Endings are in this format: Ending for consonant stem/Ending for vowel stem
- is the root, -: is root with i umlaut, -) is root with u-umlaut
Infinitives can take endings for aspect, object agreement, negativity, causativity, volitionality, and tense, (ie to not have hit me) although some dialects allow an optional form with subject agreement, equivalent to english "for me to do," "for you to have done," asf.
Inflected forms can take any ending. Subject agreement is mandatory for inflected forms in all dialects, object agreement is optional in most, mandatory in some, and in a very few not present.
The person part of the subject is inflected as a vowel change in the second vowel of the stem, or first if the stem is one syllable, or the second syllable ends in a vowel. The subjunctive is a u-umlaut on the same vowel.
Endings in this order: Causative/volitional, tense/neg, mood/subj person, aspect, particips and gerunds, subj number, obj endings, agentive/patientive/receptive, imperative.
Particips, gerunds, and A/P/Rs can take any ending an infinitive can, but are built off of the inflected rather than infinitive tense/neg endings.
Imperatives can take endings for negativity (but not tense), 1st plur subject agreement (let's), 2nd singular and plural, causative, volitional, and object.
tense infin inflected neg infin neg inflect
pres -as/-s -a/-s -otas/-tos -ata/-tas
past -:i/-t -:i/-t -:yti/-tot -yti/-tot
fut -an/-n -an/-n -otan/tan -otan/ton
person:
1st no change
2nd -ie-
3rd -a-
note: The third person uses -e- if the stem vowel is -a-, the second uses
-ee- if the stem vowel is -ie-. Some dialects change the third stem vowel (if present) if the second is -ie- or -a-, or the first vowel if it the third is -ie-or -a-, using the -ee- and -e- (on the default syllable) only if all vowels are -ie- or -ee-. Also, versions from before this post have random positioning of the stem vowel and use a straight -ie- -a- paradigm.
mood:
subj: -) on stem vowel (subj 2nd and third pers are therefore -y- and -o-)
imperative: -e/-se
neg imperative:-ote/-tote
aspect:
normal/imperfect: -
perfect: ni-
progressive: am-
prospective: so-
particips and gerunds:
part ger
pres -achs/-chs a-as/a-s
past -im/t a-i/a-:t
fut -anar/-nar a-an/a-n
Agentive: -ve
Patientive: -van
receptive: -iad/jad
Agentive is equiv to our english -er form (e.g. buyer)
Patientive is equiv to our -ee form (e.g. employee)
Receptive is the "dative" to the Patientive's accusative (i.e agentive:
the giver, patientive: the gift, receptive: the given-to)
Causative: -val e.g. ladvalas: to cause to buy(pres)
Volitional: -ko e.g. ladakos: to want to marry(pres)
number endings (subj agree)
sing: - plur: -os/-gh (sometimes -s, as with irreg verb "go": to be (gogh just sounds awful, I had to make an exception there)).
obj agreement endings
s p
1 -een/-jn -iz/z
2 -el/-l -u/-v
3 -ra/-r -ath/-th
The verb "gos": To be
pos inf pos stem neg inf neg stem
Goos Goo Nai Nai
Far Far F'root F'root
Seen See Soont Soont
subj plural ending: -s
otherwise regular
Note that vowel stem verbs ending in "a" can have the same infinitive (which, Eurocentrically, is dictionary form) as consonant stem verbs whose stem is the same but missing the a. I use a dash to indicate this.
Thus:
Lad-as: (C stem) to buy
Lada-s: (V stem) to marry
So be careful lest you ask to marry a bag of potato chips.
(and no, there is no connection between the words in the internal history of the language. In the external history, I thought it could make for some interesting social errors.)
The volitional can only be used to indicate what the subject of the verb wants to do, not what the subject wants others to do.
If a verb has both the causative and volitional endings, changeing their order will change the meaning. -valko means to cause to want, and the indirect subject is the one who wants, -koval means to want to cause, and the direct subject is the one who wants.
There are also verbs with -s stems, which I will upload when I get the opportunity.