Chapter 27 Outline

I.                    An Age of Ideologies

   A. Preserving the Old Order

                        1. Monarchs, members of government, noble landowners, and church leaders believed the Congress of Vienna was a success in rooting out the ideas of Napoleon and the French Revolution. 

                        2. They wanted things to be as they used to be, before Napoleon. 

                        3. They did not want change to happen and slowly if it had to. 

            B. The Liberal Challenge

                        1. Those who accepted the ideas of the Enlightenment wanted an end to the old order. 

                        2. They wanted governments to be based on written constitutions and separation of powers. 

                        3. They also strongly supported the idea of laissez-faire economics. 

            C. Nationalist Stirrings

                        1. Nationalists wanted to unify and gain independence for people with common heritage. 

                        2. This often bred intolerance and led to persecution of minorities. 

                        3. Examples of their successes are the Balkans and Greeks who gained independence from the Ottoman Empire. 

            D. Challenges to the Old Order

                        1. In the 1820s, many revolts occurred along the southern fringe of Europe. 

                        2. Rulers were urged to crush the uprisings. 

                        3. This weakened their strength but did not completely destroy them. 

II. To the Barricades!

            A. France After the Restoration

                        1. Louis XVIII issued a constitution and created a legislature to keep the people of France happy. 

                        2. Charles X tried to restore absolute power but the people revolted and replaced him with Louis Philippe. 

                        3. Louis Philippe extended suffrage to all of France’s wealthy citizens but his policies often helped the middle class to the workers’ expense. 

            B. The French Revolution of 1848

                        1. In the 1840s, discontent grew in all of the different political groups. 

                        2. At the end of the decade, there was an economic slump and harvests were poor. 

                        3. The people of France revolted and Louis Napoleon was elected president. 

            C. “Europe Catches Cold”

                        1. The revolts in France inspired uprisings everywhere in Europe. 

                        2. Belgium gained independence from Holland. 

                        3. An uprising also occurred in Poland but it failed to gain independence. 

            D. The Springtime of the People

                        1. Many different groups became discontent. 

                        2. Revolts occurred all over Europe. 

                        3. They failed in most cases. 

III. Latin American Wars of Independence

            A. Climate of Discontent

                        1. People were angered by the fact that the social hierarchy was dependent upon ethnic background. 

                        2. Enlightenment ideas and revolutions in North America made them consider revolution. 

                        3. Napoleon’s conquest of Spain brought about revolts in Latin America. 

            B. Haiti’s Struggle

                        1. The French colony of Hispaniola’s plantations were worked by poorly treated slaves. 

                        2. The only people with any rights were the French. 

                        3. French debated abolishing slavery but the slaves revolted while they were talking. 

            C. Toussaint L’Ouverture

                        1. Toussaint was from a noble African family and was taken into slavery on Haiti. 

                        2. He led the slave revolt against the French. 

                        3. The French wanted to reclaim it so they captured Toussaint but the independence movement still went on. 

            D. A Call to Freedom in Mexico

                        1. The poor Mexicans rallied to attempt to revolt. 

                        2. Led by another priest they attempted to revolt again. 

                        3. Mexico became independent from Spain and set up a republic. 

            E. New Republics in Central America

                        1. Many different Latin American countries gained independence. 

                        2. They tried to join together. 

                        3. The union was short lived and they soon split up into separate countries. 

            F. Revolutions in South America

                        1. Natives in South America rebelled against Spanish rule. 

                        2. When Napoleon occupied Spain, they revolted and gained independence. 

                        3. Some tried to unite the independent countries but they stayed separate.