of the Concert of
157)
Credibility undermined by failure of the powers
to cooperate during revolutions of
1848-49.
158)
Between 1848 and 1878, peace in
159)
Causes of Crimean War
160)
Dispute between two groups of Christians over
privileges in the
161)
1852, Turks (who controlled the region)
negotiated an agreement with
162)
This arrangement seemed to jeopardize existing
agreements which provided access to
Greek Orthodox religious orders (that
163)
Czar Nicholas I ordered Russian troops to occupy
several provinces on the
164)
165)
Turks declared war on
166)
1854,
167)
1855,
168)
Most of the war fought on the Crimean peninsula
in the
169)
170)
Peace of
171)
172)
173)
Agreed to return all occupied territories to the
THE
174)
Ordinary people felt increasing loyalty to their
governments
175)
By 1914 universal male suffrage was the rule
(female suffrage emerged after WWI)
176)
Politicians and parties in national parliaments
represented the people more responsibly as increased suffrage spread
177)
Welfare state emerged, first in
178)
Governments came to believe public education
important to provide society with well-informed and responsible citizens.
179)
Governments often led by conservatives who
manipulated nationalism to create a sense of unity and divert attention away
from underlying class conflicts
180)
Frequently channeled national sentiment in an
anti-liberal and militaristic direction after 1871
The German Empire: 1871-1914
181)
Kaiser
Wilhelm I (r. 1871-1888) had the ultimate power
182)
A bicameral legislature was established.
183)
Reichstag was the lower body which
represented the nation (the Volk).
184)
Bundesrat was the
upper body which represented the various German states (conservative)
185)
Between 1871 and 1890 Chancellor Bismarck established an integrated political and economic structure for
186)
Unified monetary system,
established Imperial Bank and strengthened existing banks, developed universal German civil & criminal codes;
established compulsory military service.
187)
German political system was multi-party
188)
Conservatives represented Junkers of
189)
German middle class identified with German
nationalism and provided support for
190)
Center Party (Catholic Party) approved
191)
Kulturkampf:
192)
Social
Democratic Party (S.P.D.): Marxist; advocated sweeping social legislation, the realization of genuine
democracy, and the demilitarization of the German
gov’t.
193)
194)
195)
1879, a protective tariff instituted to
maintained domestic production
196)
Modern social security laws established
197)
National sickness and accident insurance laws
passed in 1883 & 1884.
198)
Old-age pensions and retirement benefits
established in 1889
199)
Regulated child labor
200)
Improved working conditions
201)
Despite better standard of living, workers did
not leave the S.P.D.
202)
By gaining support from the workers,
203)
William
II (r. 1888-1918)
204)
Opposed
205)
To gain support of workers, he forced
206)
By 1912, the S.P.D. became the largest party in
the Reichstag
207)
In 1870, Napoleon III’s
208)
National Assembly (1871-75) created with Adolphe Thiers as
chief executive
209)
Meanwhile, radical Paris Commune (1870-71) gained much power and lay siege to
210)
After the siege and peace agreement with
211)
From March to May 1871, the Paris Commune fought
a bloody struggle with the troops
of the National Assembly; thousands died and 20,000 subsequently executed
212)
Thiers’s defeat of
Paris Commune and other firm measures led
213)
214)
Constitution provided for a republic: Chamber of Deputies had most power (elected by universal suffrage; president was
weak; Senate was indirectly elected
215)
Leon Gambetta: led the republicans during the early years of
the Republic, establishing
parliamentary supremacy (while preaching equality of opportunity)
217) Trade
unions fully legalized (had been suppressed by Napoleon III)
218) Jules Ferry established secular
education and reform: expanded tax-supported public
schools and compulsory education
219) During
the
220) Multi-party
system resulted in ever-shifting political coalitions
221)
Challenge to republicanism came from the right
(conservatives)
222)
Action Francaise led by Charles Maurras
advocated an authoritarian gov’t with a strengthened military
223)
Boulanger Crisis
(1887-89): Georges Boulanger gained support of
military
224)
Plotted a coup to overthrow the republic
225)
Republic summoned Boulanger
to trial but he fled to
226)
Boulanger's fall
resulted in increased public confidence in the Republic
227)
228)
Public saw gov't as
corrupt; reversed popular gains republicans made after Boulanger crisis
229)
Dreyfus
Affair (1894): Most serious threat to the republic
230)
Military falsely charged Dreyfus, a Jew, with
supplying secrets to the Germans
231)
Monarchists (with support of Catholic church)
used incident to discredit republicans
232)
Emile
Zola (the realist author) took up Dreyfus' case and condemned the military
233)
Leftists supported the Republic and in 1906 the
case was closed when Dreyfus was declared
innocent and returned to the ranks
234)
1905-Republicans launched anti-clerical campaign
increasing separation of church
& state
235)
Socialists led by Jean Juarčs gained seats in Chamber of Deputies from 1905 to
1914
236)
By 1914,
237) Like
238)
Lord Palmerston: dominant power in
239)
Period saw realignment of political parties:
240)
The Tory Party was transformed into the Conservative Party under Disraeli
241)
Whig Party transformed into Liberal Party under
242)
John
Bright, a manufacturer, anti-corn law advocate, and leader of the Manchester
School, contributed significantly to the development of the Liberal Party
243)
After 1865
244)
John
Stuart Mill: On
245)
Disraeli argued for aggressive foreign policy,
expansion of
246)
Sybil (1845): Disraeli's novel
surprised many by expressing sympathy for working
class
247)
Reform
Bill of 1867: Disraeli's "leap
in the dark" in order to appeal to working people
248)
Expanded Reform Bill of 1832
249)
Redistributed seats to provide more equitable
representation in House of Commons
250)
The industrial cities & boroughs gained
seats at expense of some depopulated areas
in the north and west ("rotten boroughs")
251)
Almost all men over 21 who resided in urban
centers were granted the right to vote
252)
Reduced regulation of trade unions in 1875
253)
Created gov't
regulations for improved sanitation
254)
255)
Abolished compulsory taxes to support the Church
of England
256)
Australian Ballot Act (1872) provided for the secret ballot (earlier Chartist demand)
257)
Civil service reform introduced in 1870: open
competitive examination for gov't positions
258)
Reform
Act of 1884 or Representation of the
People Act of 1884
259)
Granted suffrage to adult males in the counties
on the same basis as in the boroughs
260)
Two million agricultural voters added to the
franchise
261)
During the 1880s and 1890s, new groups emerged
seeking to further extend democracy
i)
Included women’s suffrage advocates,
anti-imperialists, socialists, and anti-nationalists
ii) Fabian Society (1883) among the most
significant: advanced a form of revisionist Marxism
262)
Sought political democracy and economic
socialism
i)
1893, Keir Hardie's Independent Labor Party rapidly became
a vocal 3rd party.
263)
Attracted trade unionists, socialists, and those
who thought that Conservative and Liberal
Parties had no genuine interests in the needs of the general public
(1)
Between 1905 & early 1920s, Liberal party
advanced aggressive social & economic programs
264)
Parliament
Act of 1911: most significant political reform during Liberal party rule.
i)
Eliminated powers of House of Lords; House of Commons now
center of national power.
ii) Life-span
of Parliament was reduced from
b) Foundations
for social welfare state created in decade before WWI (meant to guarantee each
i)
citizen with a decent standard of living)
ii) Right
of unions to strike was put into law.
iii) Gov’t insurance was provided for those injured on the job
iv) unemployment insurance & old-age pensions enacted.
v) Compulsory
school attendance law went into effect.
c) Taxes
increased on the wealthy (to help fund the welfare state)
d) Representation of the People Act (1918):
women over 30 gained suffrage
i)
All men gained suffrage (property qualifications
completely eliminated)
ii) Women's
suffragettes led by militant Emmeline Pankhurst
e) Reform Act of 1928: Women over age 21
gained suffrage
The Irish Question
f)
Young
Ireland movement (1848) echoed nationalistic movements on the Continent
g) Irish
Question was the most recurring & serious problem
h)
i)
i)
Ulsterites raised 100,000 armed volunteers
by 1913; supported by British public opinion
j)
1914, Irish Home Rule Act passed by Commons and
Lords but Protestants did not accept it.
i)
Implementation deferred until after World War I.
k) Easter Rebellion (1916) for
independence was crushed by British troops
l)
1922,
265)
266)
Ausgleich, 1867
(the "Compromise")
267)
Transformed
a) Hungarians
would have their own assembly, cabinet, and administrative system, and would
support and participate in the Imperial army and in the Imperial gov’t.
b) Magyar
nobility in 1867 restored the constitution of 1848 and used it to dominate both
the Magyar peasantry and the minority populations until 1914.
c) Results
of Ausgleich:
i)
Assimilated the Hungarians (Magyars) and nullified them as a primary opposition group.
ii)
Also led to more efficient gov’t.
268)
Management of the empire not integrated because
of historic tradition and cultural diversification.
a) The
language used in government and school was a particularly divisive issue (esp.
b) Anti-Semitism
grew (e.g.
269)
After 1871, Hapsburg leadership gave up on
integrating its empire resulting in its ultimate
demise
Universal suffrage introduced in
1907
The “Eastern
Question”: 1870s--constant crisis in the Balkans (who would control region?)
270)
a)
Pan-Slavism:
Idea of uniting all Slavs in
271)
a)
i)
Nationalistic spirit in
ii)
272)
Congress
of
a) Recognition
of
b) Establishment
of the autonomous principality of
c) Austrian
acquisition of
d) Transfer
of
e) Though
Disraeli was most responsible for the agreements,
f)
(Note: Congress of
273)
Russian hostility toward
Socialist movements: response to nationalism and industrialism
274)
Marxism led the negative response to
industrialization
a) Socialists
united in 1864 to form the First International (Marx one of the principal
organizers)
b) Growth
of socialist parties after 1871 was phenomenal (esp.
c) 1883,
Socialists exiled from
Revisionism:
d)
As workers gained right to vote and to
participate politically in the nation-state, their attention focused more on
elections than on revolutions
e) Workers’
standard of living rose gradually but substantially after 1850 (no need to
revolt)
f)
Growth of labor unions reinforced trend
toward modernization
i)
Increasingly, unions focused on bread-and butter
issues--wages, hours, working conditions—rather than pure socialist doctrine.
ii) Genuine
collective bargaining, long opposed by socialist intellectuals as a “sell-out”
was officially recognized as desirable by the German Trade Union Congress in
1899.
(1) A
series of strikes proved effective in gaining concessions from employers.
275)
Edward
Bernstein: Evolutionary Socialism
(1899) argued Marx’s predictions of ever-greater poverty for workers &
ever-greater concentration of wealth in fewer hands had been proved false.
276)
277)
Defeat in Crimean War marked a turning point
in Russian history by fostering modernization
278)
Alexander
II 1855-1881): perhaps most liberal ruler in Russian history prior to 20th century.
279)
Agriculture: 90% of Russian people lived on farm
land
280)
Serfdom had led to peasant uprisings, poor
agricultural output, and exploitation of erfs by lords
281)
Serfs could be bought or sold with or without
land in early 19th century
282)
Serfs could be conscripted into the army for 25
years.
283)
Emancipation
Act (or Emancipation Edict), 1861
284)
Abolished serfdom: peasants no longer dependent
on the lord; free to move and change
occupations; could enter contracts and own property
285)
Most Russians not impacted by the Emancipation
Edict (lived in mirs)
286)
mirs: most Russians lived in communes which
were highly regulated
287)
Collective ownership and responsibility made
it difficult for individual peasants to improve
agricultural methods or leave their villages
289) Significant
step towards popular participation
290) Yet,
Lords controlled Zemstvos
having more power than towns and peasant villages
291) Other
reforms: judiciary improved, censorship relaxed (but not removed), education liberalized
292)
Industrialization in Russia stimulated by
railroad construction
293)
294)
Russia needed better railroads, better armaments
and reorganization of the army
295)
Agriculture was in a poor state, largely the
result of centuries of serfdom
296)
Between 1860 and 1880 railroad mileage grew
from 1,250 to 15,500
297)
Railroads enabled
298)
Stimulated domestic manufacturing:
industrial suburbs grew up around
299)
Strengthened
300)
Count
S. Y. Witte oversaw industrialization in the 1890s
301)
Aggressively courted western capital &
advanced technology to build great factories
302)
Resulted in rise of a small Russian
middle-class
303)
Gov’t built
state-owned railroads doubled to 35,000 miles by 1900
304)
Construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway
helped to modernize Russia.
(1) ·
Connected Moscow with Vladivostok—5,000 miles
305)
Russia put on the gold standard to
strengthen the government’s finances
306)
By 1900, Russia 4th in steel
production (behind U.S., Germany & Britain)
307)
By 1900, Russia exported half the world's
refined petroleum
308)
Industrialization contributed to spread of
Marxist thought and the transformation of
the Russian revolutionary movement after 1890 (as industrial workers felt exploited)
309)
Despite economic and social reforms,
310)
1/3 of Russian farmland not used; food could
not keep pace with increasing population
311)
Depression of 1899 wiped out gains since
1890 resulting in tremendous unemployment
312)
Situation aggravated by Russo-Japanese War
of 1905
313)
Critics of Alexander II late in his reign
314)
Alexander increasingly turned to more
traditional (conservative) values (realism in
315)
Radical populist movement emerged that sought a
utopian agrarian order
316)
Intelligensia:
hostile group of intellectuals who believed they should eventually take over society
317)
nihilism:
intellectuals who believed in nothing but science and that the social order should be completely wiped out and
built up from scratch.
318)
Alexander II assassinated in 1881 by
radicals who bombed his carriage in St.
319)
Alexander
III (1881-1894)
320)
Became most reactionary czar of the 19th
century:
321)
“Autocracy,
Orthodoxy, and Russification (nationalism)”
322)
Encouraged anti-semitism:
pogroms resulted in severe
persecution of Jews (many emigrated)
323)
Theodore
Herzel: zionism -- advocated a Jewish homeland in the Holy Land
324) Nicholas II (r. 1894-1917)
Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)
325)
Russians had established a sphere of influence in
326)
Humiliating defeat of Russian fleet by
Revolution of 1905
327)
Poor economy and strains of war led peasants and
middle class to demand reforms.
328)
“Bloody Sunday”,
Jan.1905: 200,000 worker/peasants marched peacefully to the "
329)
A general strike, peasant revolt and troop mutinies
paralyzed the
330)
Duma: Assembly created that would serve as an advisory body
to the Czar
331)
Granted freedom of speech, assembly and press
332)
Tsar retained absolute veto
333)
Revolutionaries were divided resulting in Duma having no real influence
334)
Propertied classes benefited at expense of workers
peasants and national minorities
335)
Russia experienced mild economic recovery between
1907 and 1914
336)
Peter Stolypin: pushed through important agrarian reforms to
break down collective village
ownership of land and encourage the more
enterprising peasants
337)
After 1911, czar's court increasingly dominated by Gregorii Rasputin resulting in
i)
widespread doubts about
the czar's ability to lead.
338)
Definition: the control of one people by another
(can be political, economic or cultural)
339)
"Old
Imperialism": occurred between 16th and 18th
centuries
a)
European powers did not usually acquire
territory (except for
b)
Respected and frequently cooperated with local
rulers in
340)
Economic penetration of non-European regions in
the 19th century
a)
i)
Opium
Wars
(1) First
Opium War (1839-1841)
(a) Treaty of
(2) Second
Opium War (1856-1860)
(a)
(b) Extraterritoriality
subjected Westerners to their home country’s laws rather than
ii) Taiping Rebellion of 1850
(1) Primarily
caused by differing Chinese factions: rebels opposed Manchus
(2) As
many as 20 million people perished.
(3)
Manchus defeated
rebellion after 14 years with the help of the British military.
iii)
Japan
iv) Only
major Asian power to resist being swallowed up by the imperialists.
v)
Commodore
William Perry (
b)
Egypt
became a protectorate of Great Britain
from 1883 until 1956
i)
British domination of
ii)
Turkish general Muhammad Ali had established
iii)
iv)
Safeguarding the
341)
European Migration: between 1815 and 1932 more
than 60 million people left
342)
Migrants went primarily to European-inhabited
areas: North and
343)
European migration provided further impetus for
Western expansion
344)
Most were poor from rural areas, though seldom
from the poorest classes (due to oppressive land policies)
New imperialism:
began in 1870s colonized
345)
Major causes for the imperialist impulse
a) Search for new markets and raw materials
b) Missionary
work: far more successful in
i)
Dr. David
Livingston: first white man to
do humanitarian and religious work in south and central
ii) H. M. Stanley found Livingston (whom
westerners thought to be dead) and his newspaper reports created European
interest in
c) New
military and naval bases to protect one's interests against other European
powers
i)
ii)
Increased tensions between the “haves” (e.g.
d) Ideology:
nationalism and Social Darwinism
i) "White Man's Burden": racist patronizing that preached that the “superior” Westerners had an obligation to bring their culture to “uncivilized” peoples in other parts of the world.
(1) Poem by Rudyard Kipling
ii)
346)
1880, Europeans controlled 10% of
347)
i)
At behest of Leopold II,
H. M. Stanley established trading stations, signed “treaties”
with African chiefs, and claimed land for
ii) Leopold’s
incursion into
348)
Berlin
Congress, 1884-85: established the "rules" for conquest of
i)
Sponsored by Bismarck & Jules Ferry ; sought
to prevent conflict over imperialism
ii) Congress
coincided with
iii) Agreed
to stop slavery and slave trade in
349)
350)
i)
ii)
Took control of
iii)
Pushed southward and took control of
(1)
(2)
Fashoda Incident
(1898):
iv)
(1) Cecil Rhodes had become Prime Minister
of Cape Colony ; principal sponsor of the
(2) Diamonds
and gold were discovered in the
(3) Kruger Telegram (1902): Kaiser Wilhelm
II, dispatched telegram to Boers congratulating them on defeating British
invaders without need of German assistance
(a) Anger
swept through
(4) Massive
British force eventually defeated Boers and in 1910 the
351)
By 1900,
352)
353)
354)
355)
356)
Spanish-American War, 1898:
357)
Responses to Western Imperialism in
a)
i)
Mogul
Empire: Muslims empire in Indian subcontinent fell apart in the 17th
century
358)
British
East India Company took last native
state in
i) Sepoy Mutiny, 1857-58
(1) Insurrection
of Hindu & Muslim soldiers in British Army spread in northern & central
ii) After
1858,
iii) British
reforms in
(1) Modern
system of progressive secondary education (to train Indian civil servants), economic
reforms (irrigation, railroads, tea and jute plantations), creation of unified
and powerful state.
359)
Educated Indians, predominantly Hindu, demanded
increasing equality & self-government
a) Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95 revealed
b)
c) Dr. Sun Yat-sen a revolutionary, sought to overthrow the
Manchu dynasty and establish a republic; sparked the beginning of a Chinese
nationalist movement
d)
Open
Door Policy, sponsored by the
e) Boxer Rebellion, 1900: Patriotic
uprising by Chinese nationalists against Western encroachment, was put down by
imperial powers in 1900; Manchu dynasty would soon fall
f)
Unlike
g) Meiji Restoration, 1867: resulted in
series of reforms to compete with the West
h)
Russo-Japanese
War (1904):
i)
Japanese concerned about Russian Trans-Siberian Railway across
ii)
iii)
Westerners horrified that
iv) Treaty of
v) Long-term
impact of war:
(a) annexation
of Korea
360)
J. A.
Hobson believed imperialism benefited only the wealthy; anti-imperialism
increased